Latin Grammar Grammar Vocabularies, and Exercises in Preparation for the Reading of the Missal and Breviary Cora Carroll Scanlon A.M. Charles L. Scanlon A.M. Latin Grammar THE AIM and scope of Scanlorfs Latin Grammar are to prepare those with no previous knowledge of Latin to read the Missal and Breviary. Unlike most First Year Latin textbooks, it is not an introduction to the reading of Caesar. Its twenty lessons embrace Latin grammar completely, from the first declension to the various uses of the subjunctive. Special drill in forms and vocabulary is provided by generous exercises. After the student has made a fair start, he will encounter reading lessons, which are connected passages from the two liturgical sources for which the whole book is a preparation. A valuable part of the book is the Latin-English vocabulary. In it and throughout the book, the accented syllable is marked in all Latin words of more than two syllables. The one year course of study pro- vided by this textbook should enable a diligent student to read the Missal and Breviary with reasonable facility. TAN 000000 010385 LATIN GRAMMAR Grammar, Vocabularies, and Exercises in Preparation for the Reading of the Missal and Breviary BY CORA CARROLL SCANLON, A.M. Milwaukee State Teachers College AND CHARLES L. SCANLON, A.M. Marquette University EDITED BY REV. NEWTON THOMPSON, S.T.D. TAN BOOKS AND PUBLISHERS, INC. Rockford, Illinois 61105 Copyright © 1976 by TAN Books and Publishers, Inc. Originally published in 1944 by B. Herder Book Co. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 14-1973. Fourth Printing. Originally published in 1944 by B. Herder Book Co. Copyright © 1976 by TAN Books and Publishers, Inc. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 79-112494 ISBN: 0-89555-002-4 Reprinted by TAN Books and Publishers, Inc. in 1976 and 1982. Printed and bound in the United States of America. TAN BOOKS AND PUBLISHERS, INC. P.O. Box 424 Rockford, Illinois 61105 PREFACE This Latin grammar is intended for students who are entering seminaries or religious novitiates without previous study of Latin, for sisters in communities that recite the breviary, and for the growing number of lay people who use the Roman missal and the Roman breviary. Its twenty lessons, divided into fifty units, cover all the grammatical essentials for the intelligent reading of these two books. The vocabulary comprises the 914 words that make up the Ordinary of the Mass and the three Requiem Masses with their additional Collects, since these are the words that a daily user of the missal will encounter most frequently. However, to make the work as valuable as possible for those who use the missal in its entirety, as well as for those who wish to undertake the daily reading of the breviary, the Latin-English vocabulary at the end of the book includes not only all the words of the Roman missal, but also the complete vocabulary of the Roman breviary. Of the 914 words used throughout the twenty lessons, 476 have been distributed as regular lesson vocabularies. The remaining 438 words have been grouped in those sections included in each lesson that are devoted to the study of cognates, derivatives, and compounds. Beginning with Lesson IV and continuing through Lesson XX, the Latin text of each lesson (translation from Latin into English) has been divided into two parts. The second part consists at first of iso- lated words and short phrases taken from the Ordinary of the Mass and utilizes the vocabulary given up to that point. Later, as the vo- cabulary increases, these phrases are expanded into complete sentences and finally whole paragraphs are presented. In this way the entire Ordinary and the complete Requiem Masses have been given by the iv PREFACE time the twentieth lesson is completed. Extra reading is provided by nine Reading Lessons, one inserted after each lesson from XII to XX inclusive. These are taken from the Vulgate text of the New Testa- ment and have been selected to give a short presentation of the life of Christ from His birth to the Resurrection. The Appendix contains irregular declensions, cardinal and ordinal numerals, the four regular conjugations complete, and the conjuga- tions of the common irregular verbs. PRONUNCIATION i. Vowels. The pronunciation of the vowels is shown in the follow- ing table: Pronunciation Example Vowel a c t o u as in arm as a in fate as in rnachine as in or as in tutor ad, mater me, video qui, ire porta, omnis cum, sumus Diphthong Pronunciation ae as a in fate oe as a in jate au as ou in out 2. Diphthongs. The diphthongs are pronounced as follows: Example prae, Mae coelum, coepi ant, laudo In a few instances the individual vowels of ae and oe are pronounced separately. In the vocabularies these instances will be shown by a diaeresis (••) over the second vowel. Michael, poema. 3. Consonants. They are pronounced as in English, with the follow- ing exceptions : Consonant c (before e or /) ch g (before e or /') g (before other letters) Pronunciation as ch in church as in ache as in gentle as in go as ny in canyon Example certus, cibus Christ us gens, agit gratis, gloria a gnus, ignis PRONUNCIATION Consonant ;' (or consonant /) s sc (before a, o, u, or a consonant) sc (before e and /) th ti (when followed by a vowel and preceded by any letter except s, t, or x) x (in words beginning ex followed by a vowel, h, or s) x (in all other cases) Pronunciation as y in yes as s in sing (never as s in raise) as sc in scope as sh in shall as / in ten as tsee zsgs as \s Example Jesus, Justus miser, fides scutum, Pascha ascend ere, scio Thomas gratia, totius exaudire pax, excusare CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE iii Pronunciation v LESSON I. Declension. Gender. First declension. Position of adjectives i II. Second declension. Agreement of adjectives. Conjugation of verbs. Present indicative of esse and posse. Subject pronouns 6 III. Third declension. Neuter nouns and adjectives. Declension of adjectives n IV. Verbs. Present indicative. Active and passive voice of the regular conjugations . . 16 V. Personal pronouns: subject, object, reflexive. Is. Cum with pronouns. Present indicative of ire ... 23 Review Lesson I . . 29 VI. Imperfect tense, active and passive voice. The imperative. Imperfect of esse, posse, ire. Esto, estote 32 VII. Fourth declension. Future tense, active and passive voice. Future of esse, posse, ire 39 VIII. Fifth declension. Participles. Gerundive. Declension and agreement of participles. Participles of esse, posse, ire 46 IX. Perfect tense, active and passive voice. Formation of other perfect tenses. Perfect of esse, posse, ire. Verbs irregular in the perfect. Irregular past participles. Prepositions govern- ing the accusative. Prepositions governing the ablative. In, sub, super 53 X. Present subjunctive, active and passive voice. Present sub- junctive of esse, posse, ire. Uses of the subjunctive: (a) hope, wish, or command; (b) ut, uti, ne. Clauses of purpose. Other ways of expressing purpose: (a) subjunctive with CONTENTS LESSON PAGE relative pronoun; (b) gerundive with ad; (c) gerundive with causa; (d) infinitive 62 Review Lesson II 70 XI. Demonstratives: hie, ille, iste. Intensive pronoun, ipse . 74 XII. Imperfect subjunctive, active and passive voice. Imperfect subjunctive of esse, posse, ire. Further uses of the subjunc- tive: (a) result clauses; (b) indirect question; (c) cum meaning when, since, although; (d) conditional sentences of doubt and conditional sentences contrary to fact 80 Reading Lesson 87 XIII. Third conjugation verbs in -io 89 Reading Lesson 95 XIV. Deponent verbs. Semideponents 97 Reading Lesson 103 XV. Relative pronoun, qui. Interrogative, quis. Indefinite pro- nouns and adjectives. Present indicative, active and passive, of ferre ... 106 Review Lesson III 114 Reading Lesson 117 XVI. Ablative absolute. Fieri 119 Reading Lesson 126 XVII. Indirect discourse, Infinitives 129 Reading Lesson 135 XVIII. Impersonal verbs. Adjectives of special declension. Uses of the dative: (a) indirect object; (b) verbs compounded with prepositions; (c) certain intransitive verbs; (d) agent with the passive periphrastic; (e) possession; (f) purpose 138 Reading Lesson T46 XIX. Comparison of adjectives and adverbs. Irregular compan sons. Velle, nolle. Command with nolle. Uses of the abla- tive: (a) ablative absolute; (b) accompaniment; (c) com parisons; (d) agent; (e) cause; (f) degree of difference; (g) manner; (h) means or instrument; (i) place; (j) qual- ity or description; (k) specification; (1) separation; (m) time CONTENTS ix LESSON PAGE when; (n) with certain prepositions; (o) after certain de- ponent verbs .... 148 Reading Lesson . 158 XX. Questions, -ne, nonne, num, numquid. Double questions, utrum . . . an, -ne . . . an, an. Etiam and non as adver- bial particles. Defective verbs. Uses of the accusative: (a) direct object; (b) after certain prepositions; (c) subject of infinitive in indirect discourse; (d) duration of time and extent of space . 161 Review Lesson IV 169 Reading Lesson 172 Appendix Irregular declensions 175 Numerals 175 Regular verbs 177 Irregular verbs 188 Latin-English Vocabulary 197 Index 331 LESSON I Unit One Mea culpa, mea culpa, Through my fault, through my fault, mea maxima culpa. through my most grievous fault. Vocabulary aqua, -ae, 1 f., water anima, -ae, f ., 2 soul terra, -ae, f., earth, land tuba, -ae, f., trumpet via, -ae, f., way, road vita, -ae, f ., life Maria, -ae f ., Mary Lucia, -ae, f., Lucy culpa, -ae, f., fault, guilt et, and a (ab) 3 (with abl.), from, by e (ex) 3 (with abl.), out of, from cum (with abl.), with in (with abl.), in, on in (with ace), against, into, unto ad (with ace), to, toward, near i. Declension. In English a noun changes its form only to indicate possession (the possessive case) or to express plural number. In form the nominative and objective cases are the same. 1 The genitive ending is given after the nominative to show the declension. 2 For the dative and ablative plural, besides the regular form in -is, the form inimabus is also used. 8 The forms ab and ex must be used before a vowel or h; all four forms may be used before consonants. 2 LATIN GRAMMAR The man is here. I saw the man. The man's hat. The men are here. In Latin the noun usually changes its form for each case and there are five of these: nominative (nom.), genitive (gen.), dative (dat.), accusative (ace), and ablative (abl.). In addition, adjectives, as well as nouns, in Latin change their forms to indicate their case, gender, or number, for all adjectives must be made to agree in case, gender, and number with the noun modified. To decline a noun or adjective means to give its forms in the right order and all these forms taken together constitute what is called a declension. There are five declensions in Latin, that is, all nouns may be assembled into five distinct classes or groups, which are distinguished from one another by the ending of the genitive singular. 2. Gender. In English the gender of a noun depends upon the sex to which it refers. The noun prince is masculine gender because it refers to a male; the noun women is feminine gender because it indicates females; all sexless objects (for example, chair) are said to belong to the neuter gender. Many nouns that are classified in English as neuters may be masculine or feminine in Latin. 3. First declension. All nouns that have the genitive singular ending -ae belong to the first declension. Most of the nouns of this de- clension are of the feminine gender. The following case endings are added to the base: Singular Plural Nom. -a -ae Gen. -ac -arum Dat. -ae -is Ace. -am -as Abl. -a -is The ablative may have various meanings: by, from, out of, with, in, etc. LATIN GRAMMAR aqua (base, aqu-), water Singular Nom. aqua the water Gen. aquae of the water Dat. aquae for the water Ace. aquam the water Abl. aqua in the water aqua bona, the good water Nom. aqua bona Gen. aquae bonae Dat. aquae bonae Ace. aquam bonam Abl. aqua bona Plural aquae the waters aquarum of the waters aquis for the waters aquas the waters aquis in the waters aquae bonae aquarum bonarum aquis bonis aquas bonas aquis bonis Note the following: a) The base is obtained by dropping the ending of the genitive singular. The case endings are added to this base. b) There are no articles in Latin. Aqua means water or the water, e) The genitive case corresponds to the possessive case in English. Aquae means of the water or the water's {color) . d) The dative case corresponds to the English indirect object. He gives an apple to the boy. e) The accusative case is the English objective case. The direct object of a verb (or the object of certain prepositions) is put in the accusative case. /) The ablative case is used after most prepositions. g) In Latin the adjective frequently follows the noun. EXERCISES A. Cognates. Nouns ending in -ance and -ence in English end in -antia and -entia in Latin. Pronounce and give the meaning for the following. 4 LATIN GRAMMAR i. indulgentia. 2. negligentia. 3. scientia. 4. sententia. 5. sequentia. 6. substantia. 7. temperantia. 8. arrogantia. 9. diligentia. 10. inno- centia. 11. benevolentia. 12. prudentia. 13. imprudentia. 14. con- scientia. 15. abundantia. 16. petulantia. 17. perseverantia. B. Read the Latin and give the meaning in English. 1. Maria et Lucia. 2. Ad Mariam. 3. In terra. 4. Ex tuba. 5. Terra Mariae. 6. In via. 7. Vita animae. 8. Ab Lucia. 9. Ad vitam. 10. Cum tubis. 11. Terrarum bonarum. 12. Vitae. 13. In anima. 14. Ad vias. 15. A terris. 16. In aquam. 17. Ad Luciam. 18. Ad terram Mariae. 19. Ex Maria. 20. Ad vitam Luciae. 21. Ex terris. 22. A terra Mariae. 23. A terris bonis. 24. Tuba bona. 25. Tubae bonae. 26. Cum tubis bonis. 27. Ex aquis bonis. 28. Ad vitam bonam. Unit Two A. Make the adjective bona agree in case and number with each of the following nouns. 1. terram 2. tubas 3. vitae 4. animarum 5. terris 6. aquae 7. via 8. vitam 9. tu- barum 10. aquas 11. viae 12. vita 13. tubis 14. animabus 15. animas B. Decline terra and tuba. Then decline each of them with the ad- jective bona. (See the declension of aqua bona above.) C. Vocabulary building. a) Derivations. Find in sections A and B of Unit One the words that have the same derivation as the following: 1. terrenus (earthly). 2. vivere (to live). 3. indulgere (to pardon). 4. scire (to know). 5. prudens (prudent). 6. bene (well). 7. vivus (living). 8. terrena (earthly things). 9. diligere (to love). 10. sequi (to follow). 11. stare (to stand). 12. innocens (innocent). 13. vole (I wish). 14. temperans (temperate). 15. arroganter (arrogantly). LATIN GRAMMAR 5 b) Note the relation between the following Latin and English words. Latin English aqua aqueous anima animation vita vital terra territory via viaduct terra terrestrial aqua aquarium c) Observe the relation of these adjectives to these nouns terrenus (earthly) terra vitalis (vital) vita animosus (high-spirited) anima innocens (innocent) innocentia prudens (prudent) prudentia d) Note the relation of these verbs to these nouns induJgere (to forgive) indulgentia abundare (to abound) abundantia scire (to know) scientia perse verare (to persevere) perseverantia LESSON II Unit One Gloria in excelsis Deo. Glory to God in the highest. Vocabulary servus, -i, m., servant, slave Deus, -i, m., God apostolus, -i, m., apostle inimicus, -i, m., enemy filius, -ii or -i, m., son regnum, -i, n., I{ingdom, reign caelum, 1 -i, n., heaven, sky principium, -i, n., beginning gloria, -ae, f ., glory bonus, bona, bonum, good, \ind beatus, beata, beatum, blessed sanctus, sancta, sanctum, holy, saintly (as a noun, saint) esse, to be posse, to be able, can semper (adv.), always, ever 4. Second declension. All nouns that end in -i in the genitive singu- lar belong to the second declension. Those that end in -us, -er, or -ir in the nominative singular are masculine. Those that end in -um are neuter. In this declension the following case endings are added to the base: 1 The plural is usually caeli. LATIN GRAMMAR Singular Plural Masculine Neuter Masculine Neuter Nom. -us (-er, -ir) -um -i -a Gen. -i -i -orum -orum Dat. -o -o -is -is Ace. -um -um -OS -a Abl. -o Singular -o -is Plural -is Nom. servus regnum servi regna Gen. servi regni servorum regnorum Dat. servo regno servis regnis Ace. servum regnum servos regna Abl. servo regno servis regnis Singular Nom. servus bonus regnum bonum Gen. servi boni regni boni Dat. servo bono regno bono Ace. servum bonum regnum bonum Abl. servo bono regno bono Plural Nom. servi boni regna bona Gen. servorum bonorum regnorum bonorum Dat. Ace. servis bonis servos bonos regnis bonis regna bona Abl. servis bonis regnis bonis Note that the adjective has a different form for each gender: bonus (masculine), bona (feminine), bonum (neuter). The feminine form is declined according to the first declension; the masculine and neuter are declined according to the second declension. 8 LATIN GRAMMAR 5. Conjugation of verbs. To conjugate a verb means to give all its forms (persons, tenses, moods, etc.) in their proper order. Present Indicative of esse, to be posse, to be able (ego) sum, / am possum, / am able, I can (tu) es, thou art potes, thou art able, thou canst (is, ea, id) est, he {she, it) is potest, he {she, it) is able, he can (nos) sumus, we are possumus, we are able, we can (vos) estis, you are potestis, you are able, you can (ei,m.,eae,/., ea, n.) sunt, they are possunt, they are able, they can Note. Since in Latin the form of the verb changes for each person, the subject pronouns are not necessary. They may be and usually are omitted. EXERCISES A. Cognates. Many Latin adjectives ending in -ius and nouns end- ing in -ium, end in -y in English. Pronounce and give the meaning of: 1. anniversarius. 2. voluntarius. 3. necessarius. 4. legionarius. 5. con- trarius. 6. mysterium. 7. remedium. 8. testimonium. 9. stiidium. 10. colloquium. 11. subsidium. 12. augurium. 13. matrimonium. 14. semi- narium. B. Read the Latin and give the meaning in English. 1. Servus bonus est. 1 2. Filii boni esse possunt. 3. Sanctis apostolis. 4. Beatae Mariae. 5. Apostoli sancti sunt. 6. Maria semper beata est. 7. Boni semper esse possumus. 8. Filius Mariae est. 9. Gloriae caeli. 10. Regna terrae. 11. Ad Dei gloriam. 12. In terra apostolorum su- mus. 13. Ad terram sanctam. 14. Lucia cum servo est. 15. Films servis bonus est. 16. Maria semper bona filiis est. 17. Terra beata est. 18. Servi 1 In Latin the usual order of words is: subject, object or predicate complement, verb. LATIN GRAMMAR 9 boni esse potestis. 19. In principio. 20. Regnum beatum esse potest. 21. Ego sum filius servi. 22. Semper inimicus regni est. 23. Maria et Lucia beatae sunt. 24. Lucia semper bona est. 25. Ad terras bonas et beatas. 26. Maria cum Lucia est. 27. Lucia bona esse potest. 28. Apos- toli sumus. 29. Apostoli boni esse possumus. 30. Ad gloriam apostolo- rum beatorum. 31. Principium caeli et terrae. 32. Principium gloriac sanctorum. 33. Ad gloriam caeli. 34. Caelum regnum sanctorum est. 35. Sancti Dei servi boni sunt. Unit Two A. Decline in the singular and plural. 1. regnum beatum. 2. filius bonus. 3. sanctus apostolus. 4. servus bonus, B. Give the English meaning of: 1. ego sum. 2. potes. 3. esse possum. 4. potestis. 5. id est. 6. possunt. 7. es. 8. esse potest. 9. vos estis. 10. sumus. 11. sunt. 12. possumus, C. Make the adjective in parentheses agree with the noun. 1. (sanctus) apostoli. 2. terris (sanctus). 3. filiorum (bonus). 4. (beatus) Mariae. 5. terrae (beatus). 6. servos (bonus). 7. f ilium (bo- nus). 8. regna (beatus). 9. in terram (sanctus). 10. vita (beatus) 11. viae (sanctus). 12. tubis (bonus). 13. aquas (bonus). 14. animae (beatus). 15. terrarum (sanctus). D. Vocabulary building. a) Derivations. Find, in sections A and B of Unit One, words that have the same derivation as the following: 1. filia 1 (daughter). 2. apostolicus (apostolic). 3. dea 2 (goddess). 4. serva (woman servant). 5. caelestis (heavenly). 6. rex (king). 7. gloriosus (glorious). 8. regina (queen). 9. principalis (perfect). 10 1 Dative and ablative plural, filiabus. 2 Dative and ablative plural, deabus. 10 LATIN GRAMMAR glorificare (to glorify), n. servitus (servitude, service). 12. annus (year). 13. legio (legion). 14. loqui (to speak). 15. regnare (to reign). 16. servire (to serve). 17. amicus (friend). 18. regere (to rule, to govern). 19. bona (good things). 20. sancte (holily). 21. bene (well). 22. beatitiido (happiness). 23. beate (happily). 24. sempiter- nus (everlasting). b) Observe the relation between these English and Latin words. Latin servus posse filius sanctus Deus English servitude possible affiliate sanctuary Deity Latin beatus inimicus caelum filius annus c) Observe the relation between these verbs and these nouns servire (to serve) servus regnare (to reign) regnum sanctificare (to sanctify) sanctitas glorificare (to glorify) gloria these adjectives gloriosus (glorious) apostolicus (apostolic) caelestis (heavenly) anniversarius voluntarius legionarius English beatitude inimical celestial filial annual and these nouns gloria apostolus caelum annus (year) voluntas (will) legio (legion) LESSON III Unit One Hosanna in excelsis. Hosanna in the highest. Vocabulary homo, hominis, m., man virgo, virginis, £., virgin, maiden calix, calicis, m., chalice corpus, corporis, n., body cor, cordis, n. (gen. pi., cordium), heart auxilium, -ii, n., help magnus, magna, magnum, big, great acer, acris, acre, sharp, ardent, bitter omnis (m. and f.), omne (n.), all, every, every one; omnia, 1 all things non, not nunc, now 6. Third declension. All nouns and adjectives with the genitive sin- gular in -is belong to this declension. homo (base, homin-), m., man corpus (base, corpor-), n., body Singul; ir Plural Nom. homo corpus Nom. homines corpora Gen. hominis corporis Gen. hominum corporum Dat. homini corpori Dat. hominibus corporibus Ace. hominem corpus Ace. homines corpora Abl. homine corpore Abl. hominibus corporibus 1 Latin adjectives are frequently used as nouns, especially in the neuter: bonum, something good; bona, good things; caelestia, heavenly things. 12 LATIN GRAMMAR Most masculine and feminine nouns belonging to this declension are declined like homo. All neuter nouns and adjectives, no matter what declension they may belong to, always have their nominative and accusative alike and always end in -a in the nominative and accusative plural. 7. Declension of adjectives. All adjectives fall into two main groups, the first group belonging to the -us, -a, -um type (bonus, bona, bonum); these are declined according to the first and second declen- sions. The second group, declined according to the third declension, contains three classes of adjectives: those that have three forms in the nominative singular, one for each gender : masc, acer fern., acris neuter, acre those that have two forms in the nominative singular, one for the masculine and feminine, and one for the neuter: masc. and fern., omnis neuter, omnc and those that have one form in the nominative singular for all three genders : masc, fern., and neuter, clemens Almost all third declension adjectives (as well as some nouns) end in -i in the ablative singular, have -ium in the genitive plural, either -is or -es in the accusative plural of the masculine and feminine, and -ia in the nominative and accusative plural of the neuter. Examples: hominum omnium, of all men virgines clementes, merciful virgins corpora omnia, all bodies culpas omnes, all faults cordium clementium, of merciful hearts LATIN GRAMMAR 13 corda dementia, merciful hearts in omni corpore, in every body EXERCISES A. Cognates. Many Latin words may be turned into English by dropping the last letter or the last two letters. Pronounce the follow- ing and give the English equivalent of each. 1. dngelus. 2. bapusma. 3. altare. 4. catholicus. 5. christianus. 6. consubstantialis. 7. directus. 8. holocaustum. 9. hostia. 10. humanus. 11. hymnus. 12. hyssopus. 13. judicialis. 14. Justus. 15. signum. 16. persona. B. Read the Latin and give the meaning in English. 1. Ad altare Dei. 2. Homines clementes. 3. Calix magnus est. 4. Calices magni in altari sunt. 5. In principio et nunc et semper. 6. Ad vitam aeternam. 7. Beatae Mariae semper virgini. 8. Gloria Filio. 9. Culpa servi non est. 10. Homines omnes non clementes sunt. 11. Flammis acribus. 12. Omnes sanctos. 13. Auxilium omnium sancto- rum. 14. Gloria Dei magna est. 15. Filii hominis non sumus. 16. Ex Maria Virgine. 17. In caelum. 18. Regnum caeli aeternum est. 19. Resurrectio corporis. 20. Cor Mariae clemens est. 21. Omnibus chris- tianis. 22. In vitam aeternam. 23. Ego sum resurrectio et vita. 24. Beatae Mariae semper virginis. 25. In caelis; in terris. 26. Justum est. 27. Homo servis bonus esse potest. 28. Maria et Lucia nunc cum filiis sunt. 29. Culpa filiorum non est. 30. Elevatio calicis. 31. Virgo non magna est. 32. Maria et Lucia magnae sunt. 33. Culpa Mariae non est; culpa Luciae est. 34. Flammae acres et aeternae sunt. 35. Omnes calices non semper magni sunt. 36. In principio auxilium hominum magnum est. 37. Aqua nunc in calice est. 38. Corpora hominum magna sunt. 39. Cor in corpore est. 40. Omnes homines boni in corde Dei sunt. 41. Omnes virgines bonae et clementes esse possunt. 42. Bona es, Maria. 43. Beata esse potes. 44. Servi boni, clementes estis. 45. Nos sumus servi hominis. 46. Calix magnus non in flammis est. 47. Tu es J 4 LATIN GRAMMAR homo. 48. Deus aeternus est. 49. Homines terrae non aeterni sunt 50. Angeli et sancti aeterni sunt. Unit Two A. Give the genitive singular and the nominative plural of the following: homo bonus corpus omne flamma magna bonum auxilium vita aeterna beata Maria beams sanctus Examples: Nom. sing. bonus homo auxilium magnum omnis homo sanctus angclus calix magnus sancta virgo Gen. sing. boni hominis auxilii magni B. Decline in the singular and plural: corpus bonum via magna beata virgo omnis homo homo magnus bona vita corpus magnum omnis angelus aqua acer Nom. pi. boni homines auxilia magna sanctus beams cor bonum omnis filius C. Make the adjective in parentheses agree with the noun. 1. (omnis) corporibus. 2. (beams) sancti. 3. Deus (clemens). 4. vir- gines (bonus). 5. filiis (magnus). 6. (omnis) corda. 7. corporum (bonus). 8. hominum (clemens). 9. flamma (acer). 10. vitam (aeter- nus). 11. vias (magnus). 12. ex flamma (acer). 13. calices (omnis). 14. Deum (bonus). 15. (sanctus) apostolos. 16. (sanctus) virginibus. 17. auxilii (bonus). 18. aquas (bonus). 19. regiones (terrenus). 20. animae (vivus). 21. homo (Justus). 22. servos (inimicus). 23. regna (caelestis). 24. aquam (clarus). 25. regnum (gloriosus). 26. (unus) Deum. LATIN GRAMMAR 15 D. Vocabulary building. a) Derivations. Find, in sections A and B of Unit One, the words that have the same derivation as the following: 1. angelicus (angelic). 2. judex (judge). 3. juste (justly). 4. hu- manitas (humanity). 5. justitia (justice). 6. judicare (to judge). 7. dirigere (to direct). 8. clementer (mercifully). 9. judicium (judg- ment). 10. principalis (principal). 11. justificare (to justify). 12. con- glorificare (to glorify). 13. altus (high). 14. omnipotens (omnip- otent). 15. dementia (clemency). 16. caelestis (heavenly). 17. terrenus (earthly). 18. regnare (to reign). 19. corporalis (corporal). 20. magnopere (greatly). 21. corpulentus (fat). 22. signaculus (little seal). 23. signifer (standard bearer). 24. insignitus (signed). 25. rec- tus (right). b) Observe the relation between these Latin and English words. Latin homo culpa magnus omnis cor angelus English homicide culprit magnitude omnipotent cordial angelic c) Observe the relation between these adverbs and these adjectives bene (well) bonus sancte (piously) sanctus juste (justly) Justus directe (directly) directus humane (humanly) humanus Latin English flamma inflammation corpus corporal acer acerbity auxilium auxiliary virgo virginity directus direction these adjectives and these nouns corporalis corpus (corporal) angelicus (angelic) angelus altus (high) altare humanus (human) homo LESSON IV Unit One Sanctus, sanctus, sanctus, Holy holy, holy, Dominus Deus Sabaoth. Lord God of hosts. Vocabulary monere, to warn, advise, teach habere, to have, hold, consider dare, to give vocare, to call salvare, to save intrare, to enter laudare, to praise ponere, to set, put ducere, to lead mittere, to send dicere, to say, spea\, tell audire, to hear servire, to serve (takes its personal object in the dative) implorare, to implore convertere, to convert excusare, to excuse liberare, to free passio, passionis, f ., suffering sancta sanctorum, n. pi., holy of holies nomen, nominis, n., name pater, patris, m., father gens, gentis (-ium), f., nation tristis (m. and f.), triste (n.), sad, sorrowful ommpotens (m., f., n.) ; gen. omnipotentis, almighty de (prep, with abl.), from, down from, about, concerning 16 LATIN GRAMMAR 17 8. Verbs. In Latin all verbs, except a few that cannot be classified, may be assembled into four distinct groups or conjugations that are distinguished from each other by the ending of the infinitive. Verbs ending in -are are said to belong to the first conjugation (laudare, to praise). Those ending in -ere and stressed on the next to the last syl- lable belong to the second conjugation (monere, to warn). Those having the infinitive ending in -ere and stressed on the third syllable from the end belong to the third conjugation (diicere, to lead). Those that end in -ire are grouped together as a fourth conjugation (audire, to hear). The following are the forms of all four conjugations in the present indicative : Activ I e Voice II laudare, to praise monere, to warn laudo / praise moneo / warn laudas thou praise st mones thou war nest laudat he {she, it) praises monet he {she, it) warns laudamus we praise monemus we warn laudatis you praise monetis you warn laudant they praise monent they warn III IV ducere, to lead audire, to hear duco Head audio / hear ducis thou lead est audis thou hear est ducit he {she, it) leads audit he {she, it) hears ducimus we lead audimus we hear diicitis you lead auditis you hear ducunt they lead audiunt they hear i8 LATIN GRAMMAR Passive Voice I laudor laudaris * laudator 1 am praised thou art praised he {she, it) is praised laudamur we are praised laudamini you are praised laudantur they are praised II moneor / am warned moneris thou art warned monetur he {she, it) is warned monemur we are warned monemini you are warned monentur they are warned ducor diiceris diicitur diicimur ducimini duciintur III / am led thou art led he {she, it) is led we are led you are led they are led IV audior / am heard audiris thou art heard auditur he {she, it) is heard audimur we are heard audimini you are heard audiiintur they are heard Note the following: a) The infinitive ending (-are, etc.) is dropped before adding the personal endings. b) The distinguishing vowel of the first conjugation is -a, of the second, -e, and of the third and fourth, -i. c) Most verbs of the first conjugation are regular, that is, they will be conjugated in all moods and tenses like laudare. d) All verbs of the third conjugation are partly irregular and this irregularity will occur in the perfect tenses and in the past participle. More will be said of this in later lessons. e) There are no progressive or emphatic forms in Latin, laudo means / praise, I do praise, I am praising. 1 In the present, imperfect, and future, the second person singular of the passive has another form, with the ending -re. Thus: laudare, moncre, ducerc, audire. LATIN GRAMMAR 19 EXERCISES A. Cognates, (a) Many verbs ending in -are in Latin have the ending -ate in English. Pronounce the following and give the Eng- lish equivalent. 1. separare. 2. elevare. 3. resuscitare. 4. supplicare. 5. venerari (pass, inf.). 6. illuminare. 7. immolare. 8. liberare. 9. commemorare. 10. com- municare. 11. celebrare. 12. cooperare. 13. creare. 14. decorare. 15. cremare (burn). 16. donare (give, grant). 17. expiare. 18. cogitare (think). 19. congregare. b) Many verbs ending in -are or -ere in Latin end in -e in English. Pronounce the following and give the English equivalent. 1. observare. 2. praeparare. 3. excusare. 4. implorare. 5. inclinare. 6. evadere. 7. intercedere. 8. praecedere. 9. praesumere. 10. absolvere. 11. adorare. 12. deputare (appoint). 13. salutare. 14. consolari. 15. ad- haerere. 16. residere. c) Many verbs become English when the infinitive ending is dropped. What is the English equivalent of? 1. manifestare. 2. visitare. 3. commendare. 4. confirmare. 5. con- siderate. 6. expectare. 7. honorare. 8. convertere. 9. descendere. 10. discernere. 11. ascendere. 12. comprehendere. 13. respondere. 14. for- mare. 15. reformare. d) Verbs ending in -ficare in Latin have the ending -/y in English. Pronounce and give the English for : 1. glorificare. 2. justificare. 3. pacificare. 4. sanctificare. 5. vivificare (to bring to life). B. Read and give the English meaning of the following: 1. Pater filios in aquam ducit. 2. Filius a patre non monetur. 3. Sancti ab omnibus laudantur. 4. Virginem bonam semper laudamus. 5. Nunc a filiis audimur. 6. Magnum calicem in altare ponit. 7. Deus 20 LATIN GRAMMAR pater omnipotens gentium omnium terrae est. 8. Filii in nomine patrum dicunt. 9. Servi auxilium inimicorum non implorant. 10. Homines virgines in via praecedunt. 11. In omnes regiones terrae apostoli mittuntur. 12. Homines boni et clementes inimicos conver- tunt. 13. Angeli descendunt de caelis. 14. Virgo culpas servi excusat. 15. Virgo tristis a magnis difficultatibus non liberatur. 16. Homo cor- pus et animam habet. 17. Lucia tubam filio dat. 18. Servimini a servis bonis. 19. Homines in terras inimicas intrant. 20. Virgo dicit; patrem vocat. 21. Calix a filio habetur. 22. In principio inimici gentis non mo- nentur. 23. Omnes servi ab homfnibus bonis ducuntur. 24. Pater Mariae nunc dicit: Tu es semper virgo bona et clemens. 25. Auxilium ab omnibus gentibus imploratur. 26. Calices in altari a filiis bonis poniintur. 27. Nomen servi a Maria non auditur. 28. Omnes gentes terrae ab apostolis vocantur. 29. Nomina filiorum a patre non dantur. 30. In principio servi boni et tristes ab inimicis non liberantur. 31. Omnes culpae servorum a virgine dementi excusantur. 1. In nomine Patris et Filii. 2. Ad altare Dei. 3. De gente non sancta. 4. Tristis es. 5. Omnipotens Deus. 6. Ad vitam aeternam. 7. Beata Maria semper Virgo. 8. Ad sancta sanctorum. 9. Omnium sanctorum. 10. Laudamus, adoramus, glorificamus. 11. Deus Pater omnipotens. 12. Magna gloria. 13. Filius Patris. 14. In gloria Dei Patris. 15. In corde. 16. Pater omnipotens. 17. Caeli et terrae. 18. Ex Patre. 19. Deus de Deo. 20. Consubstantialis Patri. 21. Ex Maria Virgine. 22. Cum Patre et Filio adoratur et conglorificatur. 23. Ecclesia sancta, catholica et apostolica. 24. In remissionem peccatorum. 25. Expecto resurrec- tionem. 26. Divinae majestatis. 27. Sancta Trinitas. 28. Passionis, resurrectionis et ascensionis. 29. Ad gloriam nominis. 30. Laudant angeli. Unit Two A. Decline the following in the singular and plural: 1. nomen sanctum. 2. pater omnipotens. 3. gens tristis. LATIN GRAMMAR 21 B. Add the third person singular ending to each of these verbs (first of the active, then of the passive voice), and give the meaning in English. 1. mon . 2. separ . 3. due 4. aud . 5. convert . 6. die . 7. voc . 8. hab . 9. serv C. Add the first person plural ending to these verbs (first of the active and then of the passive voice) ; give the meaning of each form. 1. pon . 2. aud . 3. observ . 4. salv . 5. mon . 6. comprehend . 7. mitt . 8. expect > 9. liber . D. Change the infinitive in parentheses to the correct form of the verb (first active, then passive voice), and give the meaning of each form. 1. ego (laudare). 2. is (implorare). 3. nos (commendare). 4. ci (evadere). 5. vos (adorare). 6. tu (dare). 7. ea (monere). 8. ego (habere). 9. id (salvare). 10. nos (honorare). 11. cae (audire). 12. vos (sei vire) . E. Vocabulary building. a) Derivations. Find, in sections A and B of Unit One, words that have the same derivation as the following : 1. liber (free). 2. creatiira (creature). 3. excusatio (excuse). 4. sup- plex (suppliant). 5. venerabilis (venerable). 6. lumen (light). 7. me- moria (remembrance). 8. opus (work). 9. libertas (liberty). 10. inter- cessio (intercession). 11. honor (honor). 12. gloria (glory). 13. vivus (living). 14. pax (peace). 15. justitia (justice). 16. monitum (pre- cept). 17. patriarcha (patriarch). 18. serva (woman servant). 19. ser- vitus (service). 20. auditio (hearing). 21. patria (fatherland). 22. laus (praise). 23. salvus (safe). 24. dictum (word). 25. dux (leader). 26. 22 LATIN GRAMMAR exaudire (to hear). 27. contristare (to be sorrowful). 28. donum (gift). 29. circumdare (to encompass). 30. declinare (to incline). 31. inhaerere (to adhere to). 32. datum (gift). 33. aggregare (to join, to add to). b) Observe the relation between these Latin and English words. Latin English Latin English monere admonish vocare vocation salvare salvation intrare entrance laudare laudatory ducere conductor ponere audire component auditorium mittere benedicere admit benediction servire service nomen nomination pater laudare paternal laudable mittere aggregare missive aggregate c) Note the 1 relation of these nouns to these verbs these nouns to these verbs monitum (prec dictum (word) :ept) monere dicere datum (gift) dux (leader) dare ducere servus (servant ) servire elevatio (elevation) elevare lumen (li ■ght) illuminare creator (creator) ere are separatio (separation) separare absoliitio (absolution) absolvere descensus (descent) descendere justitia (justice) justificare sanctificator (sanctifier) sanctificare honor (honor) honorare LESSON V Unit One Per omnia saecula saeculorum. World without end. Vocabulary videre, to see (the passive voice also means to seem) audere, to dare, to venture, to ma\e bold clamare, to shout, to cry out ire, to go introire (li\e ire), to enter, to go within lavare, to wash manducare, to eat acceptare, to receive, to accept lamentare, to lament, to weep venerari, to venerate respondere, to answer, to respond bibere, to drin\ cadere, to fall Dominus, -i, m., Lord; dominus, master, lord oratio, orationis, f ., prayer juventus, juventiitis, f., youth pax, pads, f ., peace dolosus, -a, -urn, deceitful iniquus, -a, -um, unjust misericors (m., f., n.) ; gen., misericordis, merciful quare? why? pro (prep, with abl.), for, for the sa\e of, in behalf of mecum, with me vobiscum, with you 23 24 LATIN GRAMMAR 9. Personal pronouns. First Person Singular Plural Nom. ego, / nos, we Gen. mei, of me, of myself nostrum (nostri), of us, of our- selves Dat. mihi, to me, to myself nobis, to us, to ourselves Ace. me, me, myself nos, us, ourselves Abl. me, by, with me, myself nobis, by, with us, ourselves Second Person Nom. ru, thou vos, you Gen. tui, of thee, of thyself vestrum (vestri), of you, of your- 1 selves Dat. tibi, to thee, to thyself vobis, to you, to yourselves Ace. te, thee, thyself vos, you, yourselves Abl. te, by, with thee, thyself vobis, by, with you, yourselves Third Person Nom. is 1 (ea, id), he (she, it) ei (eae, ea), they Gen. ejus, of him (of her, of it) eorum (earum, eorum), of them Dat. ei, to him (to her, to it) eis, to them Ace. eum (earn, id), him eos (eas, ea), them Abl. eo (ea, eo), by, with him eis, by, with them Reflexive of the Third Person Gen. sui, of himself, of herself, of itself, of themselves Dat. sibi, to himself, to herself, to itself, to themselves Ace. se or sese, himself, herself, itself, themselves Abl. se or sese, by, with himself, herself, itself, themselves 1 This form is really the demonstrative pronoun that, but is used in Latin to supply the third person of the person*! pronoun. LATIN GRAMMAR 25 Note. The preposition cum is added to the forms me, te, se, nobis, and vobis: mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, vobiscum {with me, etc.). 10. Present indicative of ire, to go. eo, / go imus, we go is, thou goest itis, you go it, he goes eunt, they go EXERCISES A. Cognates. Adjectives in -bilis have the nominative and accusative neuter in -e (sing.) and -ia (pi.)- They have the ending -ble in Eng- lish. Pronounce the following and give the English equivalent: 1. acceptabilis. 2. ineffabilis. 3 innumerabilis. 4. invisibilis. 5. ven- erabilis. 6. visibilis. 7. nobilis. 8. miserabilis. 9. terribilis. 10. lamentabi- lis. 11. memorabilis. 12. horribilis. 13. affabilis. 14. incredibilis. 15. insuperabilis. B. Read the following and translate into English : 1. Filii in aquam intrare non audent. 2. Pater nos semper laudat. 3. Mihi tubam magnam dat. 4. Quare eos de inimicis non monetis? 5. Virgo bona et misericors patrem implorat pro servis tristibus. 6. Eum videmus; nos videre non potest. 7. Maria ei aquam dat et Lucia earn bibit. 8. Quare tibi nunc dicere non possumus? 9. Homines iniqui et dolosi a flammis acribus non salvantur. 10. Pax in omnibus gentibus terrae esse potest. 11. Aqua nos lavamus. 12. Filius tubam habet; nunc mihi earn dat. 13. Omnes inimici clamant et in aquam cadunt. 14. Pater cum filiis et virgmibus in habitationem introit. 15. Se sal- vant; me salvare non possunt. 16. Nobis serviunt et nos manducamus. 17. Juventus hominis non semper beata est. 18. Quare me vocant? Eas non audio. 19. Vos in aqua videtis. 20. Non nobis acceptabilis est. 21. Deus orationes juventiitis audit. 22. Deus misericors est; nunc pacem omnibus gentibus dat. 23. Quare iniqui et dolosi estis? 24. Homo bonus semper pro inimicis implorat. 25. Quare aquam filio 26 LATIN GRAMMAR iion das? 26. Aquam bibere non audemus. 27. Quare non audetis in fines inimicorum introire? 28. Me lavo; se laudant; te vides; vos salvatis. 29. Nunc aquam do tibi. 30. Quare mihi aquam non das? 1. Dominus vobiscum. 2. Ad sancta sanctorum. 3. Et in terra pax hominibus. 4. Laudamus te. 5. Adoramus te. 6. Glorificamus te. 7. Films Patris. 8. In gloria Dei Patris. 9. Gloria tibi, Domine. 10. Visi- bilium omnium et invisibilium. 11. Descendere de caelis. 12. Pro nobis. 13. Ascendere in caelum. 14. Cum Patre et Filio adoratur et conglorificatur. 15. Pro omnibus christianis. 16. In vitam aeternam. 17. Pax Domini. 18. Tecum. 19. Sancto nomini. 20. Ascendere ad te. 21. In nobis. 22. Domine sancte, 1 Pater omnipotens, aeterne Deus. 23. In nomine Domini. 24. Pro se. 25. Pro redemptione animarum. 26. Ego te absolvo. 27. Pro vobis. 28. Gloriosae ascensionis. 29. Hostia sancta. 30. Omnis benedictio caelestis. 31. Divina institutio. 32. Aude- mus dicere. 33. Consecratio corporis. 34. Pacem do vobis. 35. Ego prae- sumo. 36. Cum Deo Patre. 37. Ab inimicis. 38. Pro me. 39. Corpus Domini. 40. In pace. Unit Two A. Translate into English. 1. Maria nos videt. 2. Ei clamant. 3. Aquam tibi do. 4. Nos lavamus. 5. In earn caditis. 6. Eo vobiscum. 7. Implorant pro nobis. 8. Eunt me- cum. 9. Nos ea preparamus. 10. Mihi non acceptabilis. 11. Ea me visitat. 12. Id nobis dant. 13. Eas mihi das. 14. Ego tibi dico. 15. Nos ea manducamus. 16. Ei earn bibunt. 17. Ego eum honoro. 18. Pacem do vobis. 19. Maria et Lucia eis eas mittunt. 20. Earn auditis. 21. In aqua id ponit. 22. Ea non habeo. 23. Eae te vocant. 24. Pater eum laudat. 25. Nos vos monemus. 1 There are two other cases in Latin besides those already given: the vocative and the locative. The former is used in direct address and usually has the same form as the nominative. Adjectives and nouns of the second declension, however, usually have the ending -e instead of -us. The locative, used in expressions of place, is like either the genitive or the ablative. LATIN GRAMMAR 27 B. Give the meaning of these forms of ire. x b i. ego eo. 2. is it. 3. vos itis. 4. ei eunt. 5. tu is. 6. nos imus. 7. eac eunt. 8. ea it. 9. id it. C. Give the meaning of these forms of introire. 1. nos introimus. 2. ei introeunt. 3. tu introis. 4. ego introeo. 5. vos introitis. 6. is introit. 7. ea introit. 8. eae introeunt. 9. id introit. D. Conjugate in the present tense, active and passive voice: videre lavare Conjugate in the present tense: audere manducare bibere E. Decline in the singular and plural: oratio bona homo dolosus Give the accusative singular of: Dominus sanctus omnis oratio virgo misericors pax iniqua homo fidelis juventus beata F. Vocabulary building. a) Find, in sections A and B of Unit One, the words that have the same derivation as the following: 1. accipio (to take, to accept). 2. venerari x (to venerate). 3. videre (to see). 4. miser (wretched). 5. acceptus (welcome, agreeable). 6. memorare (to remember). 7. credere (to believe). 8. super (over). 9. invisibilis (invisible). 10. clamor (shout, cry). 11. domnus (sir, master). 12. orare (to pray). 13. pacificare (to pacify). 14. iniquitas (iniquity). 15. misericordia (mercy). 16. miseria (wretchedness). 17. memoria (remembrance). 18. siiperus (supreme). 19. domina (mis- tress). 20. misereri (to have mercy). 21. exire (to go out). 22. juvenis 1 Some Latin passive forms are translated by an English active verb. 28 LATIN GRAMMAR (young). 23. aequus (right, just). 24. dolose (deceitfully). 25. misera- tio (mercy). b) Observe the relation between these Latin and English words. Latin English Latin English cadere decadent ire exit clamare exclamation videre vision lavare lavatory bibere bibulous oratio oration juventus rejuvenate iniquus equity dominus dominate c) Note the relation of these adverbs to these adjectives clementer (mercifully) clemens innumerabiliter (innumerably) innumerabilis nobiliter (nobly) nobilis miserabiliter (miserably) miserabilis incredibiliter (incredibly) incredibilis suppliciter (humbly) supplex these verbs to these nouns and adjectives pacificare (to pacify) pax orare (to pray) oratio dominari (to rule) Dominus misereri (to have mercy on) misericors accipere (to receive, to accept) acceptabilis credere (to believe) incredibilis REVIEW LESSON NUMBER I A. Give the English for these phrases. i. in caelo et in terra. 2. regnum bonum. 3. in principio. 4. ex Maria. 5. in via. 6. vitae sanctorum. 7. Sancta Maria. 8. Sanctis apostolis. 9. regnum Dei. 10. beatae Mariae. 11. ego sum. 12. vos estis. 13. cum Liicia. 14. benedictio aquae. 15. in gloria Dei. 16. redemptio anima- rum. 17. beatorum apostolorum. 18. gloria Dei. 19. caeli et terrae. 20. cum gloria. B. What Latin words do the following remind you of? gloriosus, regnare, caelestis, terrenus, servire, vivus, apostolioiSj sanctitas, ascendere, beatitiido. C. Find in the list of English words the meaning of each Latin word. et always esse to be ab life apostolus protection semper man protectio majesty homo and Deus apostle vita from majestas God salvatio heaven magnus help ex salvation cor chalice caelum servant calix great cum out of corpus heart servus with auxilium body principium flame filius holy inimicus all sanctus everlasting omnis beginning nunc glory flamma way aeternus son via enemy gloria now 29 3 o LATIN GRAMMAR virgo merciful culpa remedy regnum blessed anima to posse virgin ad fault beatus to be able terra soul clemens kingdom remedium land D. Translate the following into English. i. Virgo clemens est. 2. Sancti bead sunt. 3. Sancti non sumus. 4. Ego non sum apostolus. 5. Cor in corpore est. 6. Possunt esse sancti. 7. Pos- sum esse apostolus. 8. Homines possunt boni esse. 9. Potestis esse boni. 10. Filius cum servo esse potest. 11. Nos in terra sumus. 12. Vos apos- toli potestis esse. 13. Ego non sum inimicus Dei. 14. Tu es filius bonus. 15. Is potest esse in via. E. Translate these phrases 1. Salvatio hominum. 2. Corpus hominis. 3. Filius servi. 4. Filii Dei. 5. Principium terrae. 6. Ex corde. 7. In terra. 8. Ad terram. 9. A terra. 10. In principio. 11. Ab hominibus. 12. In caelo. 13. Cum Sanctis. 14. Ex corpore. 15. Ab apostolis. 16. Ad Mariam. into English. 17. Cum inimicis. 18. Ad caelum. 19. In caelum. 20. In regno Dei. 21. Ad regnum caelorum. 22. Ab inimicis Dei. 23. Cum bonis homini- bus. 24. Ad Dei dementis servos. 25. Ab omnibus apostolis. 26. Cum Dei servis. 27. In gloria sanctorum. 28. Sancti in regno Dei. 29. Ad terram bonam. 30. Cum Sanctis apostolis. LATIN GRAMMAR F. Give the meanings of these words. 3i semper virgo audire regio dare diicere nunc gens angelus de nomen esse ab dignitas posse G. Give the meaning of each of these verb forms. 1. laudaris. 2. eunt. 3. estis. 4. habet. 5. elevat. 6. ducit. 7. introit. 8. imus. 9. audiiintur. 10. dico. 11. potes. 12. do. 13. adoramus. 14. con- glorificatur. 15. ponunt. LESSON VI Unit One Credo in unum Deum. / believe in one God. Vocabulary laetificare, to give joy to judicare, to judge affligere, to afflict eruere, to deliver incedere, to go, wal\ sperare, to hope causa, -ae, f., cause fortitudo, fortitiidinis, f ., strength lux, lucis, f ., light Veritas, veritatis, f ., truth mons, montis (-ium), m., hill, mountain saeculum, i, n., time, age, world; in saecula saeculorum, per omnia saecula saeculorum, world without end; a saeculo, from the be- ginning. sicut (sicuti), adv., as, just as per (prep, with ace), through, by quia, quoniam, conj., for, because, that meus, -a, -um, my, mine tuus, -a, -um, thy, thine; your, yours (sing.) suus, -a, -um, his, her, hers, its, their, theirs noster, 1 nostra, nostrum, our, ours 1 In noster the -e is retained only in the nominative singular masculine. Vestcr is declined like noster. 32 Passive Singular Plural -bar -bamur -baris -bamini -batur -bantur LATIN GRAMMAR 33 vester, vestra, vestrum, your, yours (pi.) qui, who (relative) 11. The imperfect tense. This is formed by adding the following personal endings to the base: Active Singular Plural -bam -bamus -bas -batis -bat -bant Thus for the first conjugation we have the following: Active Singular Plural lauda-bam, / praised lauda-bamus, we praised lauda-bas, thou praised st lauda-batis, you praised lauda-bat, he praised lauda-bant, they praised Passive lauda-bar, / was praised lauda-bamur, we were praised lauda-baris, thou wast praised lauda-bamini, you were praised lauda-batur, he was praised lauda-bantur, they were praised For the other conjugations the imperfect tense is formed in a similar manner. Thus we have: mone-bam, / warned monebar, / was warned duce-bam, / led duce-bar, 7 was led audie-bam, / heard audie-bar, 7 was heard Note. Since there are no progressive tenses in Latin, laudabam means 7 praised or 7 was praising. 12. The imperative. The common imperative forms are two in number: a singular form corresponding to the pronoun tu, and a plural form corresponding to vos. 34 LATIN GRAMMAR I II (laudare, to praise) lauda, praise {thou) laudate, praise (ye, you) III (ducere, to lead) due, duce, lead (thou) ducite, lead (ye, you) (monere, to warn) mone, warn (thou) monete, warn (ye, you) IV (audire, to hear) audi, hear (thou) audite, hear (ye, you) 13. The irregular verbs esse, posse, ire. Imperfect (posse, to be able) (esse, to be) eram, / was eras, thou wast erat, he was eramus, we were eratis, you were erant, they were poteram, / was able poteras, thou wast able poterat, he was able poteramus, we were able poteratis, you were able poterant, they were able Imperative es, 1 be (thou) (posse has no imperative) este, 2 be (ye, you) (ire, to go) ibam, / went ibas, thou went est ibat, he went ibamus, we went ibatis, you went ibant, they went i, go (thou) ite, go (ye, you) EXERCISES A. Cognates. Many Latin words become English when the last let- ter or the last two letters are dropped. 1. mortalis. 2. orthodoxus. 3. patriarcha. 4. patronus. 5. pontificalis. 6. propheta. 7. sacerdotalis. 8. sacramentum. 9. spiritus. 10. strictus. 1 The form csto is more usual. 2 The form estote is sometimes used instead of estc LATIN GRAMMAR 35 11. temporalis. 12. testamentum. 13. apostolicus. 14. archangelus. 15. firmamentum. 16. meritum. 17. Christus. 18. electus. 19. praeceptum. 20. singularis. B. Read the Latin and give the meaning in English. 1. Non est culpa mea; est culpa ejus. 2. Pater suus ei dat tubam magnam. 3. Judicant inimicos suos. 4. Merita nostra considerat quoniam Justus est. 5. Filii nostri in monte incedunt. 6. In habitatione nostra lucem non habemus. 7. Date virginibus auxilium vestrum. 8. Fortitudo sua magna est, quia causa sua bona est. 9. Die semper veritatem. 10. Servi nostri ibant ad montes nobiscum. 11. Virgines miserabiles ab calamitatibus suis eruebantur. 12. Homo dolosus et iniquus non laetificat nos. 13. Pater tristis erat quia ab filiis suis affligebatur. 14. Due eos ad montem. 15. Audite, filii. 16. Lauda patrem tuum quoniam bonus et clemens est. 17. Propheta genti dicebat. 18. Calix in altare ponebatur. 19. Nomen suum Maria erat. 20. Nos videre non poterant. 21. Beatus erat quoniam bonus erat. 22. A flammis acribus eruebantur. 23. Servi lucem in monte videbant. 24. Sperabamus in fortitudine hominum bonorum. 25. Quare non dicitis semper veritatem? 26. Virgines sperabant in fortitudine patrum suorum. 27. Servi nostri manducabant et bibebant. 28. Apostoli sancti pacem et lucem et veritatem gentibus miserabilibus ducebant. 29. Quare servi ejus ad montes mittebantur? 30. Fortitudo mea non magna est. 31. Per vias miserabiles ad montes magnas ducebamur. 32. Quare sperabas in causa hominis iniqui et dolosi? 33. Ab inimicis nos- tris judicabamur. 34. Aquam bonam in montibus non videbam. 35. Sicut erat in terris Sanctis. 1. Ad Deum qui laetificat juventutem meam. 2. Judica me, Deus, et discerne causam meam de gente non sancta. 3. Ab homine iniquo et doloso erue me. 4. Quia tu es, Deus, fortitudo mea. 5. Quare tristis incedo? 6. Affligit me inimicus. 7. Lucem tuam et veritatem tuam. 8. In montem sanctum tuum. 9. Quare tristis es, anima mea? 10. Spera 36 LATIN GRAMMAR in Deo. n. Sicut erat in principio et nunc et semper, et in saecula saeculorum. 12. Omnipotens Deus. 13. Deo omnipotent^ 14. Beato Michaeli Archangelo. 15. Et tibi, Pater. 16. Mea culpa. 17. Beata Maria semper Virgo. 18. Orare pro me ad Dominum Deum nostrum. 19. Misericordia tua. 20. Da nobis. 21. A nobis. 22. Iniquitates nostrae. 23. Per Christum Dominum nostrum. 24. Oramus te, Domine, per merita sanctorum tuorum. 25. Magna gloria tua. 26. Cor meum. 27. In corde tuo. 28. In corde meo. 29. Gloria tibi, Domine. 30. Omnia saecula. 31. Humanitatis nostrae. 32. Dominus noster. 33. Per omnia saecula saeculorum. 34. Divinae majestatis tuae. 35. Per intercessionem beati Michaelis Archangeli. 36. Omnium electorum suorum. 37. Mi- sericordia tua. 38. Oratio mea. 39. Altare tuum. 40. Anima mea et vita mea. Unit Two A. Conjugate in the imperfect tense, active voice: dare; habere; dicere; servire. Conjugate in the imperfect tense, passive voice: salvare, monere, mittere, audirc. B. Give two imperative forms for each of these verbs: vocare; diicere; videre; audire; introire; bibere; esse; judicare. C. Change the infinitive to the correct form of the imperfect in- dicative tense. 1. ego (esse). 2. tu (posse). 3. ei (ire). 4. vos (ire). 5. nos (esse). 6. ea (posse). 7. id (esse). 8. ego (ire). 9. ego (posse). 10. is (ire). 11. nos (posse). 12. vos (esse). D. Change the possessive adjective in parentheses to the correct case, gender, and number. 1. animae (meus). 2. terris (suus). 3. via (noster). 4. regno (tuus). 5. filii (vester). 6. lucem (meus). 7. saeculi (noster). 8. corpus (suus). 9. patribus (suus). 10. juventuti (tuus). 11. (meus) culpa. 12. montes LATIN GRAMMAR 37 (nostcr). 13. nominum (vester). 14. servorum (suus). 15. patris (noster). E. Vocabulary building. a) Derivations. Find, in sections A and B of Unit One, the words that have the same derivation as the following: 1. exaudire (to hear favorably). 2. benedicere (to bless). 3. con- cedere (to grant). 4. dediicere (to lead). 5. disponere (to dispose, to order). 6. laetitia (joy). 7. judicium (judgment). 8. exuere (to free from). 9. spes (hope). 10. fortis (strong, valiant), n.lucere (to shine). 12. verus (true). 13. monitum (precept). 14. christianus (Christian). 15. merere (to be worthy). 16. mori (to die). 17. patria (fatherland). 18. pontifex (pope, bishop). 19. pater (father). 20. sacerdos (priest). 21. sacer (sacred). 22. tempus (time). 23. apostolus (apostle). 24. sacrificium (sacrifice). 25. sacrosanctus (most holy). 26. mors (death). 27. eligere (to elect). b) Observe the relation between these Latin and English words. Latin saeculum lux causa incedere judicare Latin English Veritas veritable fortitiido fortify sperare desperation affligerc affliction diicere reduction English secular lucid causation recede judgment c) Note these verbs with their compounds. admittere, to send to, to join, to admit committere, to send with or together, to unite, to commit emittere, to send out, to emit permittere, to send through, to suffer, to permit promittere, to send forth, to promise . dimittere, to send away, to forgive, to dismiss mitterc (to send) 38 diicere (to lead) LATIN GRAMMAR dediicere, to conduct, to deduce educere, to lead out, to bring forth, to educe indiicere, to lead in, to lead, to induce perducere, to lead to or through, to bring, to pro- long adducere, to lead to, to bring, to adduce LESSON VII Unit One In nomine Patris ct Filii et In the name of the Father and of the Spiritus Sancti. Amen. Son and of the Holy Ghost. Amen. Vocabulary comu, us, n., horn spiritus, us, m., spirit; Spiritus Sanctus, Holy Ghost manus, us, f., hand domus, 1 us, f., house civitas, civitatis, f ., city ecclesia, ae, f., church frater, fratris, m., brother laus, laudis, f., praise puer, piieri, m., boy, servant pars, partis (-ium), f., part crux, cruris, f ., cross liber, libri, m., boo\ lectio, lectionis, f., lesson mater, matris, f., mother fortis (m. and f.), forte (n.), strong, brave miser, misera, miserum, wretched pauper (m., f., n.), gen., pauperis, poor malus, -a, -um, bad, evil, wic\ed credere, to believe stare, to stand venire, to come movere, to move 1 Sec Appendix for irregular declensions. 39 4 o LATIN GRAMMAR nocere, to harm judicare, to judge dolosus, -a, -urn, deceitful oratio, orationis, £., prayer malitia, -ae, £., wickedness sanctus, -i, m., a holy man ergo, therefore ideo, therefore igitur, therefore 14. Fourth declension. All nouns having the genitive singular end- ing -us belong to this declension. Most of them are masculine. spiritus (base, spirit-), m., spirit Singular Plural Nom. spiritus spiritus Gen. spiritus spirituum Dat. spiritui spiritibus Ace. spiritum spiritus Abl. spiritu spiritibus 15. The future tense. In the first and second conjugations this is formed by adding the following personal endings: Active Passive Singular Plural Singular Plural -bo -bimus -bor -bimur -bis -bitis -beris -bimini -bit -bunt -bitur -buntur Thus for the first conjugation we have the following: Active Singular Plural lauda-bo, / shall praise lauda-bimus, we shall praise lauda-bis, thou wilt praise lauda-bitis, you will praise lauda-bit, he will praise lauda-bunt, they will praise LATIN GRAMMAR 41 Passive lauda-bor, / shall be praised lauda-bimur, we shall be praised lauda-beris, thou wilt be praised lauda-bimini, you will be praised lauda-bitur, he will be praised lauda-biintur, they will be praised For the second conjugation the future tense is formed in a similar manner. Thus we have : mone-bo, / shall warn mone-bor, / shall be warned In the third and fourth conjugations the future tense is formed by adding the following personal endings to the base: Active Passive Singular Plural Singular Plural -am -emus -ar -emur -es -etis -eris -emini -et -ent -etur -entur Thus for the third conjugation we have the following: Active Singular Plural due-am, / shall lead due-emus, we shall lead diic-es duc-etis diic-et diic-ent Passive duc-ar, / shall be led duc-emur, we shall be led duc-eris duc-emini duc-etur duc-entur In the fourth conjugation the future tense is formed in a similar manner. Thus we have : audi-am, I shall hear audi-ar, / shall be heard 4 2 LATIN GRAMMAR 16. The future tense of esse, posse, and ire. (esse, to be) (posse, to be able) (ire, to go) ero, / shall be potero, / shall be able ibo, / shall go eris, thou shalt be poteris, thou shalt be able ibis, thou shalt go erit, he anil be poterit, he will be able ibit, he will go erimus, we shall be poterimus, we shall be able ibimus, we shall go eritis, you will be poteritis, you will be able ibitis, you will go erunt, they will be poterunt, they will be able ibunt, they will go EXERCISES A. Cognates. a) Many nouns ending in -ia in Latin end in -y in English. Pro- nounce and give the English for the following: i. familia. 2. gloria. 3. memoria. 4. miseria. 5. victoria. 6. ignommia. 7. custodia. 8. perfidia. b) Nouns and adjectives ending in -ens in Latin end in -ent in Eng- lish. Pronounce and give the English for the following: 1. oriens. 2. clemens. 3. parens. 4. innocens. 5. omnipotens. 6. com- petens. 7. praesens. B. Read and give the English meaning of the following: 1. Omnes homines in civitatem introibunt cum tubis et cornibus. 2. Non credemus in inimicum iniquum et dolosum. 3. Mater bona et justa ab filiis suis semper laudabitur, 4. Ad ecclesiam ibit; Deum laudabit et auxilium ejus supplicabit. 5. Puer ad domum nostram veniet et familiam suam expectabit. 6. Servi mei pauperes sunt, non mali. 7. Libros non habeo; ergo lectiones meas non praeparabo. 8. Manus pars corporis est. 9. Virgo pro fratribus mfseris suis interceded 10. Invoca Dominum et tibi fortitudinem, lucem et veritatem dabit. 11. Date servis vestris laudem et bene vobis servient. 12. Puer fortis LATIN GRAMMAR 43 est; nos salvare poterit. 13. Clamate; nos audient. 14. Eum videbis quoniam cum fratre meo incedet. 15. De cruce non descended 16. Crux magna non movebitur. 17. Vocabor et respondebo. 18. Virgines stabant cum matre sua. 19. Pater et mater parentes familiae sunt. 20. Memoriae juventiitis nostrae laetificabunt nos. 21. Virgines bonae erant; ergo beatae erant. 22. In inimicorum civitates magnas introi- bunt et matres suas et omnes virgines eruent. 23. Matres servorum semper miserae et pauperes erant. 24. Crux in ecclesia stabit. 25. Ho- mines mali et dolosi non in lectiones apostolorum credebant. 26. Pueri pauperes et miseri ad nostram civitatem non venient. 27. Laudes ser- vorum pauperum Deum laetificabunt. 28. In principio auxilia ad gentes non ducentur. 29. Non credimus in libros malos. 30. Pars cru- cis in ecclesia stat. 31. Filii boni et fortes erunt; fgitur mater eorum beata erit. 32. Quare miseri estis, servi mei? 33. Pauperes non semper mali sunt; mali non semper pauperes sunt. 34. Fratres nostri, quare estis miseri? 35. Mater bona in ecclesia erit cum omnibus filiis suis. 1. Mater mea. 2. Lavabis me. 3. Omnes iniquitates meas. 4. Spiritus sanctus tuus. 5. Libera me. 6. Oratione mea. 7. In manus inimici. 8. A Sanctis angelis. 9. Vobis dicimus. 10. Descendet de caelo. 11. Semper cum Domino erimus. 12. In memoria aeterna erit Justus. 13. Lucis aeternae. 14. Salva me. 15. Sum causa tuae viae. 16. Flammis acribus. 17. Voca me. 18. Frater meus. 19. Dabit tibi Deus. 20. Frater tuus. 21. Dicit ei Martha. 22. In resurrectione. 23. Ego sum rcsurrcctio et vita. 24. Omnis qui credit in me. 25. Tu es Christus Filius Dei. 26. Libera eas. 27. In lucem sanctam. 28. Pro animabus. 29. Cum Sanctis tuis. 30. Cum servo tuo. 31. Judicare saeculum. 32. Anima ejus. Unit Two A. Decline in the singular and plural: cornu magnum; manus fortis; domus misera. B. Decline in the singular: Spiritus Sanctus; laus tua; ecclesia catholica. 44 LATIN GRAMMAR C. Give the nominative, genitive, and dative plural of the follow- ing : puer innocens; mater pauper; ci vitas nobilis; f rater misericors; liber malus. D. Vocabulary building. a) Derivations. Find, in sections A and B of Unit One, words that have the same derivation as the following: i. auditus (hearing). 2. malum (evil). 3. dominatio (dominion). 4. civis (citizen). 5. laudabilis (praiseworthy). 6. particeps (partaker). 7. crucifixus (crucified). 8. fortitudo (strength). 9. miseria (wretched- ness). 10. dominus (lord, master). 11. laudare (to praise). 12. malitia (malice). 13. adventus (coming, advent). 14. credibilis (credible). 15. circumstare (to stand around, to be present). 16. famulus (servant). 17. glorificare (to glorify). 18. memorare (to remember). 19. victus (conquered). 20. ignorare (to be ignorant). 21. custos (guard). 22. clementer (mercifully). 23. innocentia (innocence). 24. custodire (to guard). 25. male (badly). 26. competere (to be capable of, to be fit for). 27. nocens (harmful). 28. nocere (to harm). 29. conglorificarc (to glorify). b) Observe the relation between these Latin and English words. Latin English Latin English cornu cornucopia manus manipulate domus domicile laus laudable ecclesia ecclesiastical credere credence stare station venire circumvent moverc remove pauper pauperize malus malediction fortis fortify crux crucial puer puerile liber library frater fraternity civitas civic pars partial mater maternity manus maniple stare (to stand) LATIN GRAMMAR 45 c) Observe these verbs with their compounds. circumstare, to stand around, to be present, to sur- round praestare, to stand before, to excel, to accomplish, to bestow w exstare, to stand out or forth disponere, to put in different places, to order, to dispose imponere, to put upon, to impose exponere, to put out, to expose adesse, to be at or near, to be present abesse, to be away from, to be absent prodesse, 1 to be for, to benefit, to avail ponere (to put) esse (to be) 1 The d is omitted in all forms where it would be immediately followed by a con- sonant. LESSON VIII Unit One Gloria Patri et Filio Glory be to the Father and to the Son et Spiritui Sancto. and to the Holy Ghost, Vocabulary dies, diei, m. and f., day; in novissimo die, on the last day fides, fidei, f ., faith fades, faciei, f ., face missa, -ae, f., Mass; missa est, the Mass is finished panis, panis, m., bread discipulus, -i, m., pupil, disciple tectum, -i, n., roof nox, noctis (-ium), f., night munis, -i, m., wall somnus, -i, m., sleep gratia, -ae, f., grace, thankfulness agere, to act, to put in motion; gratias agere, to give thanks dormire, to sleep scribere, to write docere, to teach peccare, to sin novus, -a, -um, new aequus, -a, -um, right dignus, -a, -um, meet, worthy potens (m., f., n.), gen., potentis, powerful eccc (interject.), behold sic (adv.) > so, thus hodie (adv.), today, this day 4 6 LATIN GRAMMAR 47 item (adv.), also, likewise simul (adv.), together sed (conj.), but; sed et, as also 17. Fifth declension. It comprises nouns with the genitive singular | ending -ei. They are feminine in gender. 1 dies (base, di-), day res, f ., th Ing Singular Plural Singular Plural Nom. dies dies Nom. res res Gen. diei dierum Gen. rei rerum Dat. diei diebus Dat. rei rebus Ace. diem dies Ace. rem res Abl. die diebus Abl. re rebus 18. Participles. The participles of the four conjugations are the following: Present (active) laudans, praising monens, warning ducens, leading audiens, hearing Future (active) laudatiirus, about to praise moniturus, about to warn ductiiras, about to lead auditiirus, about to hear Past (passive) laudatus, praised monitus, warned ductus, led audftus, heard Gerundive (passive) laudandus, must be praised monendus, must be warned ducendus, must be led audiendus, must be heard Note, (a) A participle, like an adjective, agrees with the noun modified or the noun referred to. b) The present participle is declined according to the third de- clension: laudans (m., f., n.) ; gen., laudantis. 1 Exception: dies is sometimes masculine in the singular, always masculine in the plural. 48 LATIN GRAMMAR c) The rest are declined in the first and second declensions: laudatus, laudata, laudatum. d) The gerundive is used to express necessity or obligation. Examples : Present : Puerum fratrem laudan- / heard the boy praising his tern audiebam. brother. Ad civitatem servos du- They came to the city leading the centes veniebant. slaves. Past: A matre sua vocati, filii in Having been called by their domum introibant. mother, the sons went into the house. Virgines afflictas pacifica- They will pacify the afflicted bunt. maidens. Future: Ad montem ituri sunt 1 They are about to go to the hill. Nos monitiirus erat. He was about to warn us. Gerundive: Domus nostrae sal- Our homes must be saved. vandae sunt. 2 Libri movendi erant. The boo\s had to be moved. 19. Participles of esse, posse, and ire. (esse, to be) (posse, to be able) Future: futiirus, about to be Present: potens (used as an ad- jective), powerful (ire, to go) Present: iens (euntis), going Future : iturus, about to go 1 This form is also referred to as the active periphrastic. 2 This form is sometimes called the passive periphrastic. LATIN GRAMMAR 49 EXERCISES A. Cognates. Many Latin adjectives ending in -us and -osus be- come -ous in English. Pronounce and give the English for the fol- lowing: 1. copiosus. 2. gloriosus. 3. laboriosus. 4. religiosus. 5. perniciosus. 6. furiosus. 7. studiosus. 8. invidiosus. 9. injuriosus. 10. insidiosus. 11. impius. 12. pius. 13. propitius. 14. tremendus. 15. superfluus. B. Verbs with the prefix, a-, ab-, or abs- convey the idea of from or away from. 1. abesse (to be away, to be absent). 2. abducere (to lead away, to abduct). 3. avertere (to turn away, to avert). 4. abstinere (to hold from, to abstain). 5. abstrahere (to draw from, to abstract). 6. amittere (to send away). 7. abire (to go away). 8. amovere (to move from). 9. avocare (to call away from). 10. abriimpere (to break away from). 11. abstergere (to wipe away). 12. absolvere (to loose from, to ab- solve) . C. Read and translate into English. 1. Domus muros et tecta habent. 2. Nox pars diei est. 3. Ad muros civitatis veniebamus. 4. Dignum est nostris matribus bonis gratias agere. 5. In somno justorum dormiunt. 6. In manus tuas libros daturi eramus. 7. Homo potens est, sed Deus omnipotens est. 8. Omnes discipuli lectiones bonas hodie habebant. 9. Fades virginis bona et clemens erat. 10. Sancta Fides nomen civitatis est. 11. Panis mandu- candus est. 12. Pueri domum mittendi sunt. 13. Deo gratiae agendae sunt. 14. Vobis item scribam de ecclesia nova. 15. Mater cum pueris simul salvatur. 16. Audi, dictiirus est. 17. Virgines nobis serviturae erant. 18. Frater meus in domum damans intrat. 19. Ab domino laudati servi beati sunt. 20. Civitatem magna luce illuminatam vide- bant. 21. Credere non possumus in fidem gentium malarum. 22. Ae- quum est pro pace intercedere. 23. Calix a flammis salvandus est. 24. Eos in monte stantes videmus. 25. Eos docebit et non peccabunt. 5 o LATIN GRAMMAR 26. Ecce homo! 27. Omnes libros salvatos a flammis habemus. 28. In monte stans eos judicat. 29. Crucem magnam a patre suo datam videt puer. 30. Nobis erat dicturus nomen suum. 31. Fides patrum nostro- rum fortis erat. 32. Virgines fratres suos vocantes audiebam. 33. Nos monituri erant quia flammas ascendentes de tecto domus videbant. 34. Homo pauper et miser erat, sed auxilium non implorabat. 35. Auxilium ad civitatem mittendum est. 1. Emitte lucem tuam et veritatem tuam. 2. Et introibo ad altare Dei, ad Deum qui laetificat juventutem meam. 3. Tu vivificabis nos. 4. Domine, exaudi orationem meam. 5. Domine Deus, Rex caelestis, Deus Pater omnipotens. 6. Cum Sancto Spiritu in gloria Dei Patris. 7. Deo gratias. 8. In corde meo. 9. In nomine Patris et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti. 10. Gloria tibi, Domine. 11. Laus tibi, Christe. 12. Credo in unum Deum. 13. Visibilia omnia, et invisibilia. 14. Omnia saecula. 15. Deus de Deo. 16. Nos homines. 17. Venturus est cum gloria. 18. Qui cum Patre et Filio simul adoratur et conglorificatur. 19. Una, sancta, catholica, et apostolica ecclesia. 20. Unum baptisma. 21. Ex- specto vitam venturi saeculi. 22. Dominus vobiscum. 23. Et cum spiritu tuo. 24. Dominus noster. 25. In spiritu humilitatis. 26. Veni, sanctifi- cator, omnipotens, aeterne Deus. 27. Misericordia tua. 28. Lavabo manus meas. 29. Domus tuae. 30. Cum impiis. 31. Anima mea. 32. In manibus iniquitates sunt. 33. In ecclesiis benedicam te, Domine. 34. In honorem beatae Mariae semper Virginis. 35. Pro nobis inter- cedes. 36. De manibus tuis. 37. Ad laudem et gloriam nominis sui. 38. Ecclesiae suae sanctae. 39. Dignum et justum est. 40. Catholicae et apostolicae fidei. 41. Pater noster, qui es in caelis. 42. Panem nos- trum da nobis hodie. 43. Elevatio manuum mearum. 44. Dormiunt in somno pacis. 45. Omni benedictione caelesti et gratia. 46. Ite, missa est. Unit Two A, Decline in the singular and plural : dies gloriosus; fades tristis. B. Give the four participles of the following: LATIN GRAMMAR 5i 1. dare. 2. dicere. 3. servire. 4. habere. 5. sperare. 6. monere. 7. audire* 8. addiicere. 9. exaudire. 10. indiicere. 11. dormire. 12. lavare. C. Vocabulary building. a) Derivations. Find, in sections A and B of Unit One, the words that have the same derivation as the following: 1. scriptura (writing, Scripture). 2. peccator (sinner). 3. novissimus (newest, last). 4. indignus (unworthy). 5. iniquus (unjust). 6. omni- potens (almighty). 7. peccatum (sin). 8. doctrina (doctrine). 9. fidelis (faithful). 10. dormitio (sleep). 11. gratus (gracious). 12. dignari (to vouchsafe, to grant). 13. pie (mercifully). 14. propitiatio (merciful forgiveness). 15. pietas (piety). 16. tremere (to tremble). 17. conver- tere (to turn, to convert). 18. propitiabilis (propitious). 19. tremor (fear). 20. tenere (to hold). 21. propitiare (to be merciful). 22. ad- scriptus (approved). 23. aequalitas (equality). 24. innovare (to re- new). 25. gratis (without recompense). 26. digne (worthily). Latin English discipulus discipline dormire dormitory murus mural agere agent scribere inscription peccare impeccable aequus equality potens potential words and their similaritie Latin English nox nocturnal somnus somnolent fades facial fides fidelity docere docile dignus dignitary novus renovate servire servitude c) Observe these verbs with their compounds. introire, to go within, to enter praeire, to go before redire, to 50 back, to return transire, to go through ire, to go - 52 venire, to come - LATIN GRAMMAR " ad venire, to come (to) invenire, to come upon, to find pervenire, to come through, to attain praevenire, to come before, to prevent provenire, to come for . subvenire, to come under, to come up to, to assist LESSON IX Unit One Dominus vobiscum. The Lord be with you. Et cum spiritu tuo. And with thy spirit. Vocabulary repellere (repuli, repulsus), to cast from, to repel conturbare, to disturb ostendere (ostendi, ostensus), to show sedere (sedi, sessus), to sit tollere (siistuli, sublatus), to ta\e away mundare, to cleanse salutare, salutaris, n. (noun), health, salvation salutaris, -e, adj., saving, salutary vultus, vultus, m., countenance cogitatio, cogitationis, £., thought verbum, -i, n., word opus, operis, n., deed, wor\ indulgentia, -ae, f., pardon, forgiveness plebs, plebis, £., people mens, mentis, £., mind voluntas, voluntatis, f ., will adjutorium, adjutorii, n., help agnus, -i, m.,lamb mundus, -i, m., world deprecatio, deprecationis, f ., prayer spes, spei, f., hope dexter, dextra (dextera), dextrum (dexterum), right, right hand 53 54 LATIN GRAMMAR solus, -a, -urn, only, alone, sole excelsus, -a, -um, high; in excelsis, in the highest hie, here nimis, exceedingly dum (conj.), while, when, until 20. The perfect tense. In the active voice this tense is formed by the following personal endings added to the perfect stem of the verb: Singular Plural -i -imus -isti -lstis -it -erunt Thus for the first conjugation we have the following: Singular Plural laudav-i, / have praised laudav-imus, we have praised laudav-isti laudav-istis laudav-it laudav-erunt In the passive voice the perfect tense is formed by adding the pres- ent tense of the verb esse to the past participle. Thus we have: Singular Plural laudatus sum, / have been praised laudati sumus, we have been praised laudatus es laudati estis laudatus est laudati sunt In the other conjugations the perfect tense is formed in a similar man- ner. Thus we have: Active Passive monu-i, / have warned monitus sum, / have been warned dux-i, I have led ductus sum, / have been led audiv-i, / have heard auditus sum, / have been heard LATIN GRAMMAR 55 21. Perfect tense of esse, posse, and ire. (esse, to be) (posse, to be able) (ire, to go) fui, / have been potui, / have been able ivi (ii), / have gone Note, (a) All other perfect tenses (the pluperfect and future per- fect indicative and the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive) are formed on the perfect stems as given above. Only the endings will differ. For these tenses, see the Appendix. b) Many verbs are irregular in the perfect. But, if the first person singular of the perfect is known, all other forms of the perfect active tenses can be formed on the stem of this one. c) Past participles are frequently irregular. Hereafter, whenever verbs are given in the vocabularies the first person singular of the per- fect and the past participle of all irregular verbs will be given also. d) The vi of the second person singular and plural of first conjuga- tion verbs is frequently dropped : laudasti and laudastis for laudavisti and laudavistis. 22. Prepositions. a) The following prepositions govern the accusative: ad, to, toward, near ante, before apud, to, with, in the presence of circum, around contra, against inter, between, among intra, within ob, for, in consideration of per, through, by post, after propter, for, because of secundum, according to 56 LATIN GRAMMAR supra, over, above, upon trans, through, across b) The following prepositions govern the ablative: a, ab, from coram, in the presence of cum, with de, from, down from c, ex, out of prae, before pro, for, through, in behalf of sine, without c) In (in or 1/2/0), sub (under), super (above), govern the accusa- tive when they indicate motion towards a place, but govern the abla- tive when they denote rest in a place. EXERCISES A. Cognates. Many nouns ending in -io in Latin have the ending -ion in English. They are feminine in Latin. Pronounce the follow- ing and give the English equivalent. 1. absoliitio. 2. ascensio. 3. benedictio. 4. confessio. 5. congregatio. 6. consecratio. 7. contagio. 8. damnatio. 9. devotio. 10. dispositio. 11. elevatio. 12 habitatio. 13. institutio. 14. intercessio. 15. oblatio. 16. pro- tectio. 17. passio. 18. redemptio. 19. regio. 20. remissio. 21. resurrectio. 22. salvatio. 23. supplicatio. 24. conditio. 25. conversatio. B. Verbs having the prefix ad- convey the idea of at, toward, to, or against, 1. adesse (to be at, to be present). 2. addiicere (to lead to). 3. adver- tere (to turn toward). 4. adire (to go to). 5. adorare (to pray to, to adore). 6. admovere (to move to). 7. adjuvare (to help toward) 8. admonere (to warn against, to admonish). 9. addicere (to assent to). 10. advenire (to come to). LATIN GRAMMAR 57 C. Translate into English. 1. Inimicus repellendus erat. 2. Discipuli nostri ab pueris clamanti- bus conturbati sunt. 3. Verba sua nobis ostenderunt fidem suam in causam suam. 4. Virgo ad dexteram matris sola stabat. 5. Cogitatio verbum praecedit. 6. Fortis fuit, quoniam spem et fidem in corde habuit. 7. Hodie in ecclesia non fuerunt; absunt. 8. Hie sedimus ad- jutorium vestrum sperantes. 9. Virgo domum mundabat, dum mater ejus dormiebat. 10. Voluntas in mente est. 11. Vultus hominis con- turbatus est, quoniam spiritus ejus miser est. 12. Non dicimus dum manducdmus. 13. Pater filio suo agnum dabit. 14. Verba sua laetifi- caverunt omnes qui audiverunt. 15. Arrogantiam inimicorum nos- trorum observavimus. 16. Dicitur: voluntas plebis voluntas Dei est. 17. Eum monuisti, sed non audivit. 18. Quare eos ad montem ad- duxerunt? 19. Domus nostrae ab manibus hominum malorum lib- eratae sunt. 20. Omnes servi vocati sunt, sed non responderunt. 21. Frater meus non dormivit hodie. 22. Mater tua indulgentiam ostendit tibi. 23. Eos nimis laudavimus, et nobis bene serviverunt. 24. Agnum in altari immolaverunt. 25. Opera plebis innocentis Deum laetificant. 26. Frater tuus non hie fuit. 27. Ea ad matris domum fuit. 28. Aux- llium nostrum imploraverunt. 29. Mater ejus introivit dum hie era- mus. 30. Verba indulgentiae speravit. 31. Opera sua in terra magna fuerunt. 32. Voluntas Dei voluntas sanctorum est. 33. Cogitationes nostrae se ostendunt in vultu. 34. Hie sederunt dum domum munda- bamus. 35. Inimicos suos repulerunt et nunc non conturbantur. D. 1. Quare me repulisti, et quare tristis incedo, dum affligit me inimicus? 2. Me deduxerunt et adduxerunt in montem sanctum tuum. 3. Quare conturbas me? 4. Salutare vultus mei. 5. Adjutorium nos- trum in nomine Domini. 6. Quia peccavi nimis cogitatione, verbo, et opere. 7. Mea culpa, mea culpa, mea maxima culpa. 8. Indulgen- tiam, absolutionem, et remissionem peccatorum nostrorum. 9. Deus, tu conversus vivificabis nos. 10. Ostende nobis, Domine, misericor- diam tuam. 11. Et salutare tuum da nobis. 12. Omnia peccata mea. 13. Gloria in excelsis Deo. 14. Et in terra pax hominibus bonae volun- 58 LATIN GRAMMAR tads. 15. Benedicimus tc. 16. Gratias agimus tibi propter magnam gloriam tuam. 17. Qui tollis peccata mundi. 18. Deprecationem nos- tram. 19. Qui sedes ad dexteram Patris. 20. Quoniam tu solus sanctus. 21. Tu solus Dominus. 22. Munda cor meum. 22. Ante omnia saecula. 24. Qui propter nos homines. 25. Sub Pontio Pilato. 26. Secundum Scriptiiras. 27. Sedet ad dexteram Patris. 28. Non erit. 29. Per prophe- tas. 30. In remissionem peccatorum. 31. Pro innumerabilibus peccatis, et offensionibus, et negligentiis meis et pro omnibus circumstantibus, sed et pro omnibus fidelibus christianis. 32. Tecum. 33. In unitate Spiritus sancti. 34. Benedic hoc sacrificium tuo sancto nomini prae- paratum. 35. Per intercessionem beati Michaelis Archangeli, stands a dextris altaris. Unit Two A. Learn the perfect indicative and the past participle (if irregu- lar) of these partly irregular verbs. Infinitive Perfect Indicative Past Participle dare dedi datus mittere misi missus ponere posui positus dicere dixi dictus videre vidi visus bibere bibi bibitus cadere cecidi casus affligere afflixi afflictus eruere erui erutus incederc incessi incessus credere credidi creditus stare steti status venire veni ventus movere movi motus agere egi actus scribere scrips! scriptus LATIN GRAMMAR 59 docere docui doctus evadere evasi cvasus respondere respondi responsus convertere converti conversus descendere descendi descensus discernere discrevi discretus siirgere (to arise) surrexi surrectus B. Give the perfect and the past participle a) of these verbs which are like ponere: disponere; imponere b) of these verbs which are like mittere: admittere; committere; emittere; permittere; dimittere; promittere c) of these verbs which are like dicere: addicere; benedicerc d) of these verbs which are like diicere: deducere; ediicere; inducere; perducere; adducerc r) of these verbs which are like incedere: concedere; intercedere; praecedere; procedere; recedere (to go back); secedere (to withdraw) /) of these verbs which are like venire: advenire; invenire; pervenire; praevenire; provenire; subvenire g) of these verbs which are like convertere, descendere, and dare respectively: revertere (to go back), avertere; ascendere; circumdarc h) of these verbs which are like siirgere: resiirgere; consurgere (to rise up) C. Change the word in parentheses to the right case. The forms given are all nominative. i. inter (ei). 2. coram (Deus). 3. secundum (Scripturae). 4. cum 6o LATIN GRAMMAR (agnus). 5. trans (muri). 6. pro (vos). 7. ad (dexter). 8. in (ecclesiae). 9. ab (puer). 10. ex (civitas). 11. contra (inimicus). 12. sine (spes). 13. cum (laus). 14. per (intercessio). 15. de (caela). 16. pro (pax). 17. post (is). 18. cum (ego). 19. de (Deus). 20. e (domus). 21. intra (muri). 22. a (flammae). 23. propter (veritas). 24. circum (mons). 25. ante (omnia saecula). 26. prae (miseria). 27. ob (opera). 28. sine (ei). 29. inter (nos). 30. contra (tu). D. Vocabulary building. a) Derivations. Find in sections A, B, and C of Unit One the words that have the same derivation as the following: 1. turba (multitude, crowd). 2. sedes (seat). 3. salus (salvation). 4. cogitare (to think). 5. indulgere (to forgive, to grant). 6. adjuvare (to aid). 7. deprecari (to beseech). 8. benedictus (blessed). 9. devotus (devoted). 10. absolvere (to absolve). 11. elevare (to lift up). 12. habitare (to dwell). 13. resurgere (to rise again). 14. ascendere (to ascend). 15. salvare (to save). 16. salvus (safe). 17. intercedere (to intercede). 18. redimere (to redeem). 19. supplicare (to beseech). 20. redemptor (redeemer). 21. protegere (to protect). 22. perturbatio (disturbance). b) Observe the relation between these Latin and English words. Latin English voluntas volunteer excelsus excellent mens mentality opus operatic sederc sedentary dexter dexterity c) Note these verbs with their compounds. f addicere, to speak against, to assent to, to doom dicere (to speak) \ to, to adjudge [ benedicere, to speak well, to bless Latin English mundus mundane adjutorium adjutant plebs plebeian verbum verbal ostendere ostentation solus solitary LATIN GRAMMAR 61 convertere, to turn together or toward, to con- vertere (to turn) -\ vert avertere, to turn away, to avert d) Observe the formation of these adverbs from these adjectives negligenter (negligently) negligens arroganter (arrogantly) arrogans temperanter (temperately) temperans diligenter (diligently) diligens innocenter (innocently) innocens prudenter (prudently) prudens abundanter (abundantly) abiindans petulanter (petulantly) petulans suppUciter (humbly) supplex LESSON X Unit One Per eiimdem Christum Through the same Christ Dominum nostrum. our Lord. Vocabulary solvere (solvi, solutus), to fulfill, to loose sumere (sumpsi, sumptus), to receive tribiiere (tribui, tribiitus), to grant valere, to be worthy, to avail nuntiare, to announce, to proclaim delere (delevi, deletus), to blot out dingere (direxi, directus), to direct Evangelium, ii, n., Gospel labium, ii, n., lip dictum, i, n., word delictum, i, n., crime, sin conspectus, us, m., sight os, oris, n., mouth ostium, ii, n., door malitia, ae, f., evil, malice malum, i, n., evil verus, -a, -urn, true vivus, -a, -urn, living salvus, -a, -urn, safe sursum (adv.), upward; sursum corda, //// up your hearts etiam (adv.), also iterum (adv.), again ac, atque, -que (added to a word), and 62 LATIN GRAMMAR ut (uti), that, in order that ne, that not, lest 23. The present subjunctive. Its forms are as follows: Active Voice 63 I II III IV laudem moneam ducam audiam laudes moneas ducas audias laudet moneat ducat aiidiat laudemus moneamus ducamus audiamus laudetis moneatis ducatis audiatis laudent moneant ducant audiant Passive Voice lauder monear ducar audiar lauderis monearis ducaris audiaris laudetur moneatur ducatur audiatur laudemur moneamur ducamur audiamur laudemini moneamini ducamini audiamini laudentur moneantur ducantur audiantur Note. In the present subjunctive the first conjugation is character- ized by the vowel e and the rest by the vowel a. 24. Present subjunctive of esse, posse, and ire. (esse, to be) (posse, to be able) (ire, to go) sim possim earn sis possis eas sit possit eat simus possimus eamus sitis possitis eatis sint possint eant 25. Uses of the subjunctive, (a) A common use of the subjunctive is to express a hope, a wish, or a command in the first and third per- 64 LATIN GRAMMAR sons if affirmative. We have already learned that the imperative is used to express a command in the second person singular and plural when affirmative. If the command is negative, all persons may take the subjunctive. Negative commands are introduced by the word ne. Let them be warned. Moneantur. May we be heard. Audiamur. May they be happy. Beati sink Let us pray. Oremus. Let us not stand here. Ne hie stemus. Let it not be said. Ne dicatur. Do not disturb them. Ne eos contiirbes. b) The subjunctive is also used in subordinate clauses introduced by the conjunction ut or uti (negative, ne) to express purpose. / shall put the boo\s here in order Libros hie ponam, ut eos that he may have them. habeat. They are coming to the house in Ad domum veniunt, ut eas order that we may see them. videamus. He sends them away in order that Eos dimittit, ne nos conturbent, they may not {lest) disturb us. 26. Other ways of expressing purpose. a) Subjunctive with relative pronoun. The boys come in order to see the Pueri veniunt qui agnum lamb. videant. b) Gerundive with the preposition ad. He shouts in order to warn the Clamat ad homines monendos. men. c) Gerundive with causa (abl., for the purpose of). He comes to give thanks. Venit gratiarum agendarum causa. LATIN GRAMMAR 65 d) With the infinitive. He shall come again with glory Et iterum venturus est cum to judge both the living and the gloria judicare vivos et mortuos* dead. EXERCISES A. Many Latin words become English if the last letter or the last two letters are changed to -e. Pronounce and give the English for the following: 1. Apocalypsis. 2. contritus. 3. creatura. 4. causa. 5. divinus. 6. futurus. 7. immaculatus. 8. incarnatus. 9. incensum. 10. ira. 11. medi- cina. 12. modus. 13. natiira. 14. obscurus. 15. offensio. B. Con (com) is the commonest of the prefixes. Compounded with verbs it has the meaning of together {with). 1. continere (to hold together, to contain). 2. convenire (to come together, to convene). 3. conducere (to lead together, to conduct). 4. committere (to send together, to unite, to commit). 5. convocare (to call together, to convoke). 6. convertere (to turn together, toward, with, to convert). 7. componere (to put together, to compose). 8. com- primere (to press together, to compress). 9. congregare (to gather together, to congregate). 10. confidere (to trust with, to confide). 11. conjurare (to swear together, to conjure). 12. consentire (to feel to- gether, to agree). C. Read and translate into English. 1. Ne intret homo impius. 2. Dicta sua nuntiata sunt, ut audiamus. 3. Ne absint servi dum dominus in civitate est. 4. Verba deleantur, nc mater tua videat. 5. Quare virgines non mones, ne in aquam cadant? 6. Non dico, ne jiidicer. 7. Vocant, ut eos expectetis. 8. Ne judicetur suis verbis malis, sed operibus bonis. 9. Deprecationes mundi ad caelum ascendant, ut Deus pacem ad plebem suam mittat. 10. In 66 LATIN GRAMMAR domum introeunt, ut manducent et dormiant. n. Aquam mihi dam ad manus mcas lavandas. 12. Venit calicis tollendi causa. 13. Sedeamus cum matre nostra. 14. Veniant, ut nos doceant veritatem. 15. Ne moveatur crux. 16. Disdpuli studiosi sunt, ut laudentur. 17. Homines fortes adjutorium adducunt, ut civitas salvetur. 18. Introimus in ecclesiam ad dicta ejus audienda. 19. Nos vocat qui ostendat nobis libros novos. 20. Sedet cogr uionis scribendae causa. 21. Die eis verita- tem, ut credant in te. 22. Dirigat nos ad montem. 23. A peccatis suis solvantur. 24. Labia pars oris sunt. 25. Ne stent in ostio. 26. Evangelia hominibus iniquis nuntiata sunt, sed non audiverunt. 27. Introeant iterum in domum ne ab inimicis videantur. 28. Deleantur verba nostra mala et opera nostra iniqua. 29. Salvi sint filii, etiam virgines. 30. Nos dirigamus Romam, dixerunt. 31. Hie sumus ut gentibus dicta sancta Evangelii nuntiemus. 32. Malitia inimici ad gentes bonas malum magnum adduxit. 33. Valeant opera sua. 34. Libertatem tribuamus servis bonis et fortibus. 35. Credant servi pauperes in verba domini sui. D. 1. Perducat te ad vitam aeternam. 2. Indulgentiam, absolutionem et remissionem peccatorum nostrorum, tribuat nobis omnipotens et misericors Dominus. 3. Oremus. 4. Munda cor meum ac labia mea, omnipotens Deus, qui labia Isaiae prophetae mundasti. 5. Ut sanctum Evangelium tuum digne valeam nuntiare. 6. Dominus sit in corde meo ct in labiis meis, ut digne et competenter annuntiem Evangelium suum. 7. Sequentia sancti Evangelii secundum Lucam. 8. Laus tibi, Christe. 9. Per evangelica dicta deleantur nostra delicta. 10. Credo in unum Deum. 11. Deum verum de Deo vero. 12. Deo meo vivo et vero. 13. Ut in conspectu divinae majestatis tuae ascendat. 14. Incen- sum ascendat ad te. 15. Et descendat super nos misericordia tua. 16. Dirigatur, Domine, oratio mea, sicut incensum in conspectu tuo. 17. Pone, Domine, custodiam ori meo, et ostium circumstantiae labiis meis. 18. Ut non declinet cor meum in verba malitiae, ad excusandas excusationes in peccatis. 19. Ut audiam. 20. Gratias agamus Domino Deo nostro. 21. Sursum corda. 22. Vere dignum et justum est, aequum LATIN GRAMMAR 67 ct salutare, nos tibi semper gratias agere. 23. Ac beata Seraphim. 24. Confessione dicentes. 25. Benedictus qui venit in nomine Domini. 26. Hosanna in excelsis. 27. Uti accepta habeas, et benedicas. 28. Qui nos praecesserunt. 29. Ut indulgeas. 30. Creas, sanctificas, vivificas, benedicis, et praestas nobis. 31. Praeceptis salutaribus moniti. 32. Sanctificetur nomen tuum. 33. Adveniat regnum tuum. 34. Sed libera nos a malo. 35. Da propitius pacem in diebus nostris. 36. Per omnia saecula saeculorum. 37. Pax Domini sit semper vobiscum. 38. Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi, dona nobis pacem. 39. Domine Jesu Christe, qui dixisti apostolis tuis. 40. Secundum voluntatem tuam. Unit Two A. Give the present active subjunctive of clamare, posse, and in- troire. Give the present passive subjunctive of audire, credere, and habere. B. Give the perfect active indicative of solvere, sumere, and tribiiere. Give the perfect passive indicative of delere and dirigere. C. Give the English for: 1. Eant. 2. Intremus. 3. Ne tribuat. 4. Ne laudes. 5. Audiar. 6. In- troeat. 7. Ne ponas. 8. Stet. 9. Adsint. 10. Moneatur. 11. Sit. 12. Prosit. 13. Ne cadamus. 14. Mandiicent. 15. Bibam. 16. Audeat. 17. Ne videar. 18. Ne dicatis. 19. Lavemus. 20. Ducatur. D. Change the infinitive in parentheses to the right form of the present subjunctive. 1. Puerum monemus, ne (cadere). 2. Panem dat nobis, ut (mandu- care). 3. Venit, ut domum (mundare). 4. fntroit in ecclesiam, ut gratias (agere). 5. Abstinet, ne (peccare). 6. Ad terram novam it, ut plebem (docere). 7. Venimus, ut vos (videre). 8. Frater eum vocat, ne (movere). 9. Intrant, ut nobis (servire). 10. Dat cornu filio, ut bonus (esse). 68 LATIN GRAMMAR E. Change the infinitive in parentheses to the right form of the gerundive. i. Ad dicta (delere). 2. Verbi (dicere) causa. 3. Ad veritatem (nun- tiare). 4. Tubae (dare) causa. 5. Ad fratres suos (salvare). 6. Lucis (videre) causa. 7. Ad spiritus nostros (laetificare). F. Vocabulary building. a) Derivations. What words in sections A, B, C, and D of Unit One have the same derivation as the following? 1. absolvere (to absolve). 2. repositus (laid up). 3. annuntiare (to announce). 4. directus (direct). 5. evangelicus (of the Gospel). 6. dicere (to say). 7. malus (bad). 8. Veritas (truth). 9. vivere (to live). 10. salvare (to save). 11. creare (to create). 12. divinitas (divinity). 13. salvatio (salvation). 14. creator (creator). 15. macula (stain). 16. caro (flesh). 17. natus (born). 18. tenere (to hold). 19. venire (to come). 20. fidelis (faithful). 21. grex (flock). 22. jusjurandum (oath). 23. amodo (from henceforth). 24. medkus (physician). 25. erigere (to erect). b) Observe the relation between these Latirf and English words. Latin English Latin English solvere resolve siimere presumption tribiiere contribute valere value nuntiare annunciation delere delete labium labial dictum dictate OS oral malitia malicious verus veritable vivus vivid salvus salvage natus native grex gregarious macula immaculate medicus medical creare creative tenere tenacious caro incarnate dicere dictate ecclesia ecclesiastical LATIN GRAMMAR 69 c) Note the fo/mation of these adverbs from recte (rightly) pure (purely) aeque (equally) benigne (favorably) digne (worthily) pie (mercifully) juste (justly) male (badly) vere (truly) secure (securely) divine (divinely) mire (wonderfully) alte (highly, on high) these adjectives rectus (right) purus (pure) aequus (equal) benignus (favorable) dignus (worthy) pius (merciful) Justus (just) malus (bad) verus (true) securus (secure) divinus (divine) mirus (wonderful) altus (high) REVIEW LESSON NUMBER II A. Translate these imperfect tenses into English. i. monebam. 2. dabat. 3. vocabantur. 4. habebas. 5. ponebantur. 6. audiebatis. 7. serviebam. 8. videbat. 9. audiebant. 10. manducaba- mus. 11. bibebas. 12. ibat. 13. introibant. 14. erant. 15. poteram. 16. ju- dicabamini. 17. cadebas. 18. affligebamini. B. Give the meaning of each of these verb forms. 1. movebit. 2. venio. 3. stabat. 4. credis. 5. laetificabantur. 6. eruc. 7. judicaris. 8. cadebat. 9. affligit. 10. manducate. 11. bibimus. 12. die. 13. servientur. 14. mittunt. 15. ducam. 16. ite. 17. erat. 18. incedo. 19. sperabamus. 20. lavabo. 21. introit. 22. videtis. 23. clamabant. 24. servie- mini. 25. ponet. C. Of what verbs arc the following verbs compounds? 1. circumstare. 2. introire. 3. indiicere. 4. benedicere. 5. permitterc. 6. disponere. 7. adesse. 8. advenirc. D. Give the meaning of each of these words. 1. faciebus. 2. domum. 3. vocaris. 4. vobiscum. 5. fratrem. 6. saecula. 7. filii. 8. animabus. 9. tibi. 10. sese. u.civitas. 12. miserum. 13. introibo. 14. judica. 15. acria. 16. cordi. 17. corporum. 18. terris. 19. visibilium. 20. majestatis. 21. discipulos. 22. puer. 23. crucis. 24. omnipotentes. 25. spiritui. 26. incedent. 27. videbam. 28. moniti. 29. lavabimus. 30. ab- ducam. 31. peccatis. 32. serviens. 33. adoramus. 34. creatur. 35. affligi- mini. 36. este. 37. due. 38. docebant. 39. audite. 40. gratias. 41. ecclesiae. 42. pace. 43. habeo. 44. credis. 45. stabat. 46. mihi. 47. ejus. 48. nostris. 49. monebimur. 50. earn. E. Select from column B an adjective that correctly describes a noun in column A. 70 LATIN GRAMMAR 7i A h A B regno meis libri beatae Deum Christianas puerum tristis spiritus meum fratris perniciosi manibus aeterno virgini dementis ecclesias sancti anima studiosum oratio justas saeculorum fortes matrum nova homines claram gratias nostra domui bonae pars suae juventiitis magno humilitatis bonarum lucem omnium habitationem tua ecclesiam difficilis familiae nostram fratribus pauperis discipulo divinae lectio suus flammis pio hominis catholicam auxilia acribus panis nostris F. What Latin nouns do these verbs recall ? 1. pacificare. 2. servire. 3. ascendere. 4. absolvere. 5. sanctificare* 6, benedicere. 7. salvare. 8. glorificare. 9. elevare. G. Give a) Four compounds of mittere with their meanings. b) Three compounds of ducere with their meanings. c) Four compounds of venire with their meanings. H. Like what verbs are the following verbs conjugated? 1. benedicere. 2. disponere. 3. avertere. 4. circumdare. 5. adesse. 6. praestare. 7. procedere. 8. ascendere. 9. transire. 10. exaudire. I. Combine the following word groups to form complete sentences and translate each sentence into English. 7* LATIN GRAMMAR i. Homines fortes in monte virginis bonae 2. Piieri pauperes mater dormiebant 3. Ego sum ad civitatem missi sunt 4. Fratres mei a nobis lavaverunt 5. Servi mali sc non salvabiintur 6. Domus nostra in civitatc in manus tuas 7. Discipuli sui non hie est 8. Libros vobis fuerunt hodie 9. Cornua bonos non habebo 10. Pono cos data sunt 11. Pater miser tc moniti sumus 12. Pax in terra bonum vocabimus ct veniet 13. Non a Deo credunt 14. Puerum nos laetificat 15. Nos in domum introivit J. Give the meaning of the following: peccibo doceo scribam dormiam pecco doceam scribo dormiebam pccccm docebam scribebam dormio peccabam docui scripsi dormivi peccavi docebo moveatur creditur judicabitur scrviebatur movebitur credebatur judicabatur servitur motus est creditus est judicatus est servitus est movebatur credetur judicetur scrviatur movetur credatur judicatur servietur dabamini habiti estis amittimini audiemini damini habebimini amittemini auditi estis demini habeamini amittamini i audiamini dabimini habemini amissi estis audiebamini dati estis habebamini amittebam ini audimini LATIN GRAMMAR 73 status dirigis delebas venias stas dirigebas deleas veniebas stetisti direxisti delevisti venisti stab as dirigas delebis venis stcs diriges deles venies LESSON XI Unit One Pax Domini sit semper The peace of the Lord be always vobiscum. with you. Vocabulary regnare, to reign timere, to fear, to be afraid perdere (like credere), to lose, to destroy, to waste munire, to defend, to fortify sonus, -i, m., sound sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood vinum, -i, n., wine rex, regis, m., kjng lex, legis, f., law auris, auris (-ium), L, ear pes, pedis, m., foot finis, finis (-ium), m. and f., end, border ignis, ignis (-ium), m., fire caritas, caritatis, f., charity, love locus, -i, m., place lumen, luminis, n., light munus, miineris, n., gift oculus, -i, m., eye porta, -ae, L, gate lacus, lacus, m., la\c, pit vir, viri, m., man altus, -a, -urn, high 74 LATIN GRAMMAR 75 bene, well autem, however pridie (adv.), on the day be j ore 27. Demonstratives. These are both pronouns and adjectives. hie, this Singular Plural Nom. , hie (haec, hoc) hi (hae, haec) Gen. hujus horum (harum, horum) Dat. huic his Ace. hunc (hanc, hoc) hos (has, haec) Abl. hoc (hac, hoc) his ille, that Nom. ille (ilia, illud) illi (iliac, ilia) Gen. illius illorum (illarum, illorum) Dat. illi illis Ace. ilium (illam, illud) illos (illas, ilia) Abl. illo (ilia, illo) illis iste, this, that, that of yours Nom. iste (ista, istud) (The plural is regular, like that of Gen. i&tius ille.) Dat. isti Ace. istum (istam, istud) Abl. isto (ista, isto) 28. Ipse, self. This pronoun is intensive or emphatic, not reflexive. The p/.ural is regular. Nom. ipse (ipsa, ipsum), he himself, etc. Gen. ipsius Dat. ipsi Ace. ipsum (ipsam, ipsum) Abl. ipso (ipsa, ipso) 76 LATIN GRAMMAR EXERCISES A. Cognates. Many Latin words become English by changing the last letter or the last two or three letters to -e. Pronounce and give the English for the following: i. paradisus. 2. serenus. 3. repletus. 4. securus. 5. purus. 6. solus. 7. suavis (sweet, gentle). 8. sublimis (on high). 9. thronus. 10. virtus (also power). 11. scriptura (writing). 12. doctrina. 13. disciplina. 14. sacrificium. 15. officium (favor, kindness). B. The prefix de- means from or down from and may also indicate the cessation or removal of the usual idea of the word with which it is compounded. 1. deducere (to lead from, to deduce). 2. deponere (to put down or aside, to deposit). 3. denuntiare (to denounce). 4. detinere (to hold from, to detain). 5. desperare (to be without hope, to despair). 6. despicere (to look down upon, to despise). 7. deesse (to be lacking). 8. dependere (to hang from, to depend). 9. demens (lack of mind, demented). 10. deprimere (to press down, to depress). C. Translate into English. 1. Video domum magnam in illo monte. 2. Ipse dixit. 3. Venimus ad finem istius viae. 4. Vitam suam in malitia pcrdidit. 5. Venerunt autem pridie, ad nobis munera danda. 6. Catholici dederunt beatae Manae Virgini nomen: porta caeli. 7. Credis hoc? 8. Sonum tubarum annuntiantem victoriam hominum fortium audire potuimus. 9. Ma- nus istae supplicantes ad caelum elevatae sunt. 10. Ad hanc civitatem veniunt qui adjutorium nostrum implorent. 11. Dicta tua in auribus gentium perniciosarum ne perdantur. 12. Hie vir in lacum cecidit. 13. Ipsa scribit bene. 14. Vita hominis in paradiso pura atque innocens erat. 15. Panis et vinum qui in altari sunt, corpus et sanguis Christi sunt. 16. Spe et caritate munimur, et erimus salvi. 17. Oculi nostri mala hujus mundi viderunt. 18. Lumen ignis fades omnium circumstan- tium illuminabat. 19. Rex illius regni bene regnavit. 20. Pedem meum LATIN GRAMMAR 77 in illo loco non posui. 21. Gentes ab legibus regnandae sunt. 22. His hominibus non diximus, qui in ostio expectant. 23. In nocte por- tae civitatis ab servis muniebantur. 24. In ilia die omnes homines vocabuntur, ut domus atque familias suas salvent. 25. Ne timeas ora impiorum mala nuntiantia. 26. Servis beads haec munera a suo rege misericorde data sunt. 27. Rex ipse opera dfrigit et omnes homines civitatem illam muniunt. 28. In oculis ejus lumen caritatis poteramus videre. 29. Portae hujus civitatis in illo igne magno perditae sunt. 30. Rex ille leges bonas dedit nobis. 31. Regnabant bene et istas gentes impias non timebant. 32. Hie servus intrat ut munera regis virgini ipsi det. 33. Pueri illi hunc calicem ponebant in altari alto. 34. Pridie loca ilia a viris fortibus deleantur. 35. Oculis nostris videmus; auribus nostris audimus. Unit Two A. 1. Ex voluntate Patris. 2. Libera me per hoc sacrosanctum Corpus et Sanguinem tuum ab omnibus iniquitatibus meis. 3. Ego in- dignus siimere praesumo. 4. Non mihi proveniat in judicium et con- demnationem. 5. Domine, non sum dignus, ut intres sub tectum meum. 6. Corpus Domini nostri Jesu Christi custodiat animam meam in vitam aeternam. 7. Laudans invocabo Dominum, et ab inimicis meis salvus ero. 8. Sanguis Domini nostri Jesu Christi custodiat ani- mam meam in vitam aeternam. 9. Ore sumpsimus. 10. Pura mente. 11. De muncrc temporali. 12. Pura et sancta sacramenta. 13. Deo gra- tias. 14. Et praesta, ut sacrificium tibi sit acceptabile. 15. Benedicat vos omnipotens Deus, Pater et Filius et Spiritus Sanctus. 16. In prin- cipio erat Verbum, et Verbum erat apud Deum, et Deus erat Verbum. 17. Hoc erat in principio apud Deum. 18. In ipso vita erat, et vita erat lux hominum. 19. Fuit homo missus a Deo. 20. Hie venit in testi- monium, ut omnes crederent per ilium. 21. Non erat ille lux. 22. In mundo erat. 23. His qui credunt in nomine ejus. 24. Et habitavit in nobis. 25. Et vidimus gloriam ejus. 26. In die ilia tremenda. 27. Dies ilia, dies irae, calamitatis et miseriae. 28. Fidelium omnium. 29. Lectio libri Apocalypsis beati Joannis Apostoli. 30. Opera illorum. 31. Ab 78 LATIN GRAMMAR auditione mala non timebit. 32. Absolve, Domine, animas omnium fidelium. 33. Ego sum panis vivus, qui de caelo descendi. 34. Ex hoc pane. 35. Pro mundi vita. 36. Dixit ergo eis Jesus. 37. Amen, amen dico vobis. 38. Non habebitis vitam in vobis. 39. Qui bibit meum sanguinem habet vitam aeternam, et ego resuscitabo eum in novissimo die. 40. Pro animabus illis. B. Give the meaning of these phrases. 1. hi viri. 2. horum lacuum. 3. hujus luminis. 4. hos pedes. 5. hunc sonum. 6. hanc malitiam. 7. hoc sanguine. 8. horum regum. 9. has portas. 10. his auribus. 11. hanc finem. 12. huic igni. 13. haec munera 14. horum oculorum. 15. hoc loco. C. Give the meaning of these phrases. 1. illius caritatis. 2. illae leges. 3. illud vinum. 4. ilia ostia. 5. illorum malorum. 6. illo ore. 7. illis diebus. 8. illius fidei. 9. illis dictis. 10. illo labio. 11. illo conspectu. 12. ilia delicta. 13. ilia spes. 14. illius mundi. 15. ilium agnum. Unit Three A. Give the meaning of these phrases. 1. ista munera. 2. istos reges. 3. istae portae. 4. isti lacui. 5. istas leges. 6. ista caritas. 7. istius luminis. 8. istum oculum. 9. istam spem. 10. isto loco. B. Vocabulary building. a) Derivations. Find, in Units One and Two, the words that have the same derivation as the following: 1. regnum (kingdom). 2. timor (fear). 3. regere (to govern). 4. audire (to hear). 5. animus (mind). 6. illuminare (to illuminate). 7. virtus (power). 8. altare (altar). 9. bonus (good). 10. dies (day). 11. pure (purely). 12. replerc (to fill). 13. purgare (to purify). 14. scribere (to write). 15. docerc (to teach). 16. discipulus (disciple). LATIN GRAMMAR 79 17. sacer (sacred). 18. sacerdos (priest). 19. dux (leader). 20. spes (hope). 21. Ignitus (burning). 22. praesumere (to presume). 23. depositio (burial). b) Observe the relation between these Latin and English words. Latin English Latin English timere timidity munire munitions sonus resonant sanguis sanguine vinum vintage lex legislature pes pedestal ignis ignition locus location lumen illumination porta portal vinum vineyard vir virile altus altitude oculus occulist munus munificent c) Observe the relation of these verbs to these nouns adjuvare (to help) adunare (to unite) aestimare (to esteem) aggregare (to add to) amare (to love) cogitare (to think) condere (to found) connumerare (to number amongst) disciitere (to disperse) donare (to give) dormire (to sleep) adjutorium (help) linitas (unity) aestimator (one who esteems) grex (flock) amator (lover) cogitatio (thought) conditor (founder, creator) numerus (number) disciissio (dispersal) donum (gift) dormitio (sleep) LESSON XII Unit One Sanctificetur nomen tuum. Hallowed be Thy name. Vocabulary quaerere (quaesivi, quaesitus), to see\, to as\ scire, to \now apparere, to appear viverc (vixi, victus), to live accendere (accendi, accensus), to kindle factor, factoris, m., maimer amor, amoris, m., love vox, vocis, f ., voice initium, -ii, n., beginning multus, -a, -urn, many minis, -a, -urn, wonderful unigenitus, -a, -um, only begotten tertius, -a, -um, third defunctus, -a, -um, dead vespertinus, -a, -um, evening (adj.) totus, -a, -um (gen. totius), all, the whole si(conj.),// tarn (adv.), so (modifies adj. or adv.) num (conj.), whether quis (pron.), who quid (pron.), what; (adv.) why? ubi (adv. and conj.), where quot (conj.), how many cam (conj.), when, since, although 80 LATIN GRAMMAR quantus, -a, -um (adj.), how much, how great tantus, -a, -um (adj.), so much, so great; pi. so many quando (adv. and conj.), when 29. Imperfect subjunctive. Its forms are as follows: Active Voice 81 I II III IV laudarem monerem diicerem audirem laudares moneres duceres audires laudaret moneret diiceret audiret laudaremus moneremus duceremus audiremus laudaretis moneretis duceretis audiretis laudarent monerent diicerent audirent Passive Voice laudarer monerer diicerer audirer laudareris monereris ducereris audireris laudaretur moneretur duceretur audiretur laudaremur moneremur duceremur audiremur laudaremini moneremini duceremini audiremini laudarentur monerentur ducerentur audirentur 30. Imperfect subjunctive of esse, posse, and ire. (esse, to be) (posse, to be able) (ire, to go) essem possem irem esses posses ires esset posset iret essemus possemus iremus essetis possetis iretis essent possent irent 31. Further uses of the subjunctive. a) Result is expressed by the subjunctive introduced by ut (nega- tive ut non). 82 LATIN GRAMMAR My brothers were so good that they were praised by my father. The men's strength was so great that they were not driven from the city. Fratres mei tarn boni crant, ut a patre meo laudarentur. Fortitudo hominum tanta erat, ut non ex civitate repellerentur. b) An indirect question takes its verb in the subjunctive. / knew who was coming. He askj whether we have the boo\. We do not know where she is. He asked how many men you were sending. Scivi quis veniret. Quaerit num librum habeamus. Nescimus ubi sit ea. Quaerebat quot homines mitte- retis. c) Cum meaning since {because) and although governs the sub- junctive. Since they were not at home we could not see them. Although they are poor they will not seek help. Cum domi x non esscnt eos videre non poteramus. (causal clause) Cum paiiperes sint, auxilium non quaerent. (concessive clause) d) Cum meaning when regularly takes the subjunctive when the time indicated is past. When we had given him the bread he sat down to eat it. When Christ was born, Herod was king. Cum ei panem dedissemus (plu- perfect subj.), sedit ad eum man- ducandum. Cum Christus natus esset, Hero- des rex erat. e) Conditional sentences of doubt and conditional sentences con- trary to fact require the subjunctive in both clauses. // your mother should spea\ we Si mater tua dicat, earn audi- would hear her. amus. (pres. subj. in both clauses to express a future doubt) 1 Locative case of domus. LATiN GRAMMAR 83 // he was praising them they Si cos laudaret, boni essent. (imp. would be good. subj. in both clauses to express an idea contrary to fact at the present moment) // he had praised them they Si eos laudavisset, boni fuissent. would have been good. (pluperfect subj. in both clauses to express an idea contrary to fact in the past) EXERCISES A. Cognates. Nouns ending in -tas in Latin have the ending -ty in English. They are all feminine in Latin. Pronounce the following and give the English equivalent. 1. calamitas. 2. claritas. 3. dignitas. 4. divmitas. 5. humanitas. 6. humilitas. 7. iniquitas. 8. majestas. 9. sanctitas. 10. societas. 11. Trinitas. 12. unitas. 13. difficultas. 14. opportiinitas. 15. gravitas. 16. fragilitas. 17. pietas. 18. immortalitas. B. Verbs compounded with e- or ex- convey the idea of out of or out from. 1. exire (to go out of, to exit) . 2. educere (to lead out of) . 3. emittere (to send out, to emit). 4. exprimere (to press out of, to express). 5. excipere (to take out of, to except). 6. expellere (to drive out of, to expel). 7. enimpere (to break out of, to erupt). 8. evocare (to call out of, to evoke). 9. ejicere (to cast out of, to eject). 10. exponere (to put out or forth, to expose). C. Read and translate into English. 1. Pridie quaerebat, quare ad civitatem veniremus. 2. Lux in caelo tarn mira erat, ut omnes de ea dicerent. 3. Nescimus num hodie domi sint. 4. Si ignem in monte accendatis, flammas videamus. 5. Cum rex in civitate esset, perfidiam illorum hominum malorum exposuit. 6. Hie liber non dicit quot portas civitas habeat. 7. Mater veniebat ut pueros admoneret. 8. Inimici ejus tanti sunt, ut ab illis non 84 LATIN GRAMMAR salvetur. 9. Hie panis tarn bonus est, ut totum manducemus. 10. Cum nobis munera dent, gratiae agendae sunt. 11. Si inimicos suos time- rent, muri civitatis munirentur. 12. Sciebamus quid ad lacum addii- ceret. 13. Quaero quis ad domum Mariae tecum eat. 14. Mater nos vocabat ut vultum et manus nostras lavaremus. 15. Cum veritatem diceres, non in te credebant. 16. Ne repellantur quoniam opera sua bona atque pia fuerunt. 17. Oculos meos avertebam ne miserias pau- perum viderem. 18. Nesciunt quando tibi scribat. 19. Frater meus quaerit ubi eamus. 20. Lux magna in ostio domus apparuit. 21. Cum hie viveret, semper beata erat. 22. Cum vultus suus serenus esset, cor suum conturbatum erat. 23. Si me vocent, eos audiam. 24. Nescieba- mus quantae essent calamities eorum. 25. Mens virginis tarn aitlicta est, ut clamare non possit. Unit Two A. Translate the following: 1. Credo in unum Deum, Patrem omnipotentem, factorem caeli et terrae, visibilium omnium et invisibilium. 2. Et in unum Domi- num Jesum Christum, Filium Dei unigenitum. 3. Deum de Deo, lumen de lumine, Deum verum de Deo vero. 4. Et resurrexit tertia die secundum Scripturas. 5. Da nobis per hujus aquae et vini myste- rium. 6. Qui tecum vivit et regnat in unitate Spiritus Sancti, Deus, per omnia saecula saeculorum. 7. Ut in conspectu divinae majestatis tuae, pro nostra, et totius mundi salute cum odore suavitatis ascendat. 8. Veni, sanctificator omnipotens, aeterne Deus, et benedic hoc sacrifi- cium tuo sancto nomini praeparatum. 9. Incensum istud a te bene- dictum, ascendat ad te, Domine; et descendat super nos misericordia tua. 10. Dirigatur, Domine, oratio mea, sicut incensum in conspectu tuo; elevatio manuum mearum sacrificium vespertinum. 11. Accen- dat in nobis Dominus ignem sui amoris, et flammam aeternae cari- tatis. 12. Lavabo inter innocentes manus meas, et circumdabo altare tuum, Domine, ut audiam vocem laudis. 13. Ne perdas cum impiis, Deus, animam meam, et cum viris sanguinum vitam meam. 14. Dex- LATIN GRAMMAR 85 tcra eorum repleta est muneribus. 15. Pes meus stetit in directo; in ecclesiis benedicam te, Domine. 16. Sursum corda. Habemus ad Dominum. 17. Gratias agamus Domino Deo nostro. 18. Caeli, cae- lorumque virtutes, ac beata Seraphim exsultatione concelebrant. 19. Hosanna in excelsis. 20. Uti accepta habeas, et benedicas, haec dona, haec munera, haec sancta sacrificia. 21. Pro Ecclesia tua sancta catho- lica. 22. Hoc sacrificium laudis. 23. Pacificare, custodire, adunare, et regere. 24. Pro spe salutis. 25. Ut in omnibus protections tuae mu- niamur auxilio. 26. In sanctas ac venerabiles manus suas. 27. Tibi gratias agens. 28. Benedixit, deditque discipulis suis. 29. Manducate ex hoc omnes. 30. Bibite ex eo omnes. B. Fill the blanks with the correct ending for the imperfect sub- junctive active voice: 1. ego mitte . 2. is veni . 3. nos accende . 4. tu da . 5. vos appare . 6. ea sci . 7. ei regna . 8. ego poss . 9. nos i . 10. id ess . C. Fill the blanks with the correct ending for the imperfect sub- junctive, passive voice: 1. tu muni . 2. nos perde . 3. ego libera . 4. is dirige . 5. vos tribue . 6. ei munda . 7. ea doce- -. 8. ego ostende . 9. tu vide . 10. nos muni . Unit Three A. Learn from the Appendix how the future perfect indicative and the perfect subjunctive are formed. B. Vocabulary building. a) Derivations. Find, in Units One and Two, the words that have the same derivation as the following: 1. quaesere (to beseech). 2. vivus (living). 3. facere (to make). 4. amare (to love). 5. vocare (to call). 6. vivificare (to bring to life). 7. amator (one who loves). 8. multitiido (multitude). 9. mirabilis (won- derful). 10. genitus (begotten). 11. quotiescumque (as often as). 12. 86 LATIN GRAMMAR mirabilia (wonders). 13. genitrix (mother). 14. quasi (as if, like). 15. mirabiliter (wonderfully). 16. quotquot (however rainy). 17. factum (deed). 18. socius (together, allied). 19. unus (one). 20. sociare (to share in). 21. clarus (clear). 22. gravis (heavy, grave). 23. difficilis (difficult). 24. praeclarus (excellent). 25. jacere (to throw). b) Observe the relation between these Latin and English words. Latin English Latin English apparere apparition quaerere question accendere incendiary vox vocal unigenitus generation vespertinus vespers quantus quantity factor benefactor c) Observe the relation of these verbs to scire vivere facere (to make) amare (to love) vocare d) Observe the force of the suffix -issimus when added to adjec- tives. vivere revive scire science amor amorous initium initiate tertius tertiary totus total minis admirable sociare association these nouns scientia (knowledge) vita factor amor vox altus (high) dilectus (beloved) purus (pure) clarus (clear) novus (new) Justus (just) sanctus (holy) altissimus (most high) dilectissimus (most beloved) punssimus (most pure) clanssimus (most clear) novissimus (newest, last) justissimus (most just) sanctissimus (most holy) READING LESSON i. Cum ergo natus esset Jesus in Bethlehem Juda in diebus Hero dis regis, ecce magi ab Oriente venerunt Jerosolymam, 2. Dicentes: Ubi est qui natus est rex Judaeorum? Vidimus enim stellam ejus in Oriente, et venimus adorare eum. 3. Audiens autem Herodes rex, turbatus est, et omnis Jerosolyma cum illo. 4. Et congregans omnes principes sacerdotum, et scribas populi, sciscitabatur ab eis ubi Christus nasceretur. 5. At i 11 i dixerunt ei: In Bethlehem Judae: Sic enim scriptum est per prophetam: 6. Et tu Bethlehem terra Juda, nequaquam minima es in principi- bus Juda: ex te enim exiet dux, qui regat populum meum Israel. 7. Tunc Herodes clam vocatis magis, diligenter didicit {learned) ab eis tempus stellae, quae apparuit eis. 8. Et mittens illos in Bethlehem, dixit: Ite, et interrogate diligenter de puero: et cum inveneritis, renuntiate mihi, ut et ego veniens ado- rem eum. 9. Qui cum audissent regem, abierunt. Et ecce Stella, quam vide- rant in Oriente, antecedebat eos, usque dum veniens staret supra, ubi erat puer. 10. Videntes autem stellam gavisi sunt gaudio magno valde. 11. Et intrantes domum, invenerunt puerum cum Maria matre ejus, et procidentes adoraverunt eum: et apertis thesauris suis obtu- lerunt ei munera, aurum, thus, et myrrham. 12. Et responso accepto in somnis ne redirent ad Herodem, per aliam viam reversi sunt in regionem suam. 13. Qui cum recessissent, ecce angelus Domini apparuit in somnis Joseph dicens: Surge, et accipe puerum, et matrem ejus, et fuge in 87 88 LATIN GRAMMAR Aegyptum, et esto ibi usque dum dicam tibi. Futurum est enim ut Herodes quaerat puerum ad perdendum eum. 14. Qui consurgens accepit puerum, et matrem ejus nocte, et se- cessit in Aegyptum. 15. Et erat ibi usque ad obitum Herodis; ut adimpleretur quod dictum est a Domino per prophetam dicentem: Ex Aegypto vocavi filium meum. 16. Tunc Herodes videns quoniam illusus esset a magis, iratus est valde, et mittens, occidit omnes pueros qui erant in Bethlehem et in omnibus finibus ejus a bimatu et infra, secundum tempus quod ex- quisierat a magis. 17. Tunc adimpletum est quod dictum est per Jeremiam prophetam dicentem : 18. Vox in Rama audita est, ploratus et ululatus multus: Rachel plorans filios suos, et noluit consolari, quia non sunt. 19. Defuncto autem Herode, ecce angelus Domini apparuit in somnis Joseph in Aegypto, 20. Dicens: Surge et accipe puerum et matrem ejus, et vade in terram Israel; defuncti sunt enim qui quaerebant animam pueri. 21. Qui consurgens, accepit puerum et matrem ejus, et venit in terram Israel. 22. Audiens autem quod Archelaus regnaret in Judaea pro Herode patre suo, timuit illo ire; et admonitus in somnis, accessit in partes Galilaeae. 23. Et veniens habitavit in civitate quae vocatur Nazareth; ut adim- pleretur quod dictum est per prophetas: Quoniam Nazaraeus voca- bitur. (Jesu Christi Evangelium Secundum Matthaeum, caput II, 1-23.) LESSON XIII Unit One Pancm nostrum quotidianum da Give us this day our daily bread. nobis hodie. Vocabulary suavitas, suavitatis, f ., sweetness servitus, servitiitis, f ., service, servitude utilitas, utilitatis, f., benefit, usefulness famulus (£., -a), -i, m., servant ops, opis, f., help mors, mortis, f., death scelus, sceleris, n., sin, crime cunctus, -a, -um, all universus, -a, -um, all similis, m. and f., simile, n., li\e; simili modo, in li\e manner praeclarus, -a, -um, excellent inferus, -a, -um, low; as a noun, hell quotidianus, -a, -um, daily practeritus, -a, -um, past idem, eadem, idem (decline like is, adding -dem to each form), same placere, to please, to be pleasing to frangere (fregi, fractus), to brea\ coenare, to eat supper effundere (effudi, effusus), to shed, to pour out respicere (respexi, respectus), (an -io verb), to loo\, loo\ upon relinquerc (reliqui, relictus), to leave behind remanere (remansi, remansus), to remain 89 90 LATIN GRAMMAR tremere, to tremble enim (adverbial conj.), for postquam (conj.), after quoque, also 32. Third conjugation verbs in -10. a) These verbs have the following peculiarities: The indicative and subjunctive forms are like those of fourth con- jugation verbs with two exceptions, namely: the second person singu- lar of the present indicative passive and all persons of the imperfect subjunctive; these forms are those of the third conjugation. Thus: faceris, facerem. The ending of the present participle is -iens; of the gerundive, -iendus. For the complete conjugation of third conjugation -io verbs, sec Appendix. The imperative has the forms of the third conjugation. (But the imperative forms of facere are fac, facite.) b) The commonest of these -io verbs are capio, facio, jacio, and their compounds. capere (cepi, captus), to ta\e accipere (accepi, acceptus), to receive, to accept concipere (concepi, conceptus), to conceive percipere (percepi, perceptus), to partake, to attain recipere (recepi, receptus), to receive suscipere (suscepi, susceptus), to receive praecipere (praecepi, praeceptus), to instruct facere (feci, f actus), to ma\e proficere (profeci, profectus), to avail, to bene jit reficere (refeci, refectus), to refresh jacere (jeci, jactus), to throw ejicere (ejeci, ejectus), to cast out projicere (projeci, projectus), to cast away LATIN GRAMMAR 91 EXERCISES A. Cognates. Many nouns are the same in both languages. 1. benefactor. 2. chorus {also choir). 3. clamor (cry, shout). 4. honor. 5. labor. 6. martyr. 7. odor. 8. seraph {pi. seraphim). 9. furor. 10. favor. 11. vigor. 12. terror. 13. error. 14. splendor. 15. cherub {pi. cherubim). 16. drachma. B. Verbs with the prefix in- (im-) convey the idea of in, into, on. or toward. 1. inducere (to lead into, to induce). 2. importare (to bring or carry in, to import). 3. implorare (to weep toward, to implore). 4. imponere (to put upon, to impose). 5. invenire (to come upon, to find, to invent). 6. incipere (to take on, to begin). 7. impendere (to hang upon, to impend). 8. inscribere (to write in, to inscribe). 9. inspicere (to look into, to inspect). 10. infundere (to pour into, to infuse). 11. invadere (to go into, to invade). 12. inspirare (to breathe into, to inspire). C. Read and give the English for the following: 1. Timemus adventum hostium qui veniunt ut civitatcs nostras perdant. 2. Puer malus est quoniam novam tubam suam fregit. 3. Quaerebant num rex servos suos relinqueret, cum ci tarn fideliter servivissent. 4. Manus ejus tarn fortes erant ut crucem magnam ab terra elevare posset. 5. Tribuat Deus ut opera nostra ei placeant. 6. Christus coenabat cum discipulis suis. 7. Domi remansit ut patri suo scribat. 8. Famula bona et fidelis dominae suae panem facit. 9. Hac aqua lavabunt se et reficientur. 10. Illi homines (mpii ex domibus suis cjecti sunt. 1 1. Munera misimus ad cos, sed non receperunt. 12. Capite hunc panem ut manducetis in via. 13. Libros suos ad terram jecerunt. 14. Non scit num rex haec dona accipiat. 15. Servi vias faciebant in terra nova. 16. Calicem in manus suas cepit. 17. Martyres in universis partibus mundi apparuerunt, ut plebi virtutem sacrificii ostendant. 18. Tremebant quoniam scelera sua judicabantur. 19. Omnes homines 92 LATIN GRAMMAR praeclari terrae in hac civitate congregaverunt quia rex eos convocaVit. 20. Deprecationes nostrae defunctis valeant. 21. Postquam ei scripsi- mus, venit. 22. Christus sanguinem suum pro cunctis gentibus effiidit 23. Ea quaerit quis cum patre remaneat. 24. Splendor luminis caelestis tantus erat, ut laetificaret omnes qui videbant. 25. Invenerunt puerum ct matrem suam dormientes. Unit Two A. 1. Adjutorium nostrum in nomine Domini, qui fecit caelum et terram. 2. Qui tollis peccata mundi, suscipe deprecationem nostram. 3. Initium sancti Evangelii secundum Lucam. 4. Suscipe, sancte Pater omnipotens, aeterne Deus, hanc immaculatam hostiam, ut mihi et illis proficiat ad salutem in vitam aeternam. 5. Pro omnibus fidelibus christianis vivis atque defunctis. 6. Cum odore suavitatis. 7. In spiritu humilitatis, et in animo contrito suscipiamur a te, Domine. 8. Ut placeat tibi, Domine Deus. 9. Incensum istud a te benedictum, as- cendat ad te, Domine. 10. Suscipe, sancta Trini^as, hanc oblationem. 11. Ob memoriam passionis, resurrectionis et ascensionis Jesu Christi Domini nostri. 12. Et in honorem beatae Mariae semper Virginis, et beati Joannis Baptistae, et sanctorum Apostolorum Petri et Pauli, et istorum, et omnium sanctorum, ut illis proficiat ad honorem, nobis autem ad salutem. 13. Suscipiat Dominus sacrificium de manibus tuis, ad laudem, et gloriam nominis sui, ad utilitatem quoque nos- tram, totiusque Ecclesiae suae sanctae. 14. Sacrificium laudis. 15. Beatorum Apostolorum ac Martyrum tuorum. 16. Per eumdem Chris- tum Dominum nostrum. 17. Hanc lgitur oblationem servitutis nos- trae, sed et cunctae familiae tuae, quaesumus, Domine, ut placatus accipias. 18. Accepit panem in sanctas, ac venerabiles manus suas. 19. Hoc est enim corpus meum. 20. Simili modo postquam coenatum est, accipiens et hunc praeclarum calicem in sanctas, ac venerabiles manus suas: item tibi gratias agens, benedixit, deditquc discipulis suis, dicens: Accipite, et bibite ex eo omnes. 21. Hie est enim calix Sanguinis mei, novi ct aeterni testamenti, mysterium fidei, qui pro LATIN GRAMMAR 93 vobis ct pro multis effundetur in remissionem peccatorum. 22. Haec quotiescumque feceritis, in mei memoriam facietis. 23. Praeclarae Majestati tuae. 24. Famulorum, famularumque tuarum. 25. Nobis quoque peccatoribus famulis tuis, de multitudine miserationum tua- rum sperantibus. 26. Cum tuis Sanctis Apostolis et Martyribus. 27. Per ipsum et cum ipso et in ipso, est tibi Deo Patri omnipotent, in unitate Spiritus Sancti, omnis honor, et gloria, per omnia saecula saeculorum. Amen. 28. Libera nos, quaesumus, Domine, ab omnibus malis, prae- teritis, praesentibus et futuris. 29. Ope misericordiae tuae. 30. A pec- cato simus semper liberi, et omni perturbatione securi. 31. Pacem relmquo vobis. 32. Ne respicias peccata mea. 33. Per mortem tuam mundum vivificasti. 34. Cum eodem Deo Patre. 35. Panem caelestem accipiam et nomen Domini invocabo. B. Change the infinitive to the right form of the perfect indicative. 1. ego (facere). 2. is (capere). 3. nos (reficere). 4. ei (ejicere). 5. vos (proficere). 6. tu (jacere). 7. ea (percipere). 8. tu (proficere). 9. vos (recipere). 10. nos (projicere). 11. ego (praecipere). 12. eae (sus- cipere). C. Conjugate. a) capere in the future indicative active. b) facere in the present indicative active. c) jacere in the present subjunctive active. d) concipere in the imperfect indicative active. e) accipere in the perfect subjunctive passive. Unit Three A. Turn to the Appendix and learn how to form the pluperfect indicative and the pluperfect subjunctive of all verbs. B. Vocabulary building. a) Derivations. Find, in Units One and Two, the words that have the same derivation as the following: 94 LATIN GRAMMAR i. suavis (sweet). 2. servire (to serve). 3. familia (family). 4. mor- tuus (dead). 5. placatio (propitiation). 6. fragilitas (frailty). 7. despi- cere (to despise). 8. reliquiae (relics). 9. tremor (fear). 10. factor (maker). 11. clamare (to shout). 12. honorare (to honor). 13. laborio- sus (toilsome). 14. portare (to carry). 15. plorare (to weep). 16. vadere (to go). 17. acceptus (welcome). 18. perceptio (partaking). 19. prae- ceptum (precept). 20. laetari (to rejoice). 21. quotidie (adv.) (daily). 22. infiindere (to pour into). 23. confundere (to confound). 24. placa- tus (appeased). 25. testis (witness). b) Observe the relation between these Latin and English words. Latin English Latin English famulus familiar mors mortal universus university similis resemble placere placate frangere fraction relinquerc relinquish remanere remnant tremere tremulous inscribere inscription c) Observe these word families. Noun Verb Adjective Adverb suavitas suavis suaviter servitus servire servilis serviliter utilitas uti (to use) utilis (useful) utiliter famulus familiaris familiariter mors mori (to die) mortalis mortaliter READING LESSON i. Vidcns autem Jesus turbas, ascendit in montem, et cum sedisset, accesserunt ad eum discipuli ejus. 2. Et aperiens os suum docebat eos, dicens: 3. Beati pauperes spiritu: quoniam ipsorum est regnum caelorum. 4. Beati mites: quoniam ipsi possidebunt terram. 5. Beati qui lugent: quoniam ipsi consolabuntur. 6. Beati qui esuriunt et sitiunt justitiam : quoniam ipsi saturabuntur. 7. Beati misericordes: quoniam ipsi misericordiam consequentur. 8. Beati mundo corde: quoniam ipsi Deum videbunt. 9. Beati pacifici: quoniam filii Dei vocabuntur. 10. Beati qui persecutionem patiuntur propter justitiam: quoniam ipsorum est regnum caelorum. n. Beati estis cum maledixerint vobis, et persecuti vos fuerint, et dixerint omne malum adversum vos mentientes, propter me: 12. Guadete et exultate, quoniam merces vestra copiosa est in caelis: sic enim persecuti sunt prophetas, qui fuerunt ante vos. 13. Vos estis sal terrae. Quod si sal evanuerit, in quo salietur? Ad nihilum valet ultra nisi ut mittatur foras, et conculcetur ab hominibus. 14. Vos estis lux mundi. Non potest civitas abscondi supra montem posita. 15. Neque accendunt lucernam et ponunt earn sub modio, sed super candelabrum ut luceat omnibus qui in domo sunt. 16. Sic luceat lux vestra coram hominibus: ut videant opera vestra bona, et glorificent patrem vestrum, qui in caelis est. 17. Nolite putare quoniam veni solvere legem, aut prophetas: non veni solvere, sed adimplere. 18. Amen quippe dico vobis, donee transeat caelum et terra, jota unum, aut unus apex non praeteribit a lege, donee omnia riant. 95 96 LATIN GRAMMAR 19. Qui ergo solvent unum de mandatis istis minimis ct docucrit sic homines, minimus vocabitur in regno caelorum : qui autem fecerit et docuerit, his magnus vocabitur in regno caelorum. 20. Dico enim vobis, quia nisi abundaverit justitia vestra plus quam scribarum et Pharisaeorum, non intrabitis in regnum caelorum. 21. Audistis quia dictum est antiquis: Non occides: qui autem Oc- cident reus erit judicio. 22. Ego autem dico vobis: quia omnis qui irascitur fratri suo, reus erit judicio. Qui autem dixerit fratri suo, raca: reus erit concilio. Qui autem dixerit, fatue: reus erit gehennae ignis. 23. Si ergo offers munus tuum ad altare, et ibi recordatus fueris quia f rater tuus habet aliquid adversum te: 24. Relinque ibi munus tuum ante altare, et vade prius reconciliari fratri tuo: et tunc veniens offeres munus tuum. (Jesu Christi Evangelium secundum Matthaeum, caput V, 1-24.) LESSON XIV Unit One Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata Lamb of God, who ta\est away the sins mundi, miserere nobis. of the world, have mercy on us. Vocabulary jubere (jussi, jussus), to command confiteri (confessus sum), dep., to confess, to praise consequi (consecutus sum), dep., to obtain, to secure ulcisci (ultus sum), dep., to avenge dignari, dep., to vouchsafe, to grant, to deign precari, dep., to beseech, to pray mori (mortuus sum) (-io verb), dep., to die nasci (natus sum), dep., to be born pati (passus sum) (-io verb), dep., to suffer, to permit oblivisci (oblitus sum), dep., to forget perfrui (perfructus sum) (takes its dir. obj. in the abl.) dep., to enjoy ingredi (ingressus sum) (-io verb), dep., to wal\ loqui (locutus sum), dep., to spea\ misereri (misertus sum), dep., to have mercy audere (ausus sum), semi-dep., to dare fidere (fisus sum), semi-dep., to trust gaudere (gavisus sum), semi-dep., to rejoice solere (solitus sum), semi-dep., to be accustomed nunquam, never dominatio, dominationis, f., dominion tutamentum, -i, n^ safety, safeguard mandatum, -i, n., commandment, command caro, carnis, f ., flesh 97 98 LATIN GRAMMAR mcdela, -ae, f., healing remedy plenus, -a, -urn, full socius, -a, -urn, associated with, together with adhuc, yet 33. Deponent verbs. These verbs have passive forms with active meanings. They should b j translated by an active verb in English. confiteri, to praise, to confess; confiteor, / praise consequi, to obtain; consequor, / obtain venerari, to venerate; veneror, / venerate ulcisci, to avenge; ulciscor, / avenge (past participle, ultus) 34. Semideponent verbs. These verbs have their perfect tenses in the passive form only. The meaning, however, is active. audere, to dare; ausus sum, / have dared gaudere, to rejoice; gavisus sum, / have rejoiced solere, to be accustomed; solitus sum, / have been accustomed fidere, to trust; fisus sum, / have trusted EXERCISES A. Cognates. Many adjectives ending in -us in Latin have the end- ing -al in English. Pronounce and give the English for: 1. annuus. 2. aeternus. 3. infernus. 4. inimicus. 5. perpetuus. 6. uni- versus. 7. maternus. 8. corporeus. 9. funereus. 10. paternus. 11. fra- ternus. B. Prac in composition means before, beforehand, in advance. 1. praecedere (to go before, to precede). 2. praescribere (to write in advance, to prescribe). 3. praedicere (to say beforehand, to predict). 4. praeferre (to bring before, to prefer). 5. praeparare (to get ready in advance, to prepare). 6. praecludere (to close beforehand, to pre- clude). 7. praesidere (to sit before, to preside). 8. praeire (to go be- LATIN GRAMMAR 99 fore). 9. praesumere (to take beforehand, to presume). 10. praesentire (to feel in advance, to have a presentiment). C. Read and give the English for the following: 1. Timebamus quoniam fidere eis non audebamus. 2. Diebus nos- tris affligitur mundus dominatione hominum impiorum. 3. Nesci- mus quis loquatur. 4. In monte ingrediebantur, cum fratrem tuum viderent. 5. Quaesivit quid jussisses. 6. Si eis auxilium dedissemus, non mortui essent. 7. Cum nimis passus sit, dimittet inimicis suis. 8. Verba scripta in libro nunc oblitus sum. 9. Voluntas ejus tarn fortis erat, ut honorem magnum consequeretur. 10. Mandata tua non obliviscemur. 11. Intercessit ob filii sui tutamentum. 12. Dominus delicta contra famulum suum ultus est. 13. Christus in stabulo natus est. 14. Gau- dere solebant, cum vocem matris suae audirent. 15. Ei fisi sumus, sed fidelis non fuit. 16. Judicare eos non ausa est. 17. Gavisus sum, quia munus consecutus est. 18. Precatur, ut rex fratribus ejus miserea- tur. 19. Cum opera sua bona et justa fuerint, laude hominum cuncto- rum perfructi sunt. 20. Nunquam loquentur. 21. Non obliviscebantur. 22. Jussit nos remanere hodie domi, ut mater nostra nobis ora- tiones doceret. 23. Ingrediebamur in via quando apparuit servus auxilium precans. 24. Orationum vespertinarum nunquam oblivis- cor. 3 25. Propter mandatum ecclesiae suae carnem non manducave- runt hodie. Unit Two A. i. Confitebor tibi. 2. Spera in Deo, quoniam adhuc confitcbor illi, salutare vultus mei, et Deus meus. 3. Misereatur tui omnipotens Deus. 4. Confiteor Deo omnipotenti, beatae Mariae semper Virgini, beato Joanni Baptistae, Sanctis apostolis Petro et Paulo, omnibus Sanctis, et tibi, Pater, quia peccavi nimis cogitatione, verbo, et opere, mea culpa, mea culpa, mea maxima culpa. 5. fdeo precor beatam Mariam semper Virginem, beatum Michaelum Archangelum, bea- 1 Verbs of remembering and forgetting take their direct object either in the accusa- tive or in the genitive. ioo LATIN GRAMMAR turn Joinnem Baptistam, sanctos apostolos Petrum et Paulum, omnes sanctos, et te, Pater, orare pro me ad Dominum Deum nostrum. 6. Misereatur vestri omnipotens Deus. 7. Et plebs tua laetabitur in te. 8. Oramus te, Domine, per merita sanctorum tuorum, ut indulgere dig- neris omnia peccata mea. 9. Qui tollis peccata mundi, miserere nobis. 10. Qui sedes ad dexteram Patris, miserere nobis. 11. Ita me tua grata miseratione dignare mundare, ut sanctum Evangelium tuum digne valeam nuntiare. 12. Ex Patre natum ante omnia saecula. 13. Sub Pontio Pilato passus. 14. Qui locutus est per Prophetas. 15. Confiteor unum baptisma in remissionem peccatorum, et exspecto resurrec- tionem mortuorum, et vitam venturi saeculi. 16. Per intercessionem beati Michaelis Archangeli, stantis a dextris altaris incensi, et omnium electorum suorum, incensum istud dignetur Dominus benedicerc et in odorem suavitatis accipere. 17. Dextera eorum repleta est muneribus. 18. Ego autem in innocentia mea ingressus sum. 19. Miserere mei. 20. Et illi pro nobis intercedere dignentur in caelis. 21. Laudant An- geli, adorant Dominationes. 22. Caeli, caelorumque Virtutes, ac beata Seraphim, socia exsultatione concelebrant. 23. Deprecamur. 24. Pleni sunt caeli et terra gloria tua. 25. Ne respicias peccata mea, sed fidem Ecclesiae tuae; eamque secundum voluntatem tuam pacificare et co- adunare digneris. 26. Perceptio corporis tui, Domine Jesu Christe, quod ego indignus siimere praesumo, non mihi proveniat in judicium et condemnationem; sed pro tua pietatc prosit mihi ad tutamentum mentis et corporis, et ad medelam percipiendam. 27. Corpus tuum, Domine, quod sumpsi. 28. Ite, Missa est. 29. Placeat tibi, sancta Trini- tas, obsequium servitiitis meae. 30. Initium sancti Evangelii secundum Joannem. 31. Plenum gratiae et veritatis. 32. Sancta ergo, et saliibris est cogitatio pro defunctis exorare, ut a peccatis solvantur. 33. Des- cendi de caelo, non ut faciam voluntatem meam, sed voluntatem ejus qui misit me. 34. Haec est autem voluntas ejus, qui misit me, Patris: ut omne, quod dedit mihi, non perdam ex eo, sed resuscitem illud in novissimo die. 35. Haec est autem voluntas Patris mei, qui misit me: ut omnis, qui videt Filium, et credit in cum habeat vitam aeternam LATIN GRAMMAR 101 ct ego resuscitabo eum in novissimo die. 36. Exaudi orationem meam, ad te omnis caro veniet. B. Translate confitemur venerabimur ulti sumus consequamur patiebamur ausi eramus nati sumus loquamur moriamur obliti sumus the following: confitebitur veneratur ultus erat consequetur patitur ausus est nascitur loquitur mortuus est obliviscetur confessus eram venerabor ultus sum consequor patiebar ausus sum nascor loquar moriar oblitus sum obliviscitur moritur loquebatur nascitur audent patiemini consequimur ulciscor veneratur confiteuntur Unit Three A. Give the meanings of these forms. 1. jusserunt. 2. ulciscimini. 3. consequentur. 4. dignetur. 5. preca- bitur. 6. mortui sunt. 7. natus esset. 8. passus est. 9. obliviscor. 10. per- fruebamur. 11. ingressus sum. 12. locutus est. 13. ausi sumus. 14. gavisa erat. 15. solid sumus. 16. miserere. 17. confiteor. 18. ultus est. 19. audeo. 20. loquentur. 21. patitur. 22. morituri sumus. 23. jubet. 24. consecutus est. 25. digneris. 26. patior. 27. nati sunt. 28. confitebor. 29. nasceretur. 30. oblitus esset. 31. perfructi sunt. 32. jubeat. 33. fidemus. 34. miserea- tur. 35. solebant. B. Vocabulary building. a) Derivations. Find in Units One and Two the words that have the same derivation as the following: 1. sequi (to follow). 2. liltio (vengeance). 3. indignus (unworthy). 4. deprecari (to beseech). 5. mortuus (dead). 6. sequentia (continua- tion). 7. passio (suffering). 8. frui (to enjoy). 9. miseratio (mercy). LATIN GRAMMAR 10. fides (faith), n. fructus (fruit). 12. dominus (master). 13. tutus (safe). 14. fidelis (faithful). 15. mandare (to command). 16. sociare (to share in). 17. annus (year). 18. sempiternus (everlasting). 19. inferus (below). 20. amicus (friend). 21. mater (mother). 22. corpus (body). 23. pater (father). 24. f rater (brother). 25. parare (to pre- pare). 26. sentire (to feel, to perceive). 27. inultus (unpunished). 28. jussus (command). 29. egredi (to come out). b) Observe the relation between these Latin and English words. Latin English Latin English fiderc fiduciary mandatum mandate caro carnal socius associate auderc audacious oblivisci oblivion misereri commiserate nasci renascent loqui loquacious consequi consequence mori mortuary fides fidelity c) Observe these word families: Noun Adjective ultor (avenger) ultrix (avenging) dignitas (worth) dignus (worthy) preces (prayers) precarius (begged for) mors (death) mortalis (mortal) nativitas (birth) naturalis (natural) oblivio (forgetfulness) obliviosus (forgetful) fructus (fruit) fructuosus (fruitful) miseratio (mercy) misericors (merciful) audacia (boldness) fides (trust) gaudium (joy) audax (bold) fidus (trusty) Verb ulcisci (to avenge) dignari (to consider worthy) precari (to pray) mori (to die) nasci (to be born) oblivisci (to forget) frui (to enjoy) misereri (to have mercy) audere (to dare) fidere (to trust) gaudere (to rejoice) READING LESSON i. Cum autem descendisset de monte, secutae sunt cum turbae multae. 2. Et ecce leprosus veniens, adorabat eum, dicens: Domine, si vis, potes me mundare. 3. Et extendens Jesus manum, tetigit eum, dicens: Volo. Mundare. Et confestim mundata est lepra ejus. 4. Et ait illi Jesus: Vide, nemini dixeris: sed vade, ostende te sacer- doti, et offer munus quod praecepit Moyses, in testimonium illis. 5. Cum autem introisset Capharnaum, accessit ad eum centurio, rogans eum. 6. Et dicens: Domine, puer meus jacet in domo paralyticus, et male torquetur. 7. Et ait illi Jesus: Ego veniam et curabo eum. 8. Et respondens centurio, ait: Domine, non sum dignus ut intres sub tectum meum: sed tantum die verbo, et sanabitur puer meus. 9. Nam et ego homo sum sub potestate constitutus, habens sub me milites, et dico huic: Vade, et vadit: et alii, Veni, et venit: et servo meo, Fac hoc, et facit. 10. Audiens autem Jesus miratus est, et sequentibus se dixit: Amen dico vobis, non inveni tantam fidem in Israel. 11. Dico autem vobis, quod multi ab Oriente, et Occidente venient, et recumbent cum Abraham et Isaac et Jacob in regno caelorum. 12. Filii autem regni ejicientur in tenebras exteriores: ibi erit fletus, ct stridor dentium. 13. Et dixit Jesus centurioni: Vade, et sicut credidisti, fiat tibi. Et sanatus est puer in ilia hora. 14. Et cum venisset Jesus in domum Petri, vidit socrum ejus jacen- tem et febricitantem. 103 io 4 LATIN GRAMMAR 15. Et tctigit manum ejus, ct dimisit cam febris ct surrcxit, ct mini*- trabat eis. 16. Vespere autem facto, obtulcrunt ci multos daemonia habentes: ct ejiciebat spiritus verbo: et omnes male habentes curavit: 17. Ut adimpleretur quod dictum est per Isaiam prophetam, di- ccntem : Ipse infirmitates nostras accepit : et aegrotationes nostras por- tavit. 18. Vidcns autcm Jesus turbas multas circum se, jussit ire trans frctum. 19. Et accedens unus scriba, ait illi: Magister, scquar tc quocum- quc ieris. 20. Et dicit ci Jesus: Vulpes foveas habent, ct volucrcs caeli nidos: filius autem hominis non habet ubi caput reclinet. 21. Alius autcm de discipulis ejus ait illi: Domine, permittc mc primum ire, ct sepelire patrem meum. 22. Jesus autem ait illi: Sequcrc me, et dimitte mortuos sepelire mortuos suos. 23. Et ascendentc eo in naviculam, secuti sunt eum discipuli ejus. 24. Et ecce motus magnus factus est in mari, ita ut navicula operirc- tur fluctibus, ipse vero dormiebat. 25. Et accesserunt ad eum discipuli ejus, et suscitavcrunt cum, di- ccntes : Domine, salva nos, perimus. 26. Et dicit eis Jesus: Quid timidi estis, modicae fidei? Tunc sur- gens imperavit ventis et mari, et facta est tranquillitas magna. 27. Porro homines mirati sunt, dicentes : Qualis est hie, quia venti ct mare obediunt ei ? 28. Et cum venissct trans fretum in regionem Gerasenorum, occur- rcrunt ci duo habentes daemonia, de monumentis excuntes, saevi nimis, ita ut nemo posset transire per viam illam. 29. Et eccc clamaverunt, dicentes : Quid nobis et tibi, Jesu fill Dei ? Vcnisti hue ante tempus torquere nos ? 30. Erat autem non longe ab illis grex multorum porcorum pascens. 31. Daemones autcm rogabant cum, dicentes: Si cjicis nos hinc, mittc nos in gregem porcorum. LATIN GRAMMAR 105 32. Et ait illis : Ite. At illi exeuntes abierunt in porcos, et ecce impctu abiit totus grex per praeceps in mare : et mortui sunt in aquis. 33. Pastores autem f ugerunt : et venientes in civitatem, nuntiaverunt omnia, et de eis qui daemonia habuerant. 34. Et ecce tota civitas exiit obviam Jesu: et viso eo rogabant ut transiret a finibus eorum. (Jesu Christi Evangelium secundum Matthaeum, caput VIII, 1-34.) LESSON XV Unit One Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata Lamb of God, who ta\est away the sins mundi, dona nobis pacem. of the world, grant us peace. Vocabulary tempus, temporis, n., time tentatio, tentationis, f., temptation debitum, -i, n., debt, trespass aer, aeris, m. (pi. aeres or aera), air tabernaculum, -i, n., tabernacle obsequium, -ii, n., homage sapientia, -ae, £., wisdom potestas, potestatis, f ., power lassus, -a, -um, tired primus, -a, -um, first; in primis, in the first place profundus, -a, -um, deep tradere (tradidi, traditus), to deliver up, to hand over diligere (dilexi, dilectus), to love cognoscere (cognovi, cognitus), to learn x cessare, to cease intendere (intendi, intentus or intensus), to be attentive mutare, to change petere (petivi or -ii, petitus), to beseech, to as\ for requiescere (requievi, requietus), to rest sepelire (sepelivi or -ii, sepiiltus), to bury tenere (tenui), to hold sanare, to heal ferre (tuli, latus), to bring 1 In the perfect tenses this verb means to hjiow. 106 LATIN GRAMMAR 107 nemo, neminis, m. and f., nobody nihil (nil), n., indecl., nothing tunc, then ubique, everywhere 35. Qui. As a relative pronoun, qui means who, which, or that. As an interrogative adjective it means what. It is declined as follows. Singular Nom. qui (quae, quod) Gen. cujus Dat. cui Ace. quern (quam, quod) Abl. quo (qua, quo) The man who is coming is my father. The servants whom they were calling have come in. The boy to whom you gave the boo\ is studious. W hat reward did he send to those men? The hot f se which you see is mine. Plural qui (quae, quae) quorum (quarum, quorum) quibus quos (quas, quae) quibus Homo qui venit pater meus est. Servae quas vocabant intraverunt. Puer cui librum dedisti studiosus est. Quod munus misit ad illos ho- mines? Domus quam vides est mea. 36. Quis. The interrogative pronouns who and what are quis and quid in Latin. Singular Nom. quis (n. quid) Gen. cujus Dat. cui Ace. quern (n. quid) Abl. quo Who dran\ the wine? To whom did you write? Plural Like the relative qui Quis vinum bibit? Quibus scripsistis? io8 Whom did he see? What did they have? LATIN GRAMMAR Quern vidit? Quid habebant? 37. Indefinite pronouns and adjectives. These are compounds of quis and qui and are declined like them. Pronouns some one, something each one, every one a certain one some each certain faliquis (n. aliquid) alicujus alicui, etc, iquisque (n. quidque) cujusque cuique, etc. fquidam (quaedam, quiddam) cujusdam cuidam, etc. Adjectives faliqui (aliqua, aliquod) alicujus alicui, etc. quisque (quaeque, quodque) quidam (quaedam, quoddam) 38. Ferre, to bring. This irregular verb (as also its compounds) doubles the r in the infinitive, in the 2nd person sing, of the pres. ind. pass., and throughout the imperfect subjunctive. Elsewhere the -rr of the infinitive is not retained. Present Indicative Active Passive fero ferimus feror ferimur fers fertis ferris (ferre) ferimini fert ferunt fertur feriintur Observe that the present tense is slightly irregular. LATIN GRAMMAR 109 EXERCISES A. Cognates. Nouns ending in -tudo in Latin end in -tude in Eng- lish. They are all feminine. Pronounce and give the English for: 1. beatitrido. 2. fortitude 3. multitude 4. magnitiido. 5. lassitude 6. solitiido. 7. amplitudo. 8. sollicitudo. 9. altitiido (height). 10. latitiido (breadth). 11. longitudo (length). The genitive singular of these nouns is beatitiidinis, etc. B. Pro- as a prefix signifies forth, forward, in front of, for. 1. proponere (to put forth, to propose). 2. projicere (to throw forth, to project). 3. procedere (to go forth, to proceed). 4. prodiicerc (to lead forth, to produce). 5. progredi (dep., to walk forward, to progress). 6. prosequi (dep., to follow forth, to pursue). 7. providere (to see before or in advance, to provide). 8. promittere (to send forth, to promise). 9. provocare (to call forth, to provoke). 10. proclamare (to shout forth, to proclaim). 11. proferrc (to bring forth). 12. pro- venire (to come forth). C. Read and give the English for the following: 1. Puer agnum diligit, quern pater suus dedit ei. 2. Virgines, quae lassae nimis sunt, sederunt ut requiescant. 3. Homo praeclarus, cui scripsi, mihi respondit. 4. Quos libros tulit? 5. Tabernaculum in quo calicem ponit sacerdos, supra altare est. 6. Observamus obsequium, quod hi filii boni parentibus praestiterunt. 7. Debita sua dimittenda sunt. 8. Homo miser in manus inimicorum suorum traditus est. 9. Mater pia, quam vidisti cum famulis suis, Evangelia docet eis. 10. Me vir, cujus domus in monte est, filios suos ad ci vita tern misit. 11. Ali- quis libros siistulit, quos reliqui hie. 12. Quisque discipulus lectionem suam bene paravit hodie. 13. Quidam auxilium petens venit ad do- mum patris mei. 14. Aliquibus rex terrae illae munera magna donabit. 15. Hominibus quibusdam Dominus multum dedit, multis nihil. 16. Quaeque mater scit num opera filiorum suorum bona sint. 17. Aqua illius lacus, quern videtis, nimis profunda est. 18. Postquam mortuos no LATIN GRAMMAR sepeliverunt, domus suas tristes redierunt. 19. Cum sanati sint, non cessant clamare. 20. Ncminem in via video. 21. Conditio mutata vita- rum suarum laetificabat eos. 22. Quid tenes tu in manu dextera? Nihil. 23. Verba et opera illius sancti praeclari universis gentibus cognita sunt. 24. Si modum vivendi ante mortem suam mutavisset, delicta sua indulta essent. 25. Potestas et sapientia regis nobilis nostri terram nostram a malitia hominum impiorum salvabunt. 26. Aer in illo monte suavis erat. Unit Two A. 1. Introibo ad altare Dei; ad Deum qui laetificat juventutem meam. 2. Emitte lucem tuam, et veritatem tuam; ipsa me deduxerunt, et adduxerunt in montem sanctum tuum, et in tabernacula tua. 3. Oram us te, Domine, per merita Sanctorum tuorum, quorum reliquiae hie sunt, et omnium Sanctorum, ut indulgere digneris omnia peccata mea. 4. Credo in unum Deum, Patrem omnipotentem, factorem caeli et terrae, visibilium omnium, et invisibilium. Et in unum Dominum Jesum Christum, Filium Dei unigenitum. Et ex Patre natum ante omnia saecula. Deum de Deo, lumen de lumine, Deum verum de Deo vero. Genitum, non factum, consubstantialem Patri, per quem omnia facta sunt. 5. Qui propter nos homines et propter nostram salutem descendit de caelis. Et incarnatus est de Spiritu Sancto ex Maria Virgine, et homo factus est. 6. Crucifixus etiam pro nobis, sub Pontio Pilato passus, ct sepultus est. 7. Et iterum ventiirus est cum gloria judicare vivos et mortuos, cujus regni non erit finis. 8. Domine, dilexi decorem domus tuae, et locum habitationis gloriae tuae. 9. Ne perdas cum impiis, Deus, animam meam, et cum viris sanguinum vitam meam; in quorum manibus iniquitates sunt, dextera eorum re- pleta est muneribus. 10. Et ill i pro nobis intercedere dignentur in caelis, quorum memoriam agimus in terris. 11. Vere dignum et justum est, aequum et salutare, nos tibi semper, et ubique gratias agere. 12. Per quem majestatem tuam laudant Angeli, adorant Dominationes, tre- munt Potestates. 13. Cum quibus et nostras voces, ut admitti jubeas, deprecamur, supplici confessione dicentes: sanctus, sanctus, sanctus, LATIN GRAMMAR in Dominus Deus Sabaoth (of hosts). 14. Communicantes, et me- moriam venerantes, in primis, gloriosae semper Virginis Mariae, genitricis Dei et Domini nostri Jesu Christi. 15. Quorum mentis precibiisque concedas, ut in omnibus protections tuae muniamur auxilio. 16. Qui pridie quam pateretur, accepit panem in sanctas, ac venerabiles manus suas, et elevatis oculis in caelum ad te Deum Patrem suum omnipotentem, tibi gratias agens, benedixit, fregit, deditque discfpulis suis, dicens: Accipite, et manducate ex hoc omnes. B. Translate the following: 1. Quis lociitus est? 2. Puerum vidi cui tubam dedisti. 3. Homo cum quo ingrediebatur f rater meus erat. 4. Servus cujus dominus mortuus est, ad civitatem ibit. 5. Invenit crucem quam perdiderat. 6. Famulae quas vocabant apparuerunt. 7. Verba quae dixit vera nimis sunt. 8. Filii qui parentibus placent ipsi bead sunt. 9. Opus quod fecit praeclarum est. 10. Cui dabimus hos libros novos? 11. Quam lectionem doces discfpulos? 12. Aqua in qua stant non pro- funda est. 13. Abjecit cornu quod in manu tenebat. 14. Miseriae plebis quas videbat, conturbabant eum. 15. Ostendit ei omnia regna quae habitiirus erat. C. Change the indefinite pronouns to the correct form where necessary. 1. (aliquis) introit. 2. video (quisque). 3. (quidam) dixerunt. 4. (quisque) loquor. 5. invenit (aliquis). 6. verba (quidam) vera sunt. 7. (quisque) veritatem cognoscit. 8. Scripsit (aliquis). 9. mittimus (quidam) ad domum. 10. opera (quisque) j udicabuntur. 11. Ince- debat cum (aliquis). 12. (quidam) munus dat. Unit Three A. Make the indefinite adjectives agree correctly with the nouns. 1. aquam (aliqui). 2. (quisque) animae. 3. (quidam) vias. 4. ii2 LATIN GRAMMAR (aliqui) filiorum. 5. regni (quisque). 6. sancto (quidam). 7. auxilii (aliqui). 8. (quidam) nomine. 9. (quisque) librum. 10. (aliqui) cornua. 11. (quidam) veritatibus. 12. (quisque) cruci. 13. (aliqui) panem. 14. (quidam) matris. B. Give the present indicative active and passive of these com- pounds of ferre. 1. auferre (to take away). 2. conferre (to accompany, to confer). 3. offerre (to offer). 4. perferre (to bring up or through). 5. proferre (to bring out, to bring forth). C. Vocabulary building. a) Derivations. Find in Units One and Two the words that have the same derivation as the following: 1. debitor (debtor). 2. notus (known). 3. profundum (depth). 4. promissio (promise). 5. sepulcrum (sepulcher). 6. sustinere (to sus- tain). 7. quietas (quiet). 8. competere (to be capable of). 9. requies (rest). 10. tentare (to tempt). 11. posse (to be able). 12. dilectissi- mus (most beloved). 13. sanus (healthy). 14. beatus (happy). 15. fortis (strong). 16. lassus (tired). 17. multus (many). 18. latus (broad). 19. longus (long). 20. altus (high). 21. amplius (yet more). 22. magnus (large). 23. solus (alone). 24. quiescens (resting). 25. debere (owe, ought, must). 26. collatio (gathering). b) Observe the relation between these Latin and English words. Latin English Latin English tempus temperature potestas potentate diligerc delectable cognoscerc recognize debitum debit primus primitive cessare incessant mutarc mutations petere petition sanare sanitary LATIN GRAMMAR "3 c) Observe these word families. Noun sapientia (wisdom) potestas (power) cognitio (knowledge) mutatio (a change) requies (rest) sanitas (health) Adjective sapiens (wise) potens (powerful) cognitus (known) mutabilis (change- able) requietus (rested) sanus (healthy) Verb posse (to be able) cognoscere (to know) mutare (to change) requiescere (to rest) sanare (to heal) REVIEW LESSON NUMBER III A. Read these statements and decide whether they are right or wrong. i. Nomen piieri Lucia erat. 2. Christiani credunt in unum Deum. 3. Homines pauperes semper iniqui sunt. 4. Aquam atque vinum bibimus. 5. Apostoli inimici Christi erant. 6. Oculi in manibus sunt. 7. Pax inter omnes gentes esse potest. 8. Scribimus dextera manu. 9. Agni cornua habent. 10. Omnes libri boni sunt. 11. Matres semper miserae sunt. 12. Dormimus in tecto domus. 13. Panem manduca- mus. 14. Rex legibus regnat. 15. Cogitationes in mente creantur. B. Translate the following. viximus vixerimus vivamus vivimus vivcmus mittitur mittetur missus est mittebatur mittatur lavabimus lavamus lavemus lavaverimus lavavimus credimus credemus credidimus crediderimus credamus salvabatur salvetur salvatus est salvabitur salvatur munivenmus muniamus munimus munivimus muniemus dirigetur directus est dirigebatur dirigatur dirigitur moveatur movebatur motus est movebitur movetur ut possimus possumus poteramus potuimus potuerimus auditus est audiebatur audiatur audiretur auditur C. Give the Latin word that means the opposite of each of these words. 114 LATIN GRAMMAR 115 1. aqua. 2. anima. 3. ex. 4. cum. 5. bonus. 6. principium. 7. beatus. 8. virgo. 9. mittere. 10. pater. 11. tristis. 12. de. 13. ire. 14. laetificare. 15. terra. 16. manus. 17. dies. 18. fides. 19. dignus. 20. visibilis. 21. ascendere. 22. respondere. 23. bene. 24. vivus. 25. ignominia. D. Give the English for these verb forms. 1. despicio. 2. conducam. 3. invadebant. 4. ejecta est. 5. evocabit. 6. lava me. 7. munda me. 8. est. 9. peccavi. 10. ut justificeris. 11. justificaris. 12. manifestasti. 13. mundabor. 14. lavabis. 15. exsulta- bunt. 16. averte. 17. dele. 18. crea. 19. ne projicias me. 20. docebo. 21. convertentur. 22. annuntiabit. 23. dedissem. 24. non despicies. 25. fac. 26. suscipientes. 27. suscipiat. 28. imponent. 29. acceptabis. 30. dona ei. 31. exaudi. 32. veniet. 33. speravit. 34. credidit. 35. dor- mientibus. 36. habent. 37. resurrexit. 38. dormierunt. 39. adducet. 40. dicimus. 41. vivimus. 42. praeveniemus. 43. descendet. 44. sunt. 45. relinquimur. 46. erimus. 47. erit. 48. timebit. 49. absolve. 50. est futurus. E. Give the English meaning of these active periphrastic forms (future active participle + esse). 1. venturus est. 2. remansuri erant. 3. dicturus sum. 4. fracturi sunt. 5. perditiiri eramus. 6. exituri eratis. 7. regnatiirus fuerat. 8. quaesitiira est. 9. efTusurus eras. 10. accensuri sumus. 11. coenaturi erant. 12. munituri estis. 13. sumptiirus est. 14. habitiirae erant. 15. staturi sunt. F. Give the English meaning of these passive periphrastic forms (gerundive -\- esse). 1. dandum est. 2. audienda sunt. 3. mittendi erant. 4. judicandae erant. 5. vocandi eramus. 6. ponendum erat. 7. dicendum est. 8. docenda eram. 9. scribendum erat. 10. dirigendi sumus. 11. moven- dus es. 12. eruendi eratis. 13. liberandae erant. 14. serviendus eras. IS- relinquendi eramus. 16. ostendendi estis. n6 LATIN GRAMMAR G. Fill each blank with a suitable word. i. Manducamus -. 2. Bibimus 3. Maria vir ginis est. 4. Labium pars est. 5. Joannis nomen est. 6. Mater et pater familiae sunt. 7. Pes pars est. 8. Cor in est. 10. Tectum super omnibus placet. est. 9. Ecclesia domus est. 11. Rex regnat. 12. H. Give the Latin verb that tells what each of the following does or is intended for. 1. aqua. 2. via. 3. servus. 4. oratio. 5. lux. 6. manus. 7. domus. 8. civitas. 9. crux. 10. liber. 11. fides. 12. indulgentia. 13. mens. 14. voluntas. 15. spes. 16. labia. 17. os. 18. ostium. 19. vinum. 20. rex. 21. auris. 22. pes. 23. caritas. 24. lumen. 25. oculus. 26. vox. I. From the column of English words select the correct meaning of the Latin words. ulcisci same diligere and nunquam to deliver up accendere upward fraternus servant minis to enjoy tradere never quot to enkindle sanguis to avenge tutamentum wonderful famulus help perfrui how many idem brotherly atque safeguard ops blood sursum to love frangere safe adhuc voice vox to break mors full salvus ear plenus death quoque yet auris also READING LESSON i. Et iterum intravit Capharnaum post dies. 2. Et auditum est quod in domo esset, et convenerunt multi, ita ut non caperet neque ad januam et loquebatur eis verbum. 3. Et venerunt ad eum ferentes paralyticum, qui a quattuor porta- batur. 4. Et cum non possent offerre eum illi prae turba, nudaverunt tectum ubi erat: et patefacientes submiserunt grabatum in quo pa- ralyticus jacebat. 5. Cum autem vidisset Jesus fidem illorum, ait paralytico: Fili, dimittuntur tibi peccata tua. 6. Erant autem illic quidam de scribis sedentes, et cogitantes in cordibus suis: 7. Quid hie sic loquitur? Blasphemat. Quis potest dimittere pec- cata nisi solus Dcus? 8. Quo statim cognito Jesus spiritu suo quia sic cogitarent intra se, dicit illis: Quid ista cogitatis in cordibus vestris? 9. Quid est facilius dicere paralytico: Dimittuntur tibi peccata: an dicere: Surge, tolle grabatum tuum, et ambula? 10. Ut autem sciatis quia Filius hominis habet potestatem in terra dimittendi peccata (ait paralytico) : 11. Tibi dico: Surge, tolle grabatum tuum et vade in domum tuam. 12. Et statim surrexit ille: et, sublato grabato, abiit coram omni- bus, ita ut mirarentur omnes et honorificarent Deum, dicentes : Quia numquam sic vidimus. 13. Et egressus est rursus ad mare: omnisque turba veniebat ad eum, et docebat eos. 14. Et cum praeteriret, vidit Levi Alphaei sedentem ad telonium, et ait illi: Sequere me. Et surgens secutus est eum. 117 n8 LATIN GRAMMAR 15. Et factum est, cum accumberet in domo illius, multi publicani ct peccatores simul discumbebant cum Jesu et discipulis ejus: erant enim multi, qui et sequebantur eum. 16. Et scribae et Pharisaei videntes quia manducaret cum publi- canis et peccatoribus, dicebant discipulis ejus: Quare cum publicanis et peccatoribus manducat et bibit Magister vester? 17. Hoc audito, Jesus ait illis: Non necesse habent sani medico, sed qui male habent: non enim veni vocare justos, sed peccatores. 18. Et erant discipuli Joannis, et Pharisaei jejunantes. Et veniunt, et dicunt i 11 i r Quare discipuli Joannis et Pharisaeorum jejunant, tui autem discipuli non jejunant? 19. Et ait Jesus: Numquid possunt filii nuptiarum, quamdiu spon- sus cum illis est, jejunare? Quanto tempore habent sponsum, non possunt jejunare. 20. Venient autem dies cum auferetur ab eis sponsus: et tunc jejunabunt in illis diebus. 21. Nemo assumentum panni rudis assuit vestimento veteri: alio- quin aufert supplementum novum a veteri, et major scissura fit. 22. Et nemo mittit vinum novum in utres veteres: alioquin di- rumpet vinum utres, et vinum effundetur, et utres peribunt. Sed vinum novum in utres novos mitti debet. 23. Et factum est iterum cum Dominus sabbatis ambularet per sata, et discipuli ejus coeperunt progredi, et vellere spicas. 24. Pharisaei autem dicebant ei: Ecce, quid faciunt sabbatis quod non licet? 25. Et ait illis: Numquam legistis quid fecerit David, quando necessitatem habuit, et esuriit ipse, et qui cum eo erant? 26. Quomodo introivit in domurn Dei sub Abiathar principe sa- cerdotum, et panes propositionis manducavit, quos non licebat manducare, nisi sacerdotibus, et dedit eis, qui cum eo erant? 27. Et dicebat eis: Sabbatum propter hominem factum est, et non homo propter sabbatum. 28. Itaque Dominus est filius hominis, etiam sabbati. (Jesu Christi Evangelium secundum Marcum, caput II, 1-28.) LESSON XVI Unit One Dona eis requiem sempiternam. Grant them eternal rest. Vocabulary calculus, -i, m., coal, pebble, stone orbis, orbis (gen. pi., orbium), m., world, orbit antistes, antistitis, m., bishop Papa, -ae, m., Pope cultor, cultoris, m., worshipper, one who processes incoliimitas, incolumitatis, f., safety votum, -i, n., vow venia, -ae, f., pardon commixtio, commixtionis, f., mingling, mixing viscera, -um, n. pi., bowels, innermost parts tenebrae, -arum, f. pi., darkness consors (gen. consortis), adj., partaking illibatus, -a, -um, unblemished ratus, -a, -um, ratified, settled rationabilis (m. and f.), rationabile (n.), reasonable, acceptable summus, -a, -um, high, highest proprius, -a, -um, one's own mereri (dep.), to deserve, to be worthy condere (condidi, conditus), to create, to found enarrare, to tell, to relate reddere (reddidi, redditus), to restore, return, to pay eripere (eripui, ereptus), to rescue aestimare, to esteem largiri (dep.), to grant potare, to dnn\ 119 120 LATIN GRAMMAR lucerc (luxi), to shine perhibere, to bring forward, to report rogare, to beseech vel, or quotquot, however many, as many as, all who 39. Ablative absolute. This construction consists of a phrase in the ablative case made up of a noun or adjective and a participle, a noun and an adjective, or two nouns. As its name implies, it is grammatically independent of the sentence in which it occurs, that is, it does not refer to the same person or thing as the subject or object of the main verb. It is best translated by a clause introduced by although, when, since, or the like. Defunctis sepultis, abierunt mili- When the dead were buried, tes domus suas. the soldiers went home. (Liter- ally, with the dead buried). Multis convocatis, intraverunt After many had been called to- rn civitatem. gether, they entered the city. Herode rege, Christus natus est. At the time that Herod was king, Christ was born. 40. Fieri, to be made, to become. The verb facere, to ma\e, is ir- regular in the simple tenses of the passive voice. The irregular tenses (besides the passive infinitive fieri) arc as follows : Indicative Subjunctive Present Present fio fimus flam fiamus fis fitis fias fiatis fit fiunt fiat fiant Imperfect Imperfect fiebam, etc. fierem, etc. LATIN GRAMMAR Future fiam fiemus fics fietis fiet ficnt iai EXERCISES A. Suffixes. The suffix -tor (/. -trix) is added to verb stems to denote the agent or doer of an action. i. mercator, merchant (from mercari, to trade). 2. explorator, scout (from explorare, to seek out). 3. victor, victor (from vincere, to conquer). 4. imperator, emperor (from imperare, to command). 5. gubernator, pilot, governor (from gubernare, to steer, to govern). 6. pastor, shepherd (from pascere, to lead to pasture). 7. largitor, a liberal giver (from. Jargiri, to give abundantly). 8. scriptor, writer (from scribere, to write). 9. genitor, father (from generare, to beget). 10. ultor, avenger (from ulcisci, to avenge). 11. inventor, inventor (from invenire, to find). 12. venatrix, huntress (from venari, to hunt). 13. genetrix, mother (from generare, to beget). 14. nutrix, nurse (from nutrire, to nourish). 15. cultor, cultivator (from colere, to cultivate). B. Re- as a verb prefix means bac\ or again. 1. recipere (to take back, to receive). 2. reverti (to turn back, to revert). 3. repellere (to drive back, to repel). 4. retinere (to hold back, to retain, to detain). 5. redimere (to buy back, to redeem). 6. rejicere (to throw back, to reject). 7. redire (to go back, to re- turn). 8. reddere (to give back, to restore). 9. reprimere (to press back, to repress). 10. recreare (to create again, to recreate). 11. revocare (to call back, to revoke). 12. renasci (to be born again). 13. renovare (to make new again, to renew). 14. remittere (to send back, to remit). 15. referre (to bring back, to refer). i23 LATIN GRAMMAR Unit Two A. Read and translate into English. i. Coram rege stabant et veniam delictorum suorum petebant. 2. Apostoli plebi enarrabant omnia quae Dominus dixerat fece- ratque. 3. Homo tarn bonus erat, ut largiretur pauperibus omne quod possidebat. 4. Quis reddere potest, id quod perditum est? 5. Omne vinum non potaverunt; aliquid relictum est. 6. Quaero num eas hodie ad civitatem vel remaneas hie. 7. Cum luceret lux, tenebrae non erant. 8. Quotquot bene serviverunt ei, pater eis munera dedit. 9. Illis diebus condiderunt civitatem, cujus nomen Roma vocatum est. 10. Si pueri ex aqua ab homine forti erepti non essent, mortui essent. 11. Propter tenebras invenire non poterant montem quern eis ostendi. 12. Non meremur dona et favores quos illi homines gene- rosi nobis largiti sunt. 13. Non se aestimabant dignos ad accipiendam laudem ejus. 14. Quot pueri sciunt Papam antistidem Romanum esse? 15. In calice commixtio aquae et vini est. 16. Testimonium perhibuit de conditionibus malis in quibus vivebant omnes pauperes illms civitatis. 17. Dixitque Deus: Fiat lux. Et facta est lux. 18. Facio hoc, ut fiam cultor fidelis religionis meae. 19. Quaedam vota ab quoque sacerdote facienda sunt. 20. In ilia die tremenda totus orbis terrae in flammis futurus est. 21. Agno perdito, pueri tristes erant. I 22. Lotis manibus suis, virgines sedebant qui manducarent. 23. Luce visa, homines ad montem redierunt. 24. Auxilium oblatum, accepi- mus. 25. Pane manducato, discipuli vinum biberunt. B. 1. Misereatur tui omnipotens Deus, et dimissis peccatis tuis, perducat te ad vitam aeternam. 2. Aufer a nobis, quaesumus, Do- mine, iniquitates nostras, ut ad Sancta sanctorum puris mereamur mentibus introire. 3. Munda cor meum, ac labia mea, omnipotens Deus, qui labia Isaiae prophetae calculo mundasti ignito, ita me tua grata miseratione dignare mundare, ut sanctum Evangelium tuum digne valeam nuntiare. 4. Siiscipe, sancte Pater omnipotens, aeterne Deus, hanc immaculatam hostiam, quam ego indignus LATIN GRAMMAR 123 famulus tuus offero tibi, Deo meo vivo et vero, pro innumerabilibus peccatis, et offensionibus, et negligentiis meis, et pro omnibus cir- cumstantibus, sed et pro omnibus fidelibus christianis vivis atquc defunctis, ut mihi, et illis proficiat ad salutem in vitam aeternam. 5. Deus, qui humanae substantiae dignitatem mirabiliter condidisti, et mirabilius reformasti, da nobis per hujus aquae et vini mysterium, ejus divinitatis esse consortes, qui humanitatis nostrae fieri dignatus est particeps, Jesus Christus, Filius tuus, Dominus noster. 6. In spiritu humllitatis, et in animo contrito suscipiamur a te, Domine, et sic fiat sacrificium nostrum in conspectu tuo hodie, ut placeat tibi, Domine Deus. 7. Lavabo inter innocentes, manus meas, et circumdabo altare tuum, Domine, ut audiam vocem laudis, et enar- rem universa mirabilia tua. 8. Orate fratres, ut meum ac vestrum sacrificium acceptabile fiat apud Deum Patrem omnipotentem. 9. Te lgitur, clementissime Pater, per Jesum Christum Filium tuum Dominum nostrum, supplices rogamus, ac petimus, uti accepta ha- beas, et benedicas, haec dona, haec munera, haec sancta sacrificia illibata. 10. In primis, quae tibi ofTerimus pro Ecclesia tua sancta catholica, quam pacificare, custodire, adunare, et regere digneris toto orbe terrarum; una cum famulo tuo Papa nostro, et Antistitc nostro, et omnibus orthodoxis atque catholicae, et apostolicae fidei cultoribus. 11. Pro spe saliitis, et incolumitatis suae. 12. Tibique red- dunt vota sua aeterno Deo, vivo et vero. 13. Quam oblationem tu, Deus, in omnibus, quaesumus, benedictam, adscriptam, ratam, ra- tionabilem, acceptabilemque facere digneris, ut nobis Corpus, et Sanguis fiat dilectissimi Filii tui Domini nostri Jesu Christi. 14. Supra quae propitio ac sereno vultu respicere digneris, et accepta habere, sicuti accepta habere dignatus es munera pueri tui justi Abel, et sac- rificium Patriarchae nostri Abrahae, et quod tibi obtulit summus sacerdos tuus Melchisedech, sanctum sacrificium, immaculatam hos- tiam. 15. Fiat voluntas tua, sicut in caelo, et in terra. 16. Haec com- mixtio, et consecratio Corporis et Sanguinis Domini nostri Jesu Christi, fiat accipientibus nobis in vitam aeternam. 17. Corpus tuum, Domine, quod sumpsi, et Sanguis quern potavi, adhaercat visceribus i2 4 LATIN GRAMMAR meis. 1 8. Lux in tenebris lucet, et tenebrae earn non comprehenderunt. 19. In mundo erat, et mundus per ipsum factus est, et mundus cum non cognovit. 20. In propria venit, et sui eum non receperunt. Unit Three A. Translate these ablative absolutes with a clause in English. 1. oculis elevatis. 2. dimissis peccatis vestris. 3. viso eo. 4. viris jussis. 5. plebe docta. 6. matribus conturbatis. 7. tubis auditis. 8. adjutorio rogato. 9. servis vocatis. 10. salvato mundo. 11. aqua bibita. 12. vocatis nominibus suis. 13. via ostenta. 14. Sanctis justificatis. 15. muneribus datis. 16. pacificata mente sua. 17. facie aversa. B. Give the English for the following: 1. Fiat lux. 2. Homo factus est. 3. Sic fiat sacrificium nostrum in conspectu tuo hodie, ut placeat tibi. 4. Orate fratres, ut meum ac vestrum sacrificium acceptabile fiat apud Deum Patrem omnipoten- tem. 5. Fiat voluntas tua. 6. Haec commixtio et consecratio Corporis et Sanquinis Domini nostri Jesu Christi, fiat accipientibus nobis in vitam aeternam. 7. Fiat nobis remedium sempiternum. 8. Mundus per ipsum factus est. 9. Faciam vos fieri piscatores hominum. 10. Antequam terra fieret. 11. Fortes facti sunt in bello. 12. Clamor factus est. C. Vocabulary building. a) Derivations. Find in Units One and Two the words that have the same derivation as the following: 1. colere (to cultivate). 2. incolumis (unharmed). 3. tenebrosus (dark). 4. ratio (reckoning). 5. proprietas (peculiarity, distinction). 6. aestimator (one who esteems). 7. conditor (creator). 8. consortium (company). 9. largitor (generous giver). 10. lux (light). 11. meritum (merit). 12. rogatio (request, question). 13. suscipere (to receive). 14. tenere (to hold). 15. emere (to buy). 16. jacere (to throw). 17. LATIN GRAMMAR invocare (to call upon). 18. novus (new). 19. nasci (to be born). 115 offerre (to offer). 20. b) Observe the relation between these Latin and English words. English Latin calculus votum commixtio rationabilis mereri largiri lucere enarrare English calculate votary mixture rational meritorious largesse translucent narrative Latin cultor venia consors proprius aestimare potare rogare mercator c) Observe these Noun no vitas (new- ness) ultrix (aveng- ing woman) genitor (father) largitor (giver) pastor (shep- herd) victor (victor) lux (light) word families. Adjective novus (new) inultus (unpun- ished) unigenitus (only begotten) largus (abun- dant) pastoralis (pas- toral) invictus (un- conquered) lucidus (bright) culture venial consort property estimation potable interrogatory mercantile Verb renovare (to re- new) ulcisci (to avenge) generare (to be- get) largiri (to give abundantly) pascere (to feed) vincere (to con- quer) lucere (to shine) READING LESSON i. In diebus illis iterum cum turba multa esset, nee haberent, quod manducarent, convocatis discipulis, ait illis: 2. Misereor super turbam: quia cccc jam triduo sustinent me, nee habent quod manducent: 3. Et si dimisero eos jejunos in domum suam, deficient in via: quidam enim ex eis de longe venerunt. 4. Et responderunt ei discipuli sui: Unde illos quis poterit hie saturare panibus in solitudine? 5. Et interrogavit eos: Quot panes habetis? Qui dixerunt: Septem. 6. Et praecepit turbae discumbere super terram. Et accipiens sep- tem panes, gratias agens fregit, et dabat discipulis suis ut apponerent, et apposuerunt turbae. 7. Et habebant pisciculos paucos: et ipsos benedixit, et jussit apponi. 8. Et manducaverunt, et saturati sunt, et sustulerunt quod supe- raverat de fragmentis, septem sportas. 9. Erant autem qui manducaverunt, quasi quattuor millia: et di- misit cos. 10. Et statim ascendens navim cum discipulis suis, venit in partes Dalmanutha. 11. Et exierunt Pharisaet, coeperunt conquirere cum eo, quaerentes ab illo signum de caelo, tentantes eum. 12. Et ingemiscens spiritu, ait: Quid generatio ista signum quaerit? Amen dico vobis, si dabitur generationi isti signum. 13. Et dimittens eos, ascendit iterum navim, et abiit trans fretum. 14. Et obliti sunt panes sumere: et nisi unum panem habebant secum in navis. 15. Et praecipiebat eis, dicens: Videte, et cavete a fermento Phari- saeorum, et fermento Herodis. 126 LATIN GRAMMAR 127 16. Et cogitabant ad alterutrum, dicentes: Quia panes non habemus. 17. Quo cognito, ait illis Jesus: Quid cogitatis, quia panes non habe- tis ? Nondum cognoscitis nee intelligitis? Adhuc caecatum habetis cor vestrum? 18. Oculos habentes non videtis? et aures habentes non auditis? Nee recordamini. 19. Quando quinque panes fregi in quinque millia: quot cophinos fragmentorum plenos sustulistis? Dicunt ei: Duodecim. 20. Quando et septem panes in quattuor millia: quot sportas frag- mentorum tulistis? Et dicunt ei: Septem. 21. Et dicebat eis: Quomodo nondum intelligitis? 22. Et veniunt Bethsaidam, et adducunt ei caecum, et rogabant eum ut ilium tangeret. 23. Et apprehensa manu caeci, eduxit eum extra vicum: et expuens in oculos ejus impositis manibus suis, interrogavit eum si quid vi- deret. 24. Et aspiciens, ait: Video homines velut arbores ambulantes. 25. Deinde iterum imposuit manus super oculos ejus: et coepit videre: et restitutus est ita ut clare videret omnia. 26. Et misit ilium in domum suam, dicens: Vade in domum tuam: et si in vicum introieris, nemini dixeris. 27. Et egressus est Jesus, et discipuli ejus in castella Caesareae Philippi: et in via interrogabat discipulos suos, dicens eis: Quern me dicunt esse homines? 28. Qui responderunt illi, dicentes: Joannem Baptistam, alii Eliam, alii vero quasi unum de prophetis. 29. Tunc dicit illis: Vos vero quern me esse dicitis? Respondens Petrus, ait ei: Tu es Christus. 30. Et comminatus est eis, ne cui dicerent de illo. 31. Et coepit docere eos quoniam oportet filium hominis pati multa, et reprobari a senioribus, et a summis sacerdotibus, et Scribis, et occidi: et post tres dies resurgere. 32. Et palam verbum loquebatur. Et apprehendens eum Petrus, coepit increpare eum. 128 LATIN GRAMMAR 33. Qui convcrsus, ct videns discipulos suos, comminatus est Petro, dicens : Vade retro me satana, quoniam non sapis quae Dei sunt, sed quae sunt hominum. 34. Et convocata turba cum discipulis suis, dixit eis: Si quis vult me sequi, deneget semetipsum : et tollat crucem suam, et sequatur me. 35. Qui enim voluerit animam suam salvam facere, perdet earn: qui autem perdiderit animam suam propter me, et Evangelium, sal- vam faciet earn. 36. Quid enim proderit homini, si lucretur mundum totum: ct detrimentum animae suae faciat? 37. Aut quid dabit homo commutationis pro anima sua ? 38. Qui enim me confusus fuerit, et verba mea in generatione ista adultera et peccatrice : et Alius hominis confundetur eum, cum venerit in gloria patris sui cum angelis Sanctis. 39. Et dicebat illis: Amen dico vobis, quia sunt quidam de hie stantibus, qui non gustabunt mortem donee videant regnum Dei veniens in virtute. (Jesu Christi Evangelium secundum Marcum, caput VIII, 1-39.) LESSON XVII Unit One Eccc Agnus Dei; cccc qui Behold the Lamb of God; behold Him tollit peccata mundi. who ta\eth away the sins of the world. Vocabulary aedificare, to build aperire (aperui, apertus), to open aspergere (aspersi, aspersus), to sprinkle canere (cecini, cantus), to sing cogere (coegi, coactus), to lead or bring together, to assemble effulgere (efftilsi), to shine sentire (sensi, sensus), to feel defnde (adv.), then ita (adv.),jo, even quasi (adv.), as if, li\e tantum (adv.), but, only argentum, -i, n., silver cinis, cineris, m., ashes episcopus, -i, m., bishop epistola, -ae, f ., epistle, letter lingua, -ae, f., tongue sinus, sinus, m., breast, bosom semen, seminis, n., seed, descendant leo, leonis, m., lion militia, -ae, f., army exercitus, exercitus, m., army, host ovis, ovis (gen. pi., ovium), f., sheep amarus, -a, -um, bitter 125 130 LATIN GRAMMAR benfgnus, -a, -urn, favorable certus, -a, -urn, certain ceterus, -a, -urn, the other praeteritus, -a, -urn, past 41. Indirect discourse. An indirect quotation occurring after a verb meaning to say, to thinf{, o. to \now is expressed by an infinitive with the subject in the accusative case. All subordinate clauses occurring in an indirect quotation are nut in the subjunctive. They say that their sons are com- Dicunt filios suos venire (pres. ing. inf.). They say that their sons have Dicunt filios suos venisse (perf. come. inf.). They say that their sons will Dicunt filios suos venturos esse come. (fut. inf.). They said that their sons were Dixerunt filios suos venire (pres. coming. inf.). They said that their sons had Dixerunt filios suos venisse (perf. come. inf.). They said that their sons would Dixerunt filios suos ventiiros esse come. (fut. inf.). She \new that he was sleeping Sciebat eum dormire quod lassus because he was tired. esset. He said that they had as\ed Dixit eos quaesivisse ubi futurus where he would be. esset. Note the following: 1) An introductory word for that is not needed in an indirect quo- tation in Latin. 2) The present infinitive is used when the time is the same as that of the principal verb. 3) The perfect infinitive is used when the time precedes that of the main verb. LATIN GRAMMAR 131 4) The future infinitive is used when the time follows that of the main verb. 5) A frequent substitute for the construction given above is a sub- ordinate clause introduced by quod or quia. The verb is in the indica- tive mood. / kjiow that he shall rise again in the resurrection on the last day. Scio quia resurget in resurrectione in novissimo die. Study in the Appendix the infinitives of the four conjugations. EXERCISES A. Suffixes. The suffix -or is added to verb stems to form nouns signifying activity, condition, or state. 1. dolor, pain (from dolere, to suffer). 2. amor, love (from amare, to love). 3. timor, fear (from timere, to fear). 4. labor, labor (from laborare, to labor). 5. clamor, cry (from clamare, to cry out). 6. error, error (from errare, to wander). 7. splendor, brightness (from splen- dere, to glitter). 8. decor, beauty (from decorare, to adorn). 9. calor, heat (from calere, to be warm). io. sudor, sweat (from sudare, to sweat). 11. sopor, sleep (from sopire, to put to sleep). 12. stridor, grating, gnashing (from stridere, to make a harsh noise). B. Compounded with verbs, sub- (sus-, sue-, sup-, suf-) means under, up, close to, to the aid of. 1. suscipere (to take up, to receive). 2. subire (to go under or close to). 3. sustinere (to hold up, to succeed to). 4. succendo (to set on fire from beneath, to kindle, to inflame). 5. subesse (to be under). 6. subjicere (to throw or put under, to subjugate). 7. submittere (to put under, to let down or lower). 8. subvenire (to come up to, to assist). 9. succurrere (to run under or up to, to hasten to help, to succor). 10. sufferre (to carry under, to endure, to suffer). 11. sub- merges (to plunge under, to submerge). 12. supponere (to put un- der). 132 LATIN GRAMMAR C. Read and give the English for the following: i. Dicit eos ecclesiam novam in civitate sua aedificavisse. 2. Sacerdos dixit verba episcopi ad missas cunctas annuntiatum iri. 3. Pueri scie- bant se non mereri ut ab patre suo sibi indulgeretur. 4. Si leo atque ovis in loco eodem simul ponerentur, leo ovem manducaret. 5. Aquam benedicent et turbam ea aspergent. 6. Calicem frangere non potes, quia argento factus est. 7. Apostoli epistolas scribebant discipulis suis, ut eos docerent veritates quas ex ore Christi audiverant. 8. Dixit se in terram illam iturum esse, ut magnum exercitum cogeret. 9. Scimus hunc hominem multa mala passum esse. 10. Cogitat patrem vestrum jussisse hie nos remanere. 11. Dixit nobis servos vidisse lumen in monte lucens. 12. Dixi me non recepisse libros quos miseris ad me. 13. Credimus hominem primum in paradiso creatum esse. 14. Dicit fidem scriptiiras apostolorum inspiravisse. 15. Nesciebant la- cum tarn profundum esse, ita ut tota civitas in ilium submergi pos- set. 16. Cultor terram bonam colit et semina mittit in illam. 17. Dicit omnes nomina sua in librum inscribere. 18. Dicti sumus nos non salvatum iri, si vitas nostras in malitiis perdamus. 19. Sciunt delicta inimicorum suorum non inulta futura esse. 20. Dixerunt servos chris- tianos multo argento redemptos esse. 21. Ne aperiant ora sua, quoniam verba eorum non audientur. Unit Two 1. Supplices te rogamus, omnipotens Deus, jube haec perferri per manus sancti Angeli tui in sublime altare tuum, in conspectu di- vinae majestatis tuae, ut quotquot, ex hac altaris participatione sacro- sanctum Filii tui, Corpus et Sanguinem sumpserimus, omni bene- dictione caelesti et gratia repleamur. 2. Nobis quoque peccatoribus famulis tuis, de multitudine miserationum tuarum sperantibus, par- tem aliquam, et societatem donare digneris, cum tuis Sanctis Aposto- lis, et Martyribus, et omnibus Sanctis tuis, intra quorum nos consor- tium, non aestimator meriti, sed veniae, quaesumus, largitor admitte. 3. Et dimitte nobis debita nostra, sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus LATIN GRAMMAR 133 nostris. 4. Quid retribuam Domino pro omnibus quae retribuit mihi? 5. Domine, non sum dignus ut intres sub tectum meum; sed tantum die verbo et sanabitur anima mea. 6. Et vidimus gloriam ejus, gloriam quasi Unigeniti a Patre, plenum gratiae et veritatis. 7. Asperges me hyssopo, et mundabor. 8. Libera me de sangufnibus, Deus, Deus salii- tis meae, et exultabit lingua mea justitiam tuam. 9. Domine, labia mea aperies. 10. Benfgne fac, Domine, in bona voluntate tua Sion, ut aedificentur muri Jerusalem. 11. Exaudi orationem meam, ad te omnis caro veniet. 12. Tuba coget omnes ante thronum. 13. Inter oves locum praesta. 14. Scio quia resurget in resurrectione in novissimo die. 15. Libera eas de ore leonis. 16. Quam Abrahae promisisti, et semini ejus. 17. Lux aeterna liiceat eis, Domine. 18. Libera me, Domine, de morte aeterna, in die ilia tremenda, quando caeli movendi sunt et terra. 19. Tremens factus sum ego, et timeo. 20. Dies ilia, dies irae, calamita- tis et miseriae, dies magna et amara. 21. Omnis qui vivit et credit in me, non morietur in aeternum. 22. In diebus illis: Audivi vocem de caelo, dicentem mihi : Scribe, Beati mortui, qui in Domino moriuntur. 23. Libera nos, quaesumus, Domine, ab omnibus malis, praeteritis, praesentibus et futuris. 24. In quo nobis spes beatac resurrectionis ef- fulsit, ut quos contrfstat certa moriendi conditio, eosdem consoletur futiirae immortalitatis promissio. 25. Et ideo cum Angelis et Arch- angelis, cum Thronis et Dominationibus, cumquc omni militia caeles- tis exercitus, hymnum gloriae tuae canimus, sine fine dicentes: Sanc- tus, sanctus, sanctus. Unit Three A. Change each of these sentences to indirect discourse by placing a verb of saying, thinking, or knowing before each one. 1. Cum lassae sint, non venturae sunt. 2. Ea vivet sola in domo ilia magna super montem. 3. Abierunt postquam opus fecerunt. 4. Eos vidit dum hie erant. 5. Multum pauperibus donat, quia bonus et clemens est. 6. Liber a patre ejus scribebatur. 7. Agnus, quern mater sua dedit ci, mortuus est. 8. Non ei ostendebant, ubi sessurus erat. 9. Non crede- *34 LATIN GRAMMAR bamus in verba ejus, quoniam sciebamus ea vera non esse. 10. Piieri laetantur, cum patres sui eos laudant. B. Vocabulary building. a) Derivations. Find in Units One and Two the words that have the same derivation as the following: i. spargere (to scatter). 2. incertus (uncertain). 3. miles (soldier). 4. benigne (favorably). 5. incertum (uncertainty). 6. aedificium (build- ing). 7. cantus (song). 8. seminare (to sow). 9. amator (lover). 10. occurrere (to meet). 11. cantor (singer). 12. dolorosus (sorrowful). 13. currere (to run). b) Observe the relation between these Latin and English words. Latin English Latin English canere incantation cogere cogent eflulgerc effulgent sentire sentiment cinis incinerator episcopus episcopal lingua linguist semen disseminate leo leonine militia military c) Note these masculine nouns with their feminine equivalents. Males pater (father) f rater (brother) puer (boy) filius (son) servus (man servant) famulus (man servant) sanctus (man saint) deus (god) genitor (father) cantor (singer) venator (hunter) Females mater (mother) soror (sister) virgo, puella (maiden, girl) filia (daughter) serva (maid servant) famula (maid servant) sancta (woman saint) dea (goddess) genetrix (mother) cantrix (woman singer) venatrix (huntress) READING LESSON i. Jesus autem plenus Spirit u sancto regressus est a Jordane: ct age- batur a Spiritu in desertum, 2. Diebus quadraginta, ct tentabatur a diabolo. Et nihil manducavit in diebus illis: et consummatis illis esuriit. 3. Dixit autem illi diabolus: Si filius Dei es, die lapidi huic ut panis fiat. 4. Et respondit ad ilium Jesus: Scriptum est: Quia non in solo pane vivit homo, sed in omni verbo Dei. 5. Et duxit ilium diabolus in montem excelsum, et ostendit illi omnia regna orbis terrae in momento temporis. 6. Et ait illi : Tibi dabo potestatem hanc universam, et gloriam il- lorum: quia mihi tradita sunt: et cui volo do ilia. 7. Tu ergo si adoraveris coram me, erunt tua omnia. 8. Et respondens Jesus, dixit illi: Scriptum est: Dominum Deum tuum adorabis et illi soli servies. 9. Et duxit ilium in Jerusalem, et statuit eum super pinnam templi et dixit illi: Si filius Dei es, mitte te hinc deorsum. 10. Scriptum est enim quod Angelis suis mandavit de te, ut con- servent te. n. Et quia in manibus tollent te, ne forte offendas ad lapidem pe- dem tuum. 12. Et respondens Jesus, ait illi: Dictum est: Non tentabis Domi- num Deum tuum. 13. Et consummata omni tentatione, diabolus recessit ab illo usque ad tempus. 14. Et regressus est Jesus in virtute Spiritus in Galilaeam, et fama exiit per universam regionem de illo. 15. Et ipse docebat in synagogis eorum, et magnificabatur ab om- nibus. 135 136 LATIN GRAMMAR 16. Et vcnit Nazareth, ubi erat nutritus, et intravit secundum con- suetudinem suam die sabbati in synagogam, et surrexit legerc. 17. Et traditus est illi Liber Isaiae prophetae. Et ut revolvit librum, invenit locum ubi scriptum erat: 18. Spiritus Domini super me: propter quod unxit me, evangelizare pauperibus misit me, sanare contritos corde. 19. Praedicare captivis remissionem, et caecis visum, dimittere con- fractos in remissionem, praedicare annum Domini acceptum, et diem retributionis. 20. Et cum plicuisset librum, reddidit ministro, et sedit. Et omnium in synagoga oculi erant intendentes in eum. 21. Coepit autem dicere ad illos: Quia hodie impleta est hacc scrip- tura in auribus vestris. 22. Et omnes testimonium illi dabant: et mirabantur in verbis gra- tiac, quae procedebant de ore ipsius, et dicebant: Nonnc hie est Alius Joseph ? 23. Et ait illis: Utique dicetis mihi hanc similitudinem : Medicc, cura teipsum: quanta audivimus facta in Capharnaum fac et hie in patria tua. 24. Ait autem: Amen dico vobis, quia nemo propheta acceptus est in patria sua. 25. In veritate dico vobis, multae viduac erant in diebus Eliae in Israel, quando clausum est caelum annis tribus, et mensibus sex; cum facta esset fames magna in omni terra. 26. Et ad nullam illarum missus est Elias, nisi in Sarepta Sidoniae, ad mulierem viduam. 27. Et multi leprosi erant in Israel, sub Elisaeo propheta: et nemo eorum mundatus est nisi Naaman Syrus. 28. Et repleti sunt omnes in synagoga ira, hacc audientes. 29. Et surrexerunt, et ejecerunt ilium extra civitatem: et duxcrunt ilium usque ad supercilium montis, super quern civitas illorum erat aedificata, ut praecipitarent eum. 30. Ipse autem transiens per medium illorum, ibat. LATIN GRAMMAR 137 31. Et dcsccndit in Capharnaum ci vita tern Galilaeac, ibiquc docc- bat illos sabbatis. 32. Et stupebant in doctrina ejus, quia in potestatc crat sermo ip- sius. 33. Et in synagoga crat homo habens daemonium immundum, ct cxclamavit voce magna, 34. Dicens: Sine, quid nobis, ct tibi Jesu Nazarene? venisti perdcrc nos ? scio te quis sis, Sanctus Dei. 35. Et increpavit ilium Jesus, dicens: Obmutescc, ct cxi ab co. Et cum projecisset ilium daemonium in medium, exiit ab illo, nihilquc ilium nocuit. 36. Et factus est pavor in omnibus, et colloqucbantur ad invicem, dicentcs: Quod est hoc verbum, quia in potestatc ct virtutc imperat immundis spiritibus, et exeunt? 37. Et divulgabatur fama de illo in omnem locum regionis. (Jesu Christi Evangelium secundum Lucam, caput IV, 1-37.) LESSON XVIII Unit One Corpus Domini nostri Jesu May the body of our Lord Jesus Christi custodiat animam Christ preserve thy soul to life tuam in vitam aeternam. everlasting. Vocabulary vinculum, -i, n., bond, chain Judaei, Judaeorum, m., Jews poena, -ae, f., pain, punishment, penalty tartarus, -i, m., hell praemium, -ii, n., gift, reward ros, roris, m., dew os, ossis, n., bone umbra, -ae, f., shadow vicis (gen.) (nom. missing), f., punishment, change turma, -ae, f., squadron, troop, throng tiimulus, -i, m., mound, grave vanus, -a, -um, empty, vain perennis (m. and f.), perenne (n.), eternal optare, to desire litigare, to quarrel, to dispute, to strive absorbere, to absorb, to swallow repraesentare, to lead; to show, to represent purgare, to cleanse jurare, to swear jungere (junxi, junctus), to join, to bind, to unite parcere (peperci, parcitus), to spare 138 LATIN GRAMMAR 139 migrare, to depart expedire, to deliver from jam (adv.), now, already invicem, one another, each other ad invicem, among themselves, reciprocally quomodo (interr. adv.), how olim (adv.), formerly, once foras (adv.), out of doors, outside pariter (adv.), at the same time illic (adv.), there quondam (adv.), formerly, once nisi, ni (conj.), // not, unless, except 42. Impersonal verbs. An impersonal verb is one that is used in the third person singular only, its subject being the impersonal pro- noun //. licere, to be permitted, to be lawful I am permitted to do this. Hoc mihi facere licet (It is per- mitted to me). They were permitted to enter the Intrare in aedificium eis licebat building. (It was permitted to them). decern to fit, suit, to be becoming It is suitable to offer gifts to the Miinera regi offerre decet. king. Verbs not ordinarily impersonal are frequently used impersonally in the passive voice. He {they, etc.) came. Ventum est (It was come). They ate. Coenatum est (It was eaten). It happened, it came to pass. Factum est (It was made). 43. Adjectives of special declension. The following adjectives have -ius in the genitive singular and -i in the dative singular of all genders. Otherwise they are declined like bonus. 140 LATIN GRAMMAR alius (n. aliud), other alter, the other (of two) ullus, any nullus, no, not any uter (utrius), which (of two) of the other man to any mother to which boy of neither boo\ of the whole world 44. Uses of the dative. a) As indirect object. He gave me the trumpet. neuter (neutrius) neither (o£ two) solus, alone totus, whole unus, one alius hominis ulli matri utri piiero neutrius libri totius mundi Tubam mihi dedit. b) With verbs compounded with ab, ad, ante, circum, con, in, inter, post, prae, pro, sub, super. He was in command of the army. She laid the bread before us. We promised him a reward. They will help the boy. Exercitui praeerat. Panem nobis anteposuit. Munus ei promisimus. Puero subvenient. c) With intransitive verbs meaning benefit or injure, please or dis- please, command or obey, serve or resist, believe or distrust, persuade, pardon, spare, envy, threaten, be angry, and the like. She has served you. Ea tibi servivit. This boo\ will please them. Hie liber eis placebit. They do not believe me. Mihi non credunt. He persuaded the servants. Servis persuasit. d) To express the agent with the passive periphrastic. You must open the gate. Porta tibi aperienda est (The gate must be opened by you.) LATIN GRAMMAR 141 c) To express possession with esse, the possessor being in the dative case. The boy has a boo\. Piiero liber est. (The book is to the boy.) f ) To denote purpose. They will send some men as an Homines aliquos civitati auxilio aid to the city. mittent. (Auxilio is dative of purpose.) EXERCISES A. Suffixes. The endings -10, -tio, and -tus are added to verb stems to form verbal nouns which denote an act or the result of an act. 1. conjuratio, conspiracy (from conjurare, to conspire). 2. oratio, prayer (from orare, to pray). 3. suspicio, suspicion (from suspicere, to suspect). 4. dubitatio, doubt (from dubitare, to doubt). 5. offensio, offense (from offendere, to offend). 6. deditio, surrender (from de- dere, to surrender). 7. conspectus, sight (from conspicere, to look at). 8. fructus, fruit (from frui, to enjoy). 9. luctus, mourning (from lu- gere, to mourn). 10. fletus, weeping (from flere, to weep). 11. cantus, song (from canere, to sing). 12. conatus, an attempt (from conari, to attempt). B. Trans- as a prefix means through or across. 1. transire (to go through). 2. tradere (to give or hand across). 3. tradiicere (to lead across). 4. transfigere (to pierce through, to trans- fix). 5. transportare (to carry across, to transport). 6. transferre (to bring through, to transfer). 7. transmittere (to send across, to trans- mit). 8. tranare (to swim across). C. Read the Latin and translate into English. 1. Litigabant ad invicem, quoniam non credebant quod eis dixerat dominus eorum. 2. Si nos jiingimus turmis inimicorum, nobis non i 4 2 LATIN GRAMMAR parcetur. 3. Quomodo tumulos mortuis ohm faciebant? 4. Jurave- runt, nisi migrarent ex civitate, ipsos eos ejecturos esse foras. 5. Pueri non in domo erant, dum ego illic eram. 6. Ossa multorum sanctorum et martyrum in illis tumulis inventa sunt. 7. Virum alium non vidi, quia in umbra stabat. 8. Dicta hujus hominis vera sunt, sed dicta alius vana et dolosa sunt. 9. Nullus homo per ignem transire potest incolu- mis. 10. Decebat praemia offerre eis qui multum sacrificaverant pro patria sua. 11. Quondam eos convertere ab maiitiis suis conatus erat, sed conatus sui vani erant. 12. Vita ullius hominis sine macula esse debet, ut alios in vias rectas adducat. 13. Libros neutri puero dabo. 14. Nobis non licebat remanere in civitate ilia die. 15. Multae eccle- siae discipulis in terris novis aedificandae erant. 16. Cum famuli sui ei bene servivissent, servitutis fidelis eorum oblitus est. 17. Opera bona vestra vobis proficient, diebus quibus adjutorium aliorum necessarium erit. 18. Factum est, cum ad invicem conjuravissent, rex per illam viam ibat. 19. Virginibus auxilio veniebant. 20. Ilia domus meo fratri est. Unit Two A. 1. Tibi soli peccavi, et malum coram te feci. 2. Domine Jesu Christi, Rex gloriae, libera animas omnium fidelium defunctorum de poenis inferni et de profundo lacu. 3. Libera eos de ore leonis, nc absorbeat eas tartarus, ne cadant in obscurum, sed signifer sanctus Michael repraesentet eas in lucem sanctam, quam olim Abrahae promisijti, et semini ejus. 4. Fac eas, Domine, de morte transire ad vitam. 5. Praesta, quaesumus, omnipotens Deus, ut anima famuli tui, quae hodie de hoc saeculo migravit, his sacrificiis purgata, et a pec- catis expedita, indulgentiam pariter et requiem capiat sempiternam. 6. Non intres in judicium cum servo tuo, Domine, quia nullus apud te justificabitur homo, nisi per te omnium peccatorum ei tribuatur remissio. 7. Deus, cui proprium est misereri semper et parcere, te siipplices exoramus pro anima famulae tuae, quam hodie de hoc LATIN GRAMMAR M3 saeculo migrare jussisti, ut non tradas earn in manus inimici, nequc obliviscaris in finem, sed jiibeas earn a Sanctis Angelis suscipi, et ad patriam paradisi perduci; ut, quia in te speravit et credidit, non poc- nas inferni sustineat, sed gaudia aeterna possideat. 8. In illo tempore, dixit Jesus turbis Judaeorum: Omne, quod dat mihi Pater, ad me veniet: et, eum, qui venit ad me, non ejiciam foras, quia descendi de caelo, non ut faciam voluntatem meam, sed voluntatem ejus, qui misit me. 9. Fidelium, Deus, omnium Conditor et Redemptor, animabus famulorum, famulariimque tuarum remissionem cunctorum tribue peccatorum; ut indulgentiam quam semper optaverunt, piis suppli- cationibus consequantur. 10. Litigabant ergo Judaei ad mvicem, di- centes: Quomodo potest hie nobis carnem suam dare ad manducan- dum? 11. Illuminare his, qui in tenebris et in umbra mortis sedent; ad dirigendos pedes nostros in viam pacis. 12. Fac, quaesumus, Do- mine, hanc cum servo tuo defuncto misericordiam, ut factorum suorum, in poenis non recipiat vicem, qui tuam in votis tenuit volun- tatem; ut sicut hie eum vera fides junxit fidelium turmis ita illic eurn tua miseratio societ angelicis choris. B. Form as many sentences as possible with the following combina- tions and translate each into English. Decet Licebat Decebat Licebit Licet Factum est: Dccuit Non licebat Non decet Non licet aqua in lacu profunda nimis erat. veritatem omnes homines docerc nobis, opera Dei judicare. plebi intrare in ecclesias suas. laudare eos qui nobis serviunt bene, peccata dimittere eorum qui confessi sunt. y terra nimis tremebat. repellere inimicos qui nos affligunL honorare viros impios et dolosos. sonum tubarum et cornuum in nocte audiebant. viris in ilia regione vinum bibere. pauperibus munera donare. i 4 4 LATIN GRAMMAR C. Change the adjective in parentheses to the right form to agree with the noun. i. (alius) vinculi. 2. (nullus) poenae. 3. (lotus) mundi. 4. (solus) praemio. 5. (unus) Dei. 6. (ullus) ossibus. 7. (alter) tumuli. 8. (uter) virum. 9. (neuter) leonis. 10. (ullus) roris. 11. (totus) tartaro. 12. (unus) exercitui. 13. (alius) Judaeos. 14. (alter) ovi. 15. (solus) lin- guae. 16. (ullus) episcopo. 17. (nullus) cineris. 18. (uter) antistiti. 19. (alius) calculo. 20. (neuter) diei. Unit Three A. Explain the use of the dative in each of these sentences. 1. Nobis panem dederunt. 2. Adhaereat visceribus meis. 3. Tectum domui superponunt. 4. Prosit mihi ad tutamentum mentis et cor- poris. 5. Nemo tibi nocebit. 6. Civitas plebi condenda est. 7. Pueri virginibus anteibunt. 8. Pauperibus succurrit. 9. Praemia eis non placebant. 10. Domus ilia fratri meo est. 11. Dona nobis pacem. 12. Muros civitati circumdabant. 13. Fac me tuis semper inhaerere man- datis. 14. Non mihi proveniat in judicium et condemnationem. 15. Fuit homo missus a Deo, cui nomen erat Joannes. 16. Placeat tibi. 17. Miserere nobis. 18. Carthago Romanis delenda est. 19. Confiteor Deo omnipotent. 20. Ei mandavit, ut nemini id diceret. 21. Famula domino servit. 22. Venerunt auxilio patri suo. 23. Offerimus praeclarae majestati tuae. 24. Matribus et filiis pepercerunt. 25. Gratias agimus tibi. B. Vocabulary building. a) Derivations. Find in Units One and Two the words that have the same derivation as the following : 1. jusjurandum (oath). 2. parce (sparingly). 3. vincire (to bind). 4. umbrosus (shady). 5. expeditio (expedition). 6. par (equal). 7. annus (year). 8. vanitas (emptiness). 9. sorbere (to suck). 10. purus (pure). 11. jurare (to swear). 12. perfnii (to enjoy). 13. ire (to go). 14. portare (to carry). 15. ferre (to bring). 16. nare (to swim). LATIN GRAMMAR 145 b) Observe the relation between these Latin and English words. Latin vicis absorbere litigare jiingere expedire jurare tranare English vicissitude absorbent litigant conjunction expeditious jury natatorium c) Observe the relation of these adjectives to diibius (doubtful) calidus (warm) timidus (timid) purus (pure) fidelis (faithful) amabilis (loveable) dolorosus (sorrowful) sanus (healthy) mutabilis (changeable) salvus (safe) vivus (living) misericors (merciful) Latin English perennis perennial vanus vanity purgare purgatory migrarc immigrant OS ossify optare optional these verbs dubitare (to doubt) calere (to be warm) timere (to fear) purgare (to cleanse) fidere (to trust) amare (to love) dolere (to suffer) sanare (to heal) mutare (to change) salvare (to save) vivere (to live) misereri (to have mercy) READING LESSON i. Et factum est cum esset in quodam loco orans, ut cessavit, dixit unus ex discipulis ejus ad eum: Domine, doce nos orare, sicut docuit et Joannes discipulos suos. 2. Et ait illis: Cum oralis, dicite: Pater, sanctificetur nomen tuum. Adveniat regnum tuum. 3. Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodic. 4. Et dimitte nobis peccata nostra, siquidem et ipsi dimittimus omni debenti nobis. Et ne nos inducas in tentationem. 5. Et ait ad illos: Quis vestrum habebit amicum, et ibit ad ilium media nocta, et dicet illi: Amice, commoda mihi tres panes. 6. Quoniam amicus meus venit de via ad me, et non habeo quod ponam ante ilium, 7. Et ille deintus respondens dicat: Noli mihi molestus esse, jam ostium clausum est, et pueri mei mecum sunt in cubili: non possum surgere, et dare tibi. 8. Et si ille perseveraverit pulsans, dico vobis: et si non dabit illi surgens eo quod amicus ejus sit, propter improbitatem tamen ejus surget, et dabit illi quotquot habet necessarios. 9. Et ego dico vobis: Petite, et dabitur vobis: quaerite, et invenietis: pulsate, et aperietur vobis. 10. Omnis enim qui petit, accipit: et qui quaerit, invenit: et pul- santi aperietur. 11. Quis autem ex vobis patrem petit panem, numquid lapidem dabit illi? Aut piscem: numquid pro pisce serpentem dabit illi? 12. Aut si petierit ovum: numquid porriget illi scorpionem? 13. Si ergo vos cum sitis mali, nostis bona data dare filiis vestris: quanto magis Pater vester de caelo dabit spiritum bonum petentibus se? 146 LATIN GRAMMAR 147 14. Et erat ejiciens daemonium, et illud erat mutum. Et cum ejecis- set daemonium, locutus est mutus, et admiratae sunt turbae. 15. Quidarn an rem ex eis dixerunt: In Beelzebub principe dae- moniorum ejicit dacmonia. 16. Et alii tentantes, signum de caelo quaerebant ab eo. 17. lose autem ut videt cogitationes eorum, dixit eis: Omne reg- num n sripsum divisum desolabitur, et domus supra domum cadet. 18. Si autem et Satanas in seipsum divisus est, quomodo stabit regnum ejus? quia dicitis in Beelzebub me ejicere daemonia. 19. Si autem ego in Beelzebub ejicio daemonia: filii vestri in quo ejicient? Ideo ipsi judices vestri erunt. 20. Porro si in digito Dei ejicio daemonia: profecto pervenit in vos regnum Dei. 21. Cum fortis armatus custodit atrium suum, in pace sunt ea quae possidet. 22. Si autem fortior eo superveniens vicerit eum, universa arma ejus auferet, in quibus confidebat, et spolia ejus distribuet. 23. Qui non est mecum, contra me est: et qui non colligit mecum, dispergit. 24. Cum immundus spiritus exierit de homine, ambulat per loca inaquosa, quaerens requiem: et non inveniens dicit: Revertar in do- mum meam unde exivi. 25. Et cum venerit, invenit earn scopis mundatam et ornatam. 26. Tunc vadit, et assumit septem alios spiritus secum, nequiores se, et ingressi habitant ibi. Et fiunt novissima hominis illius pejora prioribus. (Jesu Christi Evangelium secundum Lucam, caput XI, 1-26.) LESSON XIX Unit One Itc, Missa est. Go, the Mass is finished. Vocabulary relaxare, to loosen annuere (annui), to assent, to nod to, to hear constitiierc (constitui, constitutes), to constitute, to decree contrahere (contraxi, contractus), to contract coronare, to crown dealbare, to ma\e white delectare, to be delighted discutere (-10 verb) (discussi, disciissus), to disperse, to judge gerere (gessi, gestus), to carry, to manage ignorare, to be ignorant of, not to \now sequestrare, to separate latere, to lie hidden utique, indeed, certainly certamen, certaminis, n., strife cithara, -ae, f., harp cura, -ae, f .> care favilla, -ae, £., ashes haedus, -i, m., goat nix, nivis, f., snow reus, rei, m., criminal, sinner; as adj., guilty incolatus, incolatus, m., sojourn, residence cassus, -a, -um, vain, worthless contribulatus, -a, -um, troubled 148 LATIN GRAMMAR 149 horrendus, -a, -urn, dreadful lacrimosus, -a, -urn, tearful quisquis (decline both parts like quis), whoever 45. Comparison of adjectives and adverbs. The comparative of ad- jectives is formed by adding -ior (neuter, -ius) to the base of the positive, the comparative of adverbs being, for the most part, the same as the neuter comparative of the adjective. The superlative is usually formed by adding to the base of the positive -issimus for adjectives ending in -s or -x (adverbs -issime), -rimus for adjectives ending in -r (adverbs -rime), and -limus for adjectives ending in -ills (adverbs -lime). Positive altus, high fortis, strong velox, swift miser, wretched acer, sharp facilis, easy difficilis, difficult humilis, humble fortiter, bravely misere, wretchedly facile, easily acriter, sharply Comparative altior, higher fortior, stronger velocior, swifter miserior, more wretched acrior, sharper facflior, easier difficilior, more diffi- cult humilior, humbler Superlative altissimus, highest fortissimus, strongest velocissimus, swiftest miserrimus, most wretched acerrimus, sharpest facillimus, easiest difficlllimus, most difficult humillimus, hum- blest fortius, more bravely fortissime, most bravely misenus, more wretchedly facilius, more easily acrius, more sharply misernme, most wretchedly facillime, most easily acerrime, most sharply 46. Irregular comparisons. Some common adjectives and adverbs are compared irregularly. 150 Positive bonus, good malus, bad magnus, great parvus, small LATIN GRAMMAR Comparative melior, better pejor, worse major, greater minor, smaller Superlative optimus, best pessimus, worst maximus, greatest minimus, smallest optime, best pessime, worst maxime, most plurimum, most minime, least bene, well melius, better male, badly pejus, worse magnopere, greatly magis, more multum, much plus, more parum, little minus, less 47. Velle, to wish, to be willing; nolle, to be unwilling. These partly irregular verbs double the 1 only in the infinitive and in the imperfect subjunctive. Elsewhere they have but one 1. The present indicative only presents special difficulty. Present Indicative (velle, to wish, to be willing) (nolle, to be unwilling) volo volumus nolo nolumus vis vultis non vis non vultis vult volunt non vult nolunt The imperative of nolle is often used with an infinitive to express a command: Noli dicere, Do not say. See Appendix for the remaining tenses. 48. Uses of the ablative. a) Ablative absolute. When they had received the Mandatis regis acceptis, ad civi- \ings commands they returned tatem rediverunt to the city. b) Accompaniment with cum. The boys went to church with Piieri cum patre suo ad eccle- their father. siam ierunt LATIN GRAMMAR 151 c) After a comparative when quam {than) is omitted. ~ 7 7 . ^ 7 j . j . , . fFilius major est quam pater. I he boy is taller than his father. \—,. % [Films major patre est. d) To express the agent or doer of an action with the passive voice and the preposition ab (a). The \ingdom was saved by its Regnum ab ho minibus suis fide- faithful men, libus salvabatur. e) To express cause without a preposition. They all shouted with joy. Omnes gaudio clamabant. f) To express degree of difference in a sentence involving a comparison. This house is ten feet higher Haec domus decern pedibus than that one. altior est quam ilia. g) To express manner with or without the preposition cum. They entered the city with loud Magnis clamoribus introibant in shouts. civitatem. h) To express means or instrument without a preposition. They have been saved by the Gratia Dei salvati sunt. grace of God. i) To express place in, on, or from which with the prepositions in, ab, de, and ex. They are standing in the shade. Stant in umbra. We live on the earth. In terra vivimus. They come from Rome. Roma veniunt. He descended from heaven. Descendit de caelis. They went out of the house. Ex domo ierunt. j) To express quality or description without a preposition, the noun being modified by an adjective. He was a \ing of great power. Rex magna potestate erat. i 5 a LATIN GRAMMAR k) To express specification without a preposition. He was ever diligent in the cause Causa pacis semper diligens erat. of peace. 1) To express separation with or without a preposition. They will be delivered from their Miseriis suis eruentur. miseries. From all evil, Lord, deliver us. Ab omni malo, libera nos, Do- mine. m) To express time when, with or without a preposition. In one day many buildings were Una die multa aedificia cremata burned. sunt. Mercifully grant peace in our Da propitius pacem in diebus days. nostris. n) Certain prepositions, ab, de, cum, ex, sine, pro, and prae regu- larly govern the ablative. We cannot do this without help. Non possumus hoc facere sine auxilio. They will spea\ in our behalf. Loquentur pro nobis. The men walked ahead of the Viri prae pueris ingressi sunt. boys. o) The deponent verbs uti (to use), frui (to enjoy), fungi (to perform), potiri (to take possession of), vesci (to eat) and their com- pounds take their direct objective in the ablative case. He will use our boo\s. Nostris libris utetur. They are enjoying their new free- Nova libertate sua fruuntur. dom. He has performed his tas\s well. Operibus suis bene functus est. The army got possession of all Militia potita est omnibus monti- the hills around the city. bus circum civitatem. They eat meat and bread. Carne atque pane vescunt. LATIN GRAMMAR 153 EXERCISES A. Suffixes. The suffixes -men, -mentum, -bulum, -culum, -crum, -trum are added to verb stems to denote means or instrument. 1. nomen, name (from noscere, to know; that is, a means of know- ing). 2. vinculum, bond (from vincire, to bind; that is, a means of binding). 3. fliimen, river (from fhiere, to flow). 4. certamen, strife (from certare, to contend). 5. semen, seed (from serere, to sow). 6. lumen, light (from lucere, to shine). 7. testamentum, testament (from testari, to bear witness). 8. firmamentum, firmament, prop (from firmare, to make firm). 9. sepulcrum, sepulcher (from sepelire, to bury). 10. tutamentum, safeguard (from tutare, to protect). 11. mon- strum, portent (from monere, to warn). 12. stabulum, stable (from stare, to stand). B. The prefix in- with adjectives has a negative force. 1. inimicus, enemy (in + amicus = not friendly). 2. incredibilis, incredible (in + credibilis = not credible). 3. immortalis, immortal (in (im) + mortalis = not mortal). 4. incognitas, unknown (in + cognitus = not known). 5. insciens, unaware (in -\- sciens = not knowing). 6. iniquus, uneven, unjust (in + aequus = not even). 7. imitilis, useless (in + utilis = not useful). 8. indignus, unworthy (in + dignus = not worthy). 9. iniiltus, unavenged (in -\- ultus = not avenged). 10. incertus, uncertain (in + certus = not certain). 11. immiindus, unclean (in + mundus = not clean). 12. immacula- tus, immaculate (in + maculatus = not stained). 13. innocens, in- nocent (in + nocens = not harmful). 14. informis, shapeless (in + forma = not having a form). Unit Two A. Read and translate into English. 1. In nomine Patris, et Filii et Spiritus Sancti. 2. Discerne causam meam de gente non sancta. 3. Ab homine iniquo et doloso erue me. 4. Confitebor tibi in cithara, Deus, Deus meus. 5. Sicut erat in prin- i 5 4 LATIN GRAMMAR cipio ct nunc et semper. 6. Dimissis peccatis tuis. 7. Quia peccavi nimis cogitatione, verbo, et opere. 8. Mea culpa, mea culpa, mea maxima culpa. 9. Dominus vobiscum. Et cum spiritu tuo. 10. Aufer a nobis iniquitates nostras, ut ad Sancta sanctorum puris mereamur mentibus introire. 11. Gloria in excelsis Deo, et in terra pax homini- bus bonae voluntatis. 12. Munda cor meum, ac labia mea, omnipotens Deus, qui labia Isame prophetae calculo mundasti ignito. 13. Dominus sit in corde tuo. 14. Deum de Deo, lumen de lumine, Deum verum de Deo vero. 15. Crucifixus etiam pro nobis, sub Pontio Pilato passus, et sepultus est. 16. Et iterum venturus est cum gloria. 17. Qui cum Patre, et Filio simul adoratur. 18. OfTerimus tibi, Domine, calicem salutaris, tuam deprecantes clementiam, ut in conspcctu divmae majes- tatis tuae, pro nostra, et totius mundi salute cum odore suavitatis ascendat. 19. In spiritu humilitatis, et in animo contrho suscipia- mur a te, Domine. 20. Ne perdas cum impiis, Deus, animam meam, et cum viris sanguinum vitam meam. 21. In quorum manibus ini- quitates sunt, dextera eorum repleta est muneribus. 22. In ecclesiis benedicam te, Domine. 23. Pleni sunt caeli et terra gloria tua. 24. Elevatis oculis. 25. Simili modo. 26. Supra quae propitio ac sereno vultu respicere digneris. 27. Omni benedictione caelesti et gratia repleamur. 28. Qui nos praecesserunt cum signo fidei et dormiunt in somno pacis. 29. Praeceptis salutaribus moniti, et divina institutione formati, audemus dicere. 30. Sed libera nos a malo. 31. Libera nos, quaesumus, Domine, ab omnibus malis, praeteritis, praesentibus et futuris, et intercedente beata, et gloriosa semper Virgine Dei Geni- trice Maria, cum beatis Apostolis Petro et Paulo, atque Andrea, et omnibus Sanctis, da propftius pacem in diebus nostris; ut ope miseri- cordiae tuae adjuti, et a peccato simus semper liberi, et ab omni per- turbatione securi. 32. Sed tantum die verbo. 33. Quod ore sumpsimus, Domine, pura mente capiamus. 34. Requiescant in pace. 35. Sine ipso factum est nihil, quod factum est. 36. Lux in tenebris lucet. 37. Asper- ges me hyssopo, et mundabor; lavabis me, et super nivem dealbabor. 38. Holocaustis non delectaberis. 39. Sacrificium Deo spiritus contri- LATIN GRAMMAR 155 bulatus. 40. Fratres: Nolumus vos ignorare de dormientibus, ut non contristemini, sicut et ceteri qui spem non habent. 41. Dies irae, dies ilia, solvet saeclum (saeculum) in favilla. 42. Tantus labor non sit cassus. 43. Quantus tremor est futiirus, quando judex est venturus, cuncta stricte discussiirus. 44. Quidquid latet, apparebit. 45. Inter oves locum praesta, et ab haedis me sequestra. 46. Oro supplex et acclinis, cor contritum quasi cinis, gere curam mei finis. 47. Annue nobis, quaesumus, Domine, ut animae famuli tui haec prosit oblatio, quam immolando totius mundi tribuisti relaxari delicta. 48. Quoniam, si voluisses sacrificium, dedissem utique; holocaustis non delectaberis. 49. Lacrimosa dies ilia, qua resurget ex favilla judicandus homo reus; huic ergo parce Deus. 50. Tuis enim fidelibus, Domine, vita mutatur, non tollitur, et dissoluta hujus incolatus domo, aeterna in caelis habi- tatio comparatur. 51. Da nobis, Domine, ut animam famuli tui Epis- copi, quam de hujus saeculi eduxisti laborioso certamine, sanctorum tuorum tribuas esse consortem. 52. Caelestis participatio sacramenti, quaesumus, Domine, animabus patris et matris meae requiem et lu- cem obtineat perpetuam; meque cum illis gratia tua coronet aeterna. 53. Pro animabus famulorum, famularumque tuarum, et omnium catholicorum hie et ubique in Christo dormientium, hostiam, Domine, suscipe benignus oblatam; ut hoc sacrificio singulari, vinculis horren- dae mortis exuti, vitam mereantur aeternam. 54. Siipplices, Domine, pro animabus famulorum, famularumque tuarum preces efTundimus; obsecrantes, ut quidquid conversatione contraxerunt humana, et cle- menter indulgeas, et in tuorum sede laetantium constituas redemp- torum. B. Give the comparative and superlative forms of each of these ad- jectives and adverbs. 1. potens. 2. ahus. 3. dilectus. 4. magnopere. 5. fortis. 6. nova. 7. sancti. 8. beatum. 9. clemens. 10. facile. 11. velox. 12. bene. 13. fortiter. 14. misera. 15. acris. 16. malus. 17. bonus. 18. male. 19. multum. 20. mag- nus. 21. parva. 22. parum. 23. excelsus. 24. nobilis. 25. certus. i 5 6 LATIN GRAMMAR Unit Three A. Give the forms of velle and nolle as indicated velle ego " present indicative imperfect subjunctive future vos pluperfect subjunctive ^ imperfect indicative nolle ' present subjunctive future nos \ imperfect indicative ei perfect subjunctive present indicative future perfect indicative present indicative perfect subjunctive imperfect subjunctive pluperfect indicative r imperfect indicative future perfect indicative present indicative present subjunctive imperfect subjunctive B. Write ten short sentences in Latin, each one to illustrate a dif- ferent use of the ablative. C. Vocabulary building. a) Derivations. Find in Units One and Two the words that have the same derivation as the following: i. corona (wreath). 2. albus (white). 3. disciissio (dispersal). 4. certare (to contend). 5. latro (robber). 6. nivosus (snowy). 7. reatus (criminal condition). 8. lacrima (tear). 9. curare (to care for). 10. testis (witness). 11. laetari (to rejoice). 12. monstruosus (monstrous). b) Observe the relation between these Latin and English words. Latin English Latin English relaxarc relaxation coronarc coronet delectare delectable latere latent cura curate contribulatus tribulation nomen nominate lumen luminous JLAT1IN GKAMMAK 157 c) Observe these word families. Noun Adjective Verb ignorantia (ig- ignotus (un- ignorare (to be norance) known) ignorant of) nix (snow) nivosus ningere (to (snowy) snow) horror (horror) horrendus horrere (of (dreadful) hair, to stand on end) lacrima (tear) lacrimosus lacrimare (to (tearful) weep) cura (care) curiosus (care- curare (to care ful) for) READING LESSON i. Haec cum dixisset Jesus, egressus est cum discipulis suis trans Torrentem Cedron, ubi erat hortus in quern introivit ipse, et discipuli ejus. 2. Sciebat autem et Judas, qui tradebat eum, locum: quia frequenter Jesus convenerat illuc cum discipulis suis. 3. Judas ergo cum accepisset cohortem, et a pontificibus et pharisaeis ministros, venit illuc cum laternis et facibus, et armis. 4. Jesus itaque sciens omnia quae ventura erant super eum, pro- cessit, et dixit eis: Quern quaeritis? 5. Responderunt ei: Jesum Nazarenum. Dicit eis Jesus: Ego sum. Stabat autem et Judas qui tradebat eum, cum ipsis. 6. Ut ergo dixit eis, Ego sum, abierunt retrorsum et ceciderunt in terram. 7. Iterum ergo interrogavit eos: Quern quaeritis? Illi autem di- xerunt: Jesum Nazarenum. 8. Respondit Jesus: Dixi vobis quia ego sum: si ergo me quaeritis, sinite hos abire. 9. Ut impleretur sermo quern dixit: Quia quos dedisti mihi, non perdidi ex eis quemquam. 10. Simon ergo Petrus habens gladium eduxit eum: et percussit pontificis servum: et abscidit auriculam ejus dexteram. Erat autem nomen servo Malchus. 11. Dixit ergo Jesus Petro: Mitte gladium tuum in vaginam. Cali- cem quern dedit mihi Pater, non bibam ilium? 12. Cohors ergo, et tribunus, et ministri Judaeorum comprehen- derunt Jesum, et ligaverunt eum: 13. Et adduxerunt eum ad Annam primum; erat enim socer Cai- phae, qui erat pontifex anni illius. 158 LATIN GRAMMAR 159 14. Erat autem Caiphas, qui consilium dederat Judaeis: Quia ex- pedite unum hominem mori pro populo. 15. Sequebatur autem Jesum Simon Petrus, et alius discipulus. Discipulus autem ille erat notus pontifici, et introivit cum Jesu in atrium pontificis. 16. Petrus autem stabat ad ostium foris. Exivit ergo discipulus alius qui erat notus pontifici, et dixit ostiariae: et introduxit Petrum. 17. Dicit ergo Petro ancilla ostiaria: Numquid et tu ex discipulis es hominis istius? Dicit ille: Non sum. 18. Stabant autem servi et ministri ad prunas, quia frigus erat, et calefaciebant se: erat autem cum eis et Petrus stans, et calefaciens se. 19. Pontifex ergo interrogavit Jesum de discipulis suis, et de doc- trina ejus. 20. Respondit ei Jesus: Ego palam locutus sum mundo: ego semper docui in synagoga, et in templo, quo omnes Judaei conveniunt: et in occulto locutus sum nihil. 21. Quid me interrogas? Interroga eos qui audierunt quid locutus sim ipsis: ecce hi sciunt quae dixerim ego. 22. Haec autem cum dixisset, unus assistens ministrorum dedit alapam Jesu, dicens: Sic respondens pontifici? 23. Respondit ei Jesus: Si male locutus sum, testimonium perhibe de malo: si autem bene, quid me caedis? 24. Et misit eum Annas ligatum ad Caipham pontificem. 25. Erat autem Simon Petrus stans, et calefaciens se. Dixerunt ergo ei: Numquid et tu ex discipulis ejus es? Negavit ille, et dixit: Non sum. 26. Dicit ei unus ex servis pontificis, cognatus ejus, cujus abscidit Petrus auriculam: Nonne ego te vidi in horto cum illo? 27. Iterum ergo negavit Petrus: et statim gallus cantavit. 28. Adducunt ergo Jesum a Caipha in praetorium. Erat autem mane: et ipsi non introierunt in praetorium, ut non contaminarentur sed ut manducarent pascha. 29. Exivit ergo Pilatus ad eos foras, et dixit: Quam accusationem aflertis adversus hominem hunc? 160 LATIN GRAMMAR 30. Respondcrunt, et dixerunt ci: Si non cssct hie malefactor, non tibi tradidissemus eum. 31. Dixit ergo eis Pilatus: Accipite eum vos, et secundum legem vestram judicate eum. Dixerunt ergo ci Judaei: Nobis non licet inter- ficere quemquam. 32. Ut sermo Jesu impleretur, quern dixit, significans qua morte esset moriturus. 33. Introivit ergo iterum in praetorium Pilatus, et vocavit Jesum, et dixit ei : Tu es rex Judaeorum ? 34. Respondit Jesus: A temetipso hoc dicis, an alii dixerunt tibi de me ? 35. Respondit Pilatus: Numquid ergo Judaeus sum? Gens tua et pontifices tradiderunt te mihi : quid fecisti ? 36. Respondit Jesus : Regnum meum non est de hoc mundo : si ex hoc mundo esset regnum meum, ministri mei utique decertarent ut non traderer Judaeis; nunc autem regnum meum non est hinc. 37. Dixit itaque ei Pilatus: ergo rex es tu? Respondit Jesus: Tu dicis quia rex sum ego. Ego in hoc natus sum, et ad hoc veni in mundum, ut testimonium perhibeam veritati: omnis qui est ex veri- tate, audit vocem meam. 38. Dicit ei Pilatus: Quid est Veritas? Et cum hoc dixisset, iterum exivit ad Judaeos, et dicit eis: Ego nullam invenio in eo causam. 39. Est autem consuetudo vobis, ut unum dimittam vobis in pascha: vultis ego dimittam vobis regem Judaeorum ? 40. Clamaverunt ergo rursum omnes dicentes: Non hunc, sed Ba- rabbam. Erat autem Barabbas latro. (Jesu Christi Evangelium secundum Joannem, caput XVIII, 1-40.) LESSON XX Unit One Benedicat vos omnipotcns Deus, May almighty God bless you, the Pater et Films ct Spiritus Sanctus. Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. Vocabulary cxsultarc, to exult vigere, to thrive, to be active ingemiscerc (ingemui), to sigh, to groan obsecrare, to implore possidere (possedi, possessus), to possess premere (pressi, pressus), to press {upon) rapere (rapui, raptus) (-io verb), to snatch, to seize recordari, dep., to remember respirare, to breathe revelare, to reveal, to unveil rabere, to be red, to blush stupere, to be amazed poscere (poposci), to demand unde (adv.), therefore, thence, whence usque (adv.), all the way; ad usque, even until valde (adv.), exceedingly vix (adv.), scarcely, with difficulty neque (adv. and conj.)> and not, neither, nor nee non (adv.), and also, nor less obviam (adv.), on the way tamquam (adv.), li\c 161 1 62 LATIN GRAMMAR fons, fontis, m., fountain, source vitulus, -i, m., calf nubes, nubis (g. pi., niibium), f., cloud refrigerium, -ii, n., refreshment sermo, sermonis, m., word, discourse occiiltus, -a, -um, hidden propinquus, -a, -um, near; is a noun, a near relative singularis, m. and f., singubre, n., remarkable, excellent memor, m., £., and n.; gen. jLiemoris, mindful 49. Questions. a) A question that may be answered by "yes" or "no" may merely be a matter of vocal inflection. You believe this. Credis hoc. Do you believe this? Credis hoc? Or the syllable -ne may be attached to the most emphatic word, usually the first. Was he carrying the cross? Portabatne crucem? b) When the answer "yes" is expected, the question is introduced by nonne. Do they not please you? Nonne tibi placent? c) When the answer "no" is expected, the question is introduced by num or, frequently, numquid. Can we all be saints? Numquid omnes possumus esse sancti ? d) Double questions are introduced by utrum . . . an; -ne . . • an, or just an before the alternative part of the question. {Utrum amicus est an inimicus? Amicusne est an inimicus? Amicus est an inimkus? LATIN GRAMMAR 163 e) Latin has no single word that is equivalent to our word "yes" although various adverbs, such as etiam, even so, are used as a substi- tute or the important part of the question is repeated as a statement. Do you believe this? Yes. Credis hoc? Credo or Etiam. "No" may be expressed by the simple word non or the verb of the question may be repeated with non. Can you do these things? No. Potestisne haec facere? Non or Non possumus. 50. Defective verbs. These are verbs that have lost certain of their tenses. a) coepisse, to have begun; odisse, to hate; meminisse, to remem- ber. These verbs occur only in the perfect tenses. Perfect Infinitive: coepisse, to have begun; odisse, to hate; memi- nisse, to remember. Perfect Indicative: coepi, / began; odi, / hate; 1 memini, / remember. Past Participle: coeptus, begun; osus, hated. Observe. The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect of odisse and meminisse have the meanings of a present, imperfect and future re- spectively. odi, / hate; oderam, / hated; odcro, / shall hate. memini, I remember; memineram, / remembered; meminero, / shall remember. b) Other verbs have lost their perfect tenses and are partly defec- tive in other tenses. aio, / say. The commonest forms of this verb are the third person singular and plural of the present indicative: ait, he says (saith), aiunt, they say. 1 Also, sometimes, I hated. 164 LATIN GRAMMAR 51. Uses of the accusative a) As the direct object of a verb. We saw your brother. Vidimus fratrem tuum. b) After certain prepositions, the commonest being ad, ante, apud, circum, contra, inter, per, and trans. They sent aid to the city. Adjutorium ad civitatem mise- runt. He stood in the presence of the Stabat apud regem. \ing. We built a wall around our house. Aedificavimus murum circum domum nostram. c) As subject of the infinitive in indirect discourse. He said that his mother had Dixit matrem suam venlsse. come. d) To express duration of time and extent of space. They will stay here for one day. Unam diem * hie remanebunt. The wall extended for many feet. Murus multos pedes extendit. EXERCISES A. Suffixes. The suffix -ax is added to verb stems to form ad- jectives denoting a tendency, usually an extreme tendency. 1. audax, bold (from audere, to dare). 2. ferax, fertile (from ferre, to bear). 3. sagax, clever (from sagire, to perceive quickly). 4. men- dax, lying (from mentiri, to lie). 5. edax, greedy (from edere, to eat). 6. tenax, tenacious (from tenere, to hold) . B. The suffix -idus is added to verb stems to form adjectives de- noting a state or settled condition. 1. timidus, timid (from timere, to fear). 2. ciipidus, desirous (from 1 The ablative may also be used. LATIN GRAMMAR 165 ciipere, to desire). 3. languidus, weak (from languere, to be weak). 4. frigidus, cold (from frigere, to be cold). 5. aridus, dry (from arere, to be dry). 6. rapidus, rapid (from rapere, to snatch). 7. validus, strong, well (from valere, to be strong, to be well) . 8. nitidus, bright (from nitere, to shine). 9. candidus, shining white (from candere, to glitter). 10. pallidus, pale (from palere, to be pale). Unit Two A. Read and translate into English. 1. Te igitur, clementissime Pater, per Jesum Christum Filium tuum Dominum nostrum, supplices rogamus, ac petimus, uti accepta habeas, et benedicas, haec dona, haec munera, haec sancta sacrificia illibata. 2. In primis, quae tibi offerimus pro Ecclesia tua sancta catho- lica; quam pacificare, custodire, adunare, et regere digneris toto orbc terrarum; una cum famulo tuo Papa nostro P10, et Antistite nostro Paulo, et omnibus orthodoxis atque catholicae, et apostolicae fidei cultoribus. 3. Memento {imperative), Domine, famulorum famula- riimque N. et N. et omnium circumstantium, quorum tibi fides cog- nita est, et nota devotio, pro quibus tibi offerimus; vel qui tibi offerunt hoc sacrificium laudis, pro se, suisque omnibus; pro redemp- tion animarum suarum, pro spe salutis, et incolumitatis suae; tibiquc reddunt vota sua aeterno Deo, vivo et vero. 4. Unde et memores, Do- mine, nos servi tui, sed et plebs tua sancta, ejusdem Christi Filii tui Domini nostri tarn beatae Passionis, nee non et ab inferis Resurrec- tionis, sed et in caelos gloriosae Ascensionis; offerimus praeclarae Majestati tuae, de tuis donis, ac datis, hostiam puram, hostiam sanc- tam, hostiam immaculatam, Panem sanctum vitae aeternae et Cali- cem salutis perpetuae. 5. Memento, etiam, Domine, famulorum, famularumque tuarum N. et N. qui nos praecesserunt cum signo fidei et dormiunt in somno pacis. 6. Ipsis, Domine, et omnibus in Christo quiescentibus, locum refrigerii, lucis et pacis, ut indulgeas, depreca- mur. 7. Quotquot autem receperunt eum, dedit eis potestatem filios Dei fieri, his, qui credunt in nomine ejus; qui non ex sanguinibus, i66 LATIN GRAMMAR nequc ex voluntate carnis, ncque ex voluntate viri, sed ex Deo nati sunt. 8. Tibi soli peccavi, et malum coram te feci; ut justificeris in sermonibus tuis, et vincas cum judicaris. 9. Ecce enim veritatem di- lexisti; incerta et occulta sapientiae tuae manifestasti mihi. 10. Deinde nos, qui vivimus, qui relinquimur, simul rapicmur cum illis in nubi- bus obviam Christo in aera et sic semper cum Domino erimus. 11. Mors stupebit et natiira, cum resiirget creatura, judicanti responsura. 12. Quid sum miser tunc dicturus? Quern patronum rogaturus, cum vix Justus sit securus? 13. Rex tremendae Majestatis, qui salvandos salvas gratis, salva me, fons pietatis. 14. Recordare, Jesu pie, quod sum causa tuae viae; ne me perdas ilia die. 15. Ingemisco, tamquam reus; culpa rubet vultus meus; supplicanti parce, Deus. 16. Dixit Martha ad Jesum: Domine, si fuisses hie, frater meus non fuisset mortuus; sed et nunc scio, quia quaecumque poposceris a Deo, dabit tibi Deus. 17. Ait illi: Otique, Domine, ego credidi, quia tu es Christus Filius Dei vivi, qui in hunc mundum venisti. 18. Non ergo eum, quaesumus, tua judicialis sententia premat, quern tibi vera supplicatio fidei Chris- tianae commendat; sed gratia tua illi succurrente mereatur evadere judicium ultionis, qui dum viveret, insignitus est signaculo sanctae Trinitatis. 19. Dies ilia, dies irae, calamitatis et miseriae, dies magna et amara valde. 20. Salus ex inimicis nostris, et de manu omnium qui oderunt nos. 21. Absolve, quaesumus, Domine, animam famuli tui ab omni vinculo delictorum; ut in resurrectionis gloria inter sanc- tos et electos tuos resuscitatus respiret. 22. Deus, veniae largitor, et humanae salutis amator; quaesumus clementiam tuam; ut nostrae congregationis fratres, propinquos, et benefactores, qui ex hoc saeculo transierunt, beata Marm semper Virgine intercedente cum omnibus Sanctis tuis, ad perpetuae beatitiidinis consortium pervenire concedas. 23. Pro animabus famulorum, famularumque tuarum, et omnium catholicorum hie et ubique in Christo dormientium, hostiam, Domine, suscipe benignus oblatam; ut hoc sacrificio singulari, vinculis hor- rendae mortis exiiti, vitam mereantur aeternam. 24. Supplices, Domine pro animabus famulorum, famularumque tuarum preces ef- fiindimus; obsecrantes, ut quidquid conversatione contraxerunt hu- LATIN GRAMMAR 167 mana, et clementer indulgeas, et in tuorum sede laetantium constituas redemptorum. 25. Tunc acceptabis sacrificium justitiae, oblationes et holocausta; tunc imponent super altare tuum vitulos. 26. Deus, cui proprium est misereri semper et parcere, te supplices exoramus pro anima famuli tui N., quam hodie de hoc saeculo migrare jussisti; ut non tradas earn in manus inimici; neque obliviscaris in finem, sed jubcas earn a Sanctis Angelis suscipi, et ad patriam paradisi perduci; ut, quia in te speravit et credidit, non poenas inferni sustineat, sed gaudia aeterna possideat. 27. Vere dignum et justum est, aequum et salutare, nos tibi semper, et ubique gratias agere; Domine sancte, Pater omnipotens aeterne Deus; qui cum unigenito Filio tuo, et Spiritu Sancto, unus es Deus, unus es Dominus; non in unius singu- laritate personae, sed in unius Trinitate substantiae. 28. Quod enim de tua gloria, revelante te, credimus, hoc de Filio tuo, hoc de Spiritu Sancto, sine difTerentia discretions sentfmus. 29. Quaesumus, Domine, ut animae famuli tui N., cujus depositionis diem tertium commemo- ramus, sanctorum atque electorum tuorum largiri digneris consor- tium; et rorem misericordiae tuae perennem infundas. 30. Deus, qui inter apostolicos Sacerdotes, famulum tuum N. pontificali fecisti dig- nitate vigere; praesta, quaesumus, ut eorum quoque perpetuo aggre- getur consortio. Unit Three A. a) Explain the use of -ne, nonne, num, numquid in asking questions. b) How are double questions expressed? B. a) Name four defective verbs. b) Which ones are conjugated only in the perfect tenses? c) Which one has no perfect tenses? d) What is unusual about the meaning of the perfect forms of odisse and meminisse? 168 LATIN GRAMMAR C. Give four uses of the accusative case and illustrate each with a short sentence in Latin. D. Vocabulary building. a) Derivations. Find in Units One and Two the words that have the same derivation as the following : i. occiiltum (hidden thing). 2. singularitas (oneness). 3. velum (curtain, veil). 4. ruber (red). 5. stupidus (stupid). 6. via (road). 7. niibilus (cloudy). 8. frigidus (cold). 9. occiilte (secretly). 10. prope (near). 11. memorari (to remember). 12. horribilis (horrible). b) Observe the relation between these Latin and English words. Latin English Latin English rapere rapture recordari recorder respirare respiratory revelare revelation ruberc rubrics stupere stupefy fons font refrigerium refrigerator propinquus propinquity memor memorable sagax sagacious mendax mendacious c) Diminutives. Endings such as -lus, -ulus, -cuius, -ellus in any gender are frequently added to nouns or adjectives to give the word a special significance, such as endearment, pity or contempt, or merely smallness. 1. navicula, a little ship, a skiff (from navis, ship). 2. castellum, castle, fortress (from castrum, fort). 3. tabernaculum, tent, a small hut (from taberna, a hut). 4. lectulus, a small bed (from lectus, a bed). 5. osculum, a little mouth, a kiss (from os, mouth). 6. muliercula, a disgraceful woman (from mulier, woman). 7. parvulus, very small (from parvus, small). 8. libellus, note-book (from liber, book). 9. flagellum, a small whip (from flagrum, a scourge, a whip). 10. circu- lus, a small circle (from circus, circle). 11. malleolus, a little hammer (from malleus, a hammer, a mallet). 12. tabella, a tablet (from tabula, a board). REVIEW LESSON NUMBER IV A. Give a noun in Latin suggested by each of the following adjec- tives. i. gloriosus. 2. beatus. 3. sanctus. 4. humanus. 5. corporcus. 6. mag- nus. 7. aeternus. 8. clemens. 9. iniquus. 10. misericors. 11. fortis. 12. fraternus. 13. maternus. 14. miser. 15. fidelis. 16. dignus. 17. potens. 18. evangelicus. 19. temporalis. 20. apostolicus. 21. sacerdotalis. 22. tcr- ribilis. 23. memorabilis. 24. pius. 25. laboriosus. 26. innocens. 27. prudens. 28. verus. 29. vivus. 30. salvus. 31. altus. 32. multus. 33. uni- genitus. 34. suavis. 35. socius. 36. lassus. 37. largus. 38. propius. 39. divinus. 40. voluntarius. B. Write six short sentences in Latin involving indirect discourse, two after a verb of saying, two after a verb of knowing, and two after a verb of thinking. C. Give a noun in Latin suggested by each of the following verbs. 1. posse. 2. vocare. 3. salvare. 4. laudarc. 5. ducere. 6. diccrc. 7. scr- vire. 8. clamare. 9. orare. 10. judicare. 11. sperare. 12. dormirc. 13. senberc. 14. docere. 15. peccare. 16. conturbare. 17. salutare. 18. cogi- tare. 19. deprecari. 20. sequi. 21. diligere. 22. ascendere. 23. offerrc. 24. redimere. 25. timere. 26. scire. 27. viverc. 28. facere. 29. mod. 30. fidere. D. Give an adjective that describes correctly each of the following nouns. 1. vultus. 2. ovibus. 3. voluntatis. 4. die. 5. spem. 6. somno. 7. pace. 8. panes. 9. corporum. 10. cordis, n. verbis. 12. muri. 13. puerum. 14. monti. 15. labia. 169 i 7 o LATIN GRAMMAR E. Compose four Latin questions and answers illustrating the use of -ne, nonne, num, and numquid. F. Indicate whether these statements are right or wrong. i. Pius nomen Papae est. 2. Non videmus quod invisibile est. 3. Pes pars vultus est. 4. Homo potens, sed Deus omnipotens est. 5. Ec- clesia catholica semper crucem habet. 6. Filii boni non credunt id quod dicunt patres sui. 7. Opera sanctorum mirabilia erant. 8. Quando ego sum cum fratre meo, non solus sum. 9. Pueri diligentes laborem diligunt. 10. In patria nostra multae civitates sunt. 11. Oves pastorem sequuntur. 12. Nocte mundus in tenebris est. 13. Quando lassi sumus, dormimus. 14. Homo qui multum paupcribus dat, laudis dignus est. 15. Inimici nostri semper repelli possunt. 16. In novissimo die inno- centes recipient munus suum in regno caelorum. 17. Multae veritates tarn difliciles sunt, ut non comprehendantur ab omnibus. 18. Aliquae nationes magnos exercitus sustinent. 19. Omnes pueri canunt bene. 20. Per ostium in domum introimus. G. Give the meaning of each of these words. 1. principium. 2. posse. 3. culpa. 4. cor. 5. acer. 6. nunc. 7. ponerc. 8. nomen. 9. gens. 10. audere. 11. juventus. 12. quare. 13. eruere. 14. sicut. 15. pars. 16. lgitur. 17. fades. 18. somnus. 19. ecce. 20. item. 21. vultus. 22. spes. 23. dexter. 24. valere. 25. labium. 26. amarus. 27. ccte- rus. 28. foras. 29. ostium. 30. atque. 31. sanguis. 32. auris. 33. pes. 34. ignis. 35. lumen. 36. autem. 37. pridie. 38. accendere. 39. vox. 40. ter- tius. 41. vespertinus. 42. num. 43. quot. 44. scelus. 45. quotidianus. 46. frangere. 47. dignari. 48. ingredi. 49. petere. 50. tenebrae. H. Write ten short sentences in Latin, each one to illustrate a dif- ferent use of the ablative. I. Write complete Latin sentences using the following words or expressions. 1. lumen. 2. illuminare. 3. salvatio. 4. impius. 5. non movere. 6. de- precatio. 7. vultus. 8. mundare. 9. non beatus. 10. tenere. 11. loqui. LATIN GRAMMAR 171 12. vir. 13. dare laudem. 14. vocare alta voce. 15. ovis jtivenis. 16. mili- tia. 17. non certus. 18. servus. 19. spem habere. 20. conditio. 21. solvere. 22. ejicere foras. 23. dimittere. 24. indulgentia. 25. quondam. 26. be- nignus. 27. pracmium. 28. saeculum. 29. parens familiae. 30. aeternus. 31. domus Dei. 32. bibere. 33. manducare. 34. valcre. 35. fidem habere. 36. spiritus. 37. omnis. 38. quia. 39. liberare. 40. magnus nimis. 41. aniare multum. 42. quod ofTertur. 43. intrare. 44, discipulus Christi. 45. partes corporis quibus ingredimur. 46. requiescere in somno. 47. non abire. 48. non vivus. 49. non dignus. 50. petere. J. Use each of the following in a question and compose a suitable answer to each question. 1. quisquis. 2. poscere. 3. nubes. 4. certamen. 5. gcrere. 6. utique. 7. quondam. 8. ad invicem. 9. parcere. 10. tumulus. 11. ceterus. 12. amarus. 13. ovis. 14. exercitus. 15. conspectus. 16. dirigere. 17. nimis. 18. dexter. 19. spes. 20. adjutorium. 21. vultus. 22. verbum. 23. opus. 24. ostendere. 25. novus. 26. docere. 27. somnus. 28. tectum. 29. panis. 30. missa. 31. fides. 32. ergo. 33. credere. 34. pauper. 35. misereri. 36. gaudere. 37. tutamentum. 38. caro. 39. aperire. 40. ingredi. 41. loqui. 42. lassus. 43. quaerere. 44. cinis. 45. argentum. 46. eflulgere. 47. tene- brae. 48. mereri. 49. antistes. 50. diligere. READING LESSON i. Una autcm sabbati, Maria Magdalene venit mane, cum adhuc tcnebrae csscnt, ad monumentum et vidit lapidem sublatum a monu- mento. 2. Cucurrit ergo, et venit ad Simonem Petrum, et ad alium discipu- lum quern amabat Jesus, et dicit illis: Tulerunt Dominum de monu- mento, et nescimus ubi posuerunt eum. 3. Exiit ergo Petrus, et ille alius discipulus, et venerunt ad monu- mentum. 4. Currebant autem duo simul, et ille alius discipulus praecucurrit citius Petro, et venit primus ad monumentum. 5. Et cum se inclinasset, vidit posita linteamina, non tamen introivit. 6. Venit ergo Simon Petrus sequens eum, et introivit in monu- mentum, et vidit linteamina posita. 7. Et sudarium quod fuerat super caput ejus, non cum linteamini- bus positum, sed separatim involutum in unum locum. 8. Tunc ergo introivit et ille discipulus qui venerat primus ad monumentum, et vidit, et credidit: 9. Nondum enim sciebant Scripturam, quia oportebat eum a mor- tuis resurgere. 10. Abierunt ergo iterum discipuli ad semetipsos. 11. Maria autem stabat ad monumentum foris, plorans. Dum ergo fleret, inclinavit se, et prospexit in monumentum: 12. Et vidit duos angelos in albis, sedentes, unum ad caput, et unum ad pedes, ubi postum fuerat corpus Jesu. 13. Dicunt ei illi: Mulier, quid ploras? Dicit eis: Quia tulerunt Dominum meum; et nescio ubi posuerunt eum. 14. Haec cum dixisset, conversa est retrorsum, et vidit Jesum stan- tem : et non sciebat quia Jesus est. 15. Dicit ei Jesus: Mulier, quid ploras? quern quaeris? Ilia existi- 172 LATIN GRAMMAR 173 mans quia hortulanus essct, dicit ei: Dominc, si tu sustulisti cum, dicito mihi ubi posuisti eum; et ego cum tollam. 16. Dicit ei Jesus: Maria. Conversa ilia, dicit ei: Rabboni (quod dicitur magister). 17. Dicit ei Jesus: Noli me tangere, nundum enim ascendi ad Patrem meum: vade autem ad fratres meos, et die eis: Ascendo ad Patrem meum, et Patrem vestrum, Deum meum, et Deum vestrum. 18. Venit Maria Magdalene annuntians discipulis: Quia vidi Do- minum, et haec dixit mihi. 19. Cum ergo sero esset die illo, una sabbatorum, et fores essent clausae, ubi crant discipuli congregati propter metum Judaeorum; venit Jesus, et stetit in medio, et dixit eis: Pax vobis. 20. Et cum hoc dixisset, ostendit eis manus et latus. Gavisi sunt ergo discipuli, viso Domino. 21. Dixit ergo eis iterum: Pax vobis. Sicut misit me Pater, et ego mitto vos. 22. Haec cum dixisset, insufflavit, et dixit eis: Accipite Spiritum Sanctum. 23. Quorum rcmiseritis peccata, remittuntur eis : et quorum retinu- critis, retenta sunt. 24. Thomas autem unus ex duodecim, qui dicitur Didymus, non crat cum eis quando venit Jesus. 25. Dixerunt ergo ei alii discipuli : Vidimus Dominum. Me autem dixit eis: Nisi videro in manibus ejus fixuram clavorum, et mittam digitum meum in locum clavorum, et mittam manum meam in latus ejus, non credam. 26. Et post dies octo, iterum erant discipuli ejus intus: et Thomas cum eis. Venit Jesus, januis clausis, et stetit in medio, et dixit: Pax vobis. 27. Deinde dicit Thomae: Infer digitum tuum hue, et after manum tuam, et mitte in latus meum: et noli esse incredulus, sed fidelis. 28. Respondit Thomas, et dixit ei : Dominus meus et Deus meus. 29. Dixit ei Jesus: Quia vidisti me, Thoma, credidisti: beati qui non viderunt et crediderunt 174 LATIN GRAMMAR 30. Multa quidem et alia signa fecit Jesus in conspectu discipulorum suorum, quae non sunt scripta in libro hoc. 31. Haec autem scripta sunt ut credatis quia Jesus est Christus Filius Dei: et ut credentes, vitam habeatis in nomine ejus. (Jesu Christi Evangelium secundum Joannem, caput XX, 1-31.) APPENDIX 52. Irregular declensions. deus, m., dea, U domus, f., vis, f., God goddess house force, strength Singular Nom. deus dea domus vis Gen. dei deae domus, -i Dat. deo deae domui, -0 Ace. deum deam domum vim Abl. deo dea domu, -0 vi Plural Nom. dei, dii, di deae domus vires Gen. deorum, deum dearum domuum, -orum virium Dat. deis, diis, dis deabus domibus viribus Ace. deos deas domus, -os viris, -es Abl. deis, diis, dis deabus domibus viribus 53. Numerals- Cardinal Ordinal 1. unus, -a, -um primus, -a, -um 2. duo, duae, duo seciindus 3. tres, tria tertius 4. quattuor quartus 5. quinque quintus 6. sex sextus 7. sep tern septimus 8. octo octavus 175 176 LATIN GRAMMAR 9. novcm 10. decern 11. undecim 12. duodecim 13. tredecim 14. quattuordecim 15. qufndecim 16. sedecim 17. septendecim 18. duodeviginti 19. undeviginti 20. viginti 21. viginti unus (unus et viginti) 29. undetriginta 30. triginta 40. quadraginta 50. quinquaginta 60. sexaginta 70. septuaginta 80. octoginta 90. nonaginta 100. centum 200. ducenti, -ac, -a 300. trecenti 400. quadringenti 500. quingenti 600. sescenti 700. septingenti 800. octingenti 900. nongenti 1000. millc 2000. duo milia nonus decimus undecimus duodecimus tertius decimus quartus decimus quintus decimus sextus decimus Septimus decimus duodevicesimus undevicesimus vicesimus vicesimus primus undetricesimus tricesimus quadragesimus quinquagesimus sexagesimus septuagesimus octogesimus nonagesimus centesimus ducentesimus trecentesimus quadringentesimuj quingentesimus sescentesimus septingentesimus octingentesimus nongentesimus millesimus bis millesimus LATIN GRAMMAR VERBS REGULAR VERBS 54* Fint conjugation laudare, to praise Indicative Present Active Voice Passive Voice laudo laudamus laudor laudamur laudas laudatis laudaris x laudamini laudat laudant laudatur Imperfect laudantur laudabam laudabamus laudabar laudabamur laudabas laudabatis laudabaris laudabamini laudabat laudabant laudabatur Future laudabantur laudabo laudabimus laudabor laudabimur laudabis laudabitis laudaberis laudabimini laudabit laudabunt laudabitur Perfect laudabuntur laudavi laudavimus laudatus sum laudati sumus laudavisti laudavistis laudatus es laudati estis laudavit laudaverunt (laudavere] laudatus est ) Pluperfect laudati sunt laudaveram laudaveramus laudatus eram laudati eramui laudaveris laudaveratis laudatus eras laudati eratis laudaverat laudaverant laudatus erat laudati erant 177 1 In the present, imperfect, and future of the passive voice, the second person singular has also a form in -re. Thus laudare, laudabare, laudabere. 178 laudavero laudaveris laudaverit laudem laudcs laudet laudarem laudares laudaret laudaverim laudaveris laudaverit laudavissem laudavisses laudavisset LATIN GRAMMAR Future Perfect laudaverimus laudatus ero laudaveritis laudaverint laudatus eris laudatus erit Subjunctive Present laudemus laudetis laudent lauder lauderis laudetur Imperfect laudaremus laudarer laudaretis laudareris laudarent laudaretur Perfect laudaverimus laudatus sim laudaveritis laudatus sis laudaverint laudatus sit laudati erimus laudati eritis laudati erunt laudemur laudemini laudentur laudaremur laudaremini laudarentur laudati simus laudati sitis laudati sint Pluperfect laudavissemus laudatus essem laudati essemus laudavissetis laudatus esses laudati essetis laudavissent laudatus esset laudati essent Imperative Sing., lauda Plur., laudate Sing., laudare Plur., laudamini Infinitive Pres. laudare, to praise laudari, to be praised Perf. lauda visse, to have praised laudatus esse, to have been praised Fut. laudatiirus esse, to be about laudatum iri, to be about to be to praise praised LATIN GRAMMAR 179 Participles Pres. laudans, -antis, praising Perf. laudatus, -a, -um, having Fut. laudatiirus, -a, -um, about to praise Gerund Gen. kudandi, of praising Dat. laudando, for praising Ace. laudandum, praising Abl. laudando, by praising been praised Gerundive laudandus, -a, -um, to be praised, etc. Supine Ace. laudatum, to praise Abl. laudatu, to praise 55. Second conjugation. monere, to advise, warn Indicative Present Active Voice Passive Voice moneo monemus moneor monemur tnones monetis moneris monemini monet monent monetur Imperfect monentur monebam monebamus monebar monebamur monebas monebatis monebaris monebamini monebat monebant monebatur Future monebantur monebo monebimus monebor monebimur monebis monebitis moneberis monebimini monebit monebunt monebitur monebuntur i8o monui monuisti monuit monucram moniieras monuerat monucro monueris monuerit moncam moneas moneat monerem moneres moneret monuenm monueris monuerit monuissem monuisses monuisset LATIN GRAMMAR Perfect monuimus monuistis monuerunt (monuere) monitus sum monitus es monitus est Pluperfect monueramus monueratis moniierant monitus eram monitus eras monitus erat moniti sumus moniti estis moniti sunt moniti eramus moniti eratis moniti erant Future Perfect monuenmus monueritis moniierint monitus ero monitus eris monitus erit Subjunctive moneamus moneatis moneant moneremus moneretis monerent monuenmus monueritis moniierint monear monearis moneatur Imperfect monerer monereris moneretur Perfect monitus sim monitus sis monitus sit moniti erimus moniti eritis moniti erunt moneamur moneamini moneantur moneremur moneremini monerentur moniti simus moniti sitis moniti sint Pluperfect monuissemus monitus essem momti essemus monuissetis monitus esses moniti essetis monuissent monitus esset moniti essent LATIN GRAMMAR 181 Imperative Present Sing, mone Plur. monete Sing, monere Plur. monemini Infinitive Pres. monere, to advise moneri, to be advised Perf. monuisse, to have advised monitus esse, to have been ad- vised Fut. moniturus esse, to be about monitum iri, to be about to be to advise advised Participles Pres. monens, -entis, advising Perf. monitus, -a, -um, having Fut. moniturus, -a, -um, about to been advised advise Gerund Gerundive Gen. monendi, of advising monendus, -a, -um, to be advised Dat. monendo, for advising Ace. monendum, advising Abl. monendo, by advising Supine Ace. monitum, to advise Abl. monitu, to advise 56. Third conjugation. ducere, to lead Indicative Present Active Voice Passive Voice duco ducimus ducor ducimur ducis ducitis diiceris ducimini ducit ducunt diicitur ducuntur 182 LATIN GRAMMAR Imperfect ducebam ducebamus ducebar ducebamur ducebas ducebatis ducebaris ducebamini ducebat ducebant ducebatur Future ducebantur ducam ducemus ducar ducemur duces ducetis duceris ducemini ducet ducent ducetur Perfect ducentur duxi diiximus ductus sum ducti sumus duxisti duxistis ductus es ducti estis duxit duxerunt (duxere) ductus est Pluperfect ducti sunt diixeram duxeramus ductus eram ducti eramus duxeras duxeratis ductus eras ducti eratis duxerat duxerant ductus erat ducti erant Future Perfect dtixero duxerimus ductus ero ducti erimus diixeris duxeritis ductus eris ducti eritis diixerit duxerint ductus erit Subjunctive Present ducti erunt ducam ducamus ducar ducamur ducas ducat is ducaris ducamini ducat ducant ducatur ducantur LA' HN GRAMMAR Imperfect ducerem duceremus ducerer duceremur duceres duceretis ducereris duceremini diiceret diicerent duceretur Perfect ducerentur duxerim duxerimus ductus sim ducti simus duxeris duxeritis ductus sis ducti sitis diixerit diixerint ductus sit Pluperfect ducti sint duxissem duxissemus ductus essem ducti essemus duxisses duxissetis ductus esses ducti essetis duxisset duxissent ductus esset ducti essent .83 Imperative Present Sing, duc(e) Plur. diicite Sing, diicere Plur. ducimini Infinitive Pres. ducere, to lead duci, to be led Perf. duxisse, to have led ductus esse, to have been led Fut. ductiirus esse, to be about ductum iri, to be about to be led to lead Participles Pres. ducens, -entis, leading Perf. ductus, -a, -um, having Fut. ductiirus, -a, -um, about to been led lead Gerund Gen. ducendi, of leading Dat. ducendo, for leading Ace. ducendum, leading Abl. ducendo, by leading Gerundive ducendus, -a, -um, to be led 184 LATIN GRAMMAR Supine Ace. ductum, to lead Abl. ductu, to lead 57. Fourth conjugation. audire, to hear Indicative Present audio audis audit Active Voice audimus auditis audiunt Passive Voice audior audimur audfris audimini auditur audiuntur audiebam audiebas audiebat audiam audies audiet audivi audivisti audivit audiveram audiveras audivcrat Imperfect audiebamus audiebar audiebatis audiebaris audiebant audiebatur audiemus audietis Sudient audivimus audivistis audiverunt Future audiar audieris audietur audicbamur audiebamini audiebantur audiemur audiemini audientur Perfect auditus sum auditi sumus auditus es auditi estis auditus est auditi sunt Pluperfect audiveramus auditus eram auditi eramus audiveratis auditus eras auditi eratis audiverant auditus erat auditi erant audivcro audiveris audivcrit audiam audias audiat audirem audires audiret audiverim audiveris audiverit audivissem audivisses audivisset LATIN GRAMMAR Future Perfect audiverimus auditus ero 185 audiveritis audiverint audiamus audiatis audiant auditus eris auditus erit Subjunctive Present audiar audiaris audiatur Imperfect audiremus audirer audiretis audireris audirent audiretur audiverimus audiveritis audiverint Perfect auditus sim auditus sis auditus sit auditi erimus auditi eritis auditi erunt audiamur audiamini audiantur audiremur audiremini audirentur auditi simus auditi sitis auditi sint Pluperfect audivissemus auditus essem auditi essemus audivissetis auditus esses auditi essetis audivissent auditus esset auditi essent Imperative Present Sing, audi Plur. audite Sing, audire Plur. audimini Infinitive Pres. audire, to hear audiri, to be heard Perf. audivissc, to have heard auditus esse, to have been heard Fut. auditurus esse, to be about auditum iri, to be about to be to hear heard 186 LATIN GRAMMAR Participles Pres. audiens, -entis, hearing auditus, -a, -urn, heard, having Fut. auditiirus, -a, -urn, about to hear Gerund Gen. audiendi, of hearing Dat. audiendo, for hearing Ace. audiendum, hearing Abl. audiendo, by hearing been heard Gerundive audiendus, -a, -urn, to be heard Supine Ace. audi turn, to hear Abl. auditu, to hear 58. Third conjugation verbs in -io. capere, to ta\e Indicative Present Active Voice Passive Voice capio capimus capior capimur capis capitis caperis capimini capit capiunt capitur Imperfect capiiintur capiebam, etc. Future capiebar, etc. capiam capiemus capiar capiemur capies capietis capieris capiemini capiet capient capietur Perfect capientur cepi, etc. captus sum, etc LATIN GRAMMAR 187 Pluperfect ceperam, etc. captus eram, etc Future Perfect cepero, etc. captus ero, etc Subjunctive Present capiam capiamus capiar capiamur capias capiatis capiaris capiamini capiat capiant capiatur capiantur Imperfect caperem, etc. caperer, etc Perfect ceperim, etc captus sim, etc Pluperfect cepissem, etc captus essem, etc Imperative Present Sing, cape Plur. capite Sing, capere Plur. capimini Infinitive Pres. capere, to ta\e capi, to be ta\cn Perf. cepisse, to have ta\en captus esse, to have been taken Fut. capturus esse, to be about to captum iri, to be about to be take taken Participles Pres. capiens, -ientis, taking Perf. captus, -a, -um, taken, hav- Fut. capturus, -a, -um, about to ing been taken take i88 Gerund LATIN GRAMMAR Gerundive Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl. capiendi, of taking capiendo, for taking capiendum, taking capiendo, by taking capiendus, -a, , -um, to be ta Supine Ace. captum, to ta\e Abl. captu, to ta\e IRREGULAR VERBS 59. esse, to be posse, to be able Indicative Present sum es est sumus estis sunt possum potes potest Imperfect possumus potestis possunt eram eras erat cramus eratis crant poteram poteras poterat Future poteramus poteratis poterant ero eris erit erimus eritis erunt potero poteris poterit Perfect poterimus poteritis p6terunt fui fuisti fuit fiiimus fuistis fuerunt potui potuisti potuit potuimus potuistis potuerunt LATIN GRAMMAR Pluperfect fueram fueramus potueram potueramus fiieras fueratis potueras potueratis fuerat fuerant potuerat Future Perfect potuerant fuero fuerimus potuero potuerimus fueris fueritis potueris potueritis Merit fuerint potuerit Subjunctive Present potuerint sim simus possim possimus sis sitis possis possftis sit sint possit Imperfect possint essem essemus possem possemus esses essetis posses possetis esset essent posset Perfect possent fuerim fuerimus potuerim potuerimus fueris fueritis potueris potueritis fuerit fuerint potuerit Pluperfect potuerint fuissem fuissemus potuissem potuissemns fuisses fuissetis potuisses potuissetis fuisset fuissent potuisset Imperative potuissent Sing, es Plur. este 189 190 LATIN GRAMMAR Infinitive Pres. esse, to be Perf. fuisse, to have been Fut. futurus esse, 1 , L M I to be about to be posse, to be able potuisse, to have been able or fore Participles Future futurus, -a, -urn, about to be Present potens, -entis (used as an adjec- tive} , powerful 60. velle, to wish nolle, to be unwilling Indicative Present malle, to prefer volo volumus nolo nolumus malo malumus vis vultis non vis non vultis mavis maviiltis vult volunt non vult nolunt Imperfect mavult malunt volebam nolebam Future malebam volam nolam Perfect malam volui nolui Pluperfect malui volueram nolueram Future Perfect malueram voliiero noliiero maluero LAI HN GRAMMAR i Subjunctive Present velim velimus nolim nolimus malim malimus velis velitis nolis nolitis malis malitis velit velint nolit nolint Imperfect malit malint vellcm nollem Perfect mallem voliierim noliierim Pluperfect maluerim voluissem noluissem Imperative Present maluissem Sing, noli Plur. nolite Infinitive Pres. velle nolle malic Perf. voluissc noluisse maluissc Participles Pres. volens nolens 191 61. ferre, to bear, carry Present Active Voice Passive Voice fero ferimus feror ferimur fers fertis ferris ferfmini fert ferunt fertur feruntur 19a LATIN GRAMMAR Imperfect fcrebam Future ferebar fcram Perfect fcrar tuli Pluperfect latus sum tulcram Future Perfect Iatuseram tiilcro Subjunctive Present latus cro fcram Imperfect feiar fcrrcm Perfect ferre* tulerim Pluperfect latus sim tulissem latus cssem Imperative Sing, lex Plur. fertc Sing, ferre Plur. ferimini Infinitive Pres. ferre ferri Pcrf . tulissc latus esse Fut laturusesse latum iri Pres. ferens Pcrf. Fut. latum* Gerund Gen. ferendi Dat. ferendo Ace. ferendum Abl. ferendo LATIN GRAMMAR Participles latus i93 Gerundiye ferendus Supine Ace. latum Abl. lata 62. ire, to ( go Indicative Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfea eo imus ibam ibo ii ieram is itis it cunt Future Perfect iero Subjunctive Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect earn ircm ierim issem Imperative Present Sing, i Plur. ite i 9 4 LATIN GRAMMAR Infinitive Pres. ire Perf . isse (iisse) Fut. itiirus esse Participles vs. iens, eiintis Iii. itiirus Gerund Gen. eundi Dat. eiindo Ace. eiindum Abl. eiindo Supine Ace. itum Abl. itu 63. fieri, to be made, become Indicative Present Imperfect Future fio fimus fiebam fiam fis fitis fit fiunt Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect factus sum factus eram Subjunctive factus ero Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect fiam fierem factus sim factus essem LATIN GRAMMAR 195 Imperative Sing, fi Plur. fitc Infinitive Pres. fieri Perf. factusesse Fut. factum iri Participles Pres. Perf. factus Gerundive faciendus EXPLANATION i. All proper nouns that are the same in both languages have been omitted from this vocabulary. 2. Numbers following verbs refer to conjugations. 3. After some verbs, eo is added to indicate that the verb is a compound of ire. 4. After some verbs, io is added to indicate that the verb is an -io verb of the third conjugation. 5. The following abbreviations are used: c, common gender defect., defective /., feminine impers., impersonal m., masculine n., neuter voc., vocative VOCABULARY A Abias, -ae, m., Abia abiegnus, -a, -urn, of fir, of the fir tree abies, -etis, /., fir tree abigere, -egi, -actus, to rid, banish, drive away abire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to go away abjectio, -onis, /., outcast abjicere, -jeci, -jectus, to cast off or away, refuse abjuratio, -onis, /., abjuration ablactare, to wean abluere, -lui, -lutus, to wash away abliitio, -onis, f., a washing away abnegare, to deny abolere, -evi, -itus, to abolish, destroy abominabilis, -e, hateful abominari, dep., to abhor abominatio, -onis, /., abomination a, by, from a {inter}.), ah ab, by, from abalienari, dep., to be estranged, go away abba, abba, Father abbas, -atis, m., abbot abbatia, -ae, /., abbacy, abbey abbreviate, to shorten abdere, -didi, -ditus, to secrete, hide abdicare, to abandon, give up abditum, -i, n., hidden place, secret aberrare, to go astray abesse, abfui or afui, afutiirus, to be away; absit, God forbid! Far from it! abhorrere, to shrink away from 200 LATIN GRAMMAR abortivus, -a, -urn, born prematurely abra, -ae, /., maid Abrahamus, -i, m., Abraham abrenuntiarc, to renounce abripere, -ripui, -reptus, to drag away abs, prep., from, by Absalomus, -i, m., Absalom abscedere, -cessi, -cessus, to depart abscinderc, -scidi, -scissus, to cut off, take away abscondere, -condi, -conditus, to hide, shield absconditc, secretly absconditum, -i, n., hidden thing; in abscondito, in secret, in the secret part absconsio, -onis, /., shelter absconsus, -a, -um, hidden, secret absis, -idis, /., apse absistere, -stiti, -stitus, to be banished, cease absolute, absolutely, completely, alone absolutio, -onis, /., absolution absolvere, -solvi, -soliitus, to absolve, complete absorbere, to swallow up absque, without, except, besides abstemius, -a, -um, temperate abstergere, -tersi, -tersus, to wipe away, blot out abstinentia, -ae, /., abstinence abstinerc, -tinui, -tentus, to refrain, abstain abstrahere, -traxi, -tractus, to draw away, bring forth absumere, -sumpsi, -sumptus, to con- sume, take away absurde, absurdly absynthium, -ii, n., wormwood Abula, -ae, /., Avila abundanter, abundantly, fully abundantia, -ae, /., abundance, pros- perity abundantius, more frequently abundare, to abound abunde, abundantly abusio, -onis, /., scorn, contempt abiiti, -usus sum, dep. 3, to destroy abyssus, -i, /., the deep, depths, abyss ac, and academia, -ac, /., academy Accaronitae, -arum, m., Accaronites; people of Accaron or Ekron accedere, -cessi, -cessus, to come, ap- proach accelerarc, to hasten acceleratio, -onis, /., hastening accendere, -cendi, -census, to kindle acceptabilis, -e, acceptable acceptarc, to accept, receive with pleasure acceptio, -onis, f., respect acceptus, -a, -um, agreeable, welcome, worthy accersere, -ivi, -itus, to send for, sum- mon accessus, -us, m., access accidentia, -orum, n., accidents, ap- pearances accidere, -cidi, to happen accingere, -cinxi, -cinctus, to gird about accipere, -cepi, -ceptus, to take, re- ceive, accept acclinis, -e, leaning, bowing accola, -ae, c, sojourner accomodare, to adjust, incline accrescere, -crevi, -cretus, to grow accubare, to lie down accubitus, -us, m., repose; seat acciimbere, -cubui, -cubitus, to sit at table accurate, accurately accuratus, -a, -um, careful, accurate accurrere, -curri and -cuciirri, -cursus, to run to accusare, to accuse accusatio, -onis, /., accusation accusator, -oris, m., accuser LATIN GRAMMAR acer, acris, acre, sharp, bitter, ardent acerbitas, -atis, /., bitterness, evil, wick- edness acerbus, -a, -urn, sour acerra, -ae, /., casket for incense acervus, -i, m., heap acetum, -i, n., vinegar Achillas, -ae, m., Achilles acies, -ci, /., edge, keenness; line of battle; pupil of the eye or the eye itself acinus, -i, m., berry, grape acolythus, -i, m., acolyte acquiescere, -quievi, -quietus, to fol- low, agree acquirere, -quisivi, -quisitus, to ac- quire, procure acquisitio, -onis, /., purchase, acquisi- tion actio, -onis, /., action, deed; gratiarum actio, thanksgiving actor, -oris, m., governor actuosus, -a, -um, active actus, -us, m., act, office, work, celebra- tion, deed aciiere, -ui, -utus, to sharpen aciileus, -i, m., sting, sharp point, prick acus, -us, /., pin aciitus, -a, -um, sharp; bis acutas, two- edged ad, to, toward, unto, at, against, near adamantinus, -a, -um, adamantine, un- conquered adamare, to love adamas, -antis, m., adamant Adamiti, -orum, m., Adamites Adamus, -i, m„ Adam adaperire, -perui, -pertus, to open adaquare, to water, to give to drink adaugere, -auxi, -auctus, lo increase addere, -didi, -ditus, to give, to add addicere, -dixi, -dictus, to doom, ad- judge, condemn adducere, -duxi, -ductus, to bring, provoke adeo, even, so much, to that point adeps, -ipis, m. and /., fat, marrow, the best, finest adesse, affui (adfui), to attend, be present, relieve, be mindful of adhaerere, -haesi, -haesus, to adhere to, cleave to adhibere, to add to, apply, take adhuc, yet, still, now, as adimplere, -plevi, -pletus, to fill adinvenire, -veni, -ventus, to find adinventio, -onis, /., plan, device, deed, work adipisci, adeptus sum, dcp. 3, to gain, obtain adire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to ap- proach aditus, -us, m., approach, gate adjicere, -jeci, -jectus, (io), to add, grant, to direct one's thoughts toward adjudicare, to give sentence adjumentum, -i, n., help adjiingere, -junxi, -junctus, to join adjurare, to adjure adjutor, -oris, m., helper, coadjutor adjutorium, -ii, n., help adjutrix, -icis, /., helper adjuvare, -juvi, jutus, to help adlaborare, to toil adlectus, -i, m., member elected into a collegium adminiculum, -i, n., support, prop administer, -tri, m., assistant administrate, to minister, adminster administratorius, -a, -um, ministering admirabilis, -e, wonderful, admirable admirari, dep., to wonder, be in ad- miration admittere, -misi, -missus, to join, ad- mit admixtio, -onis, /., mixture LATIN GRAMMAR admonere, to warn adniti, -nisus or -nixus sum, dep. 3, to strive adnotare, to note adolere, to burn, smell adolescens, -entis, m., young man adolescentia, -ae, /., youth adolescentior, -oris, younger; as a noun, young man adolescentula, -ae, /., young maiden adolescentulus, -i, m., young man adoptio, -onis, /., adoption adorandus, -a, -urn, adorable adorare, to adore, worship adorator, -oris, m., adorer, worshiper adoriri, -ortus sum, dep. 4, to under- take adornare, to adorn adsciscere, -scivi, -scitus, to admit, re- ceive adscriptus, -a, -urn, approved adspicere, -spexi, -spectus, to look on adspirare, to inspire, to breathe upon adstare, -stiti, to stand by adstipulari, dep., to assent to, strength- en adsum; see adesse adulatio, -onis, /., flattery adulter, -i, m., adulterer adultera, -ae, /., adulteress adulterare, to commit adultery adulterinus, -a, -um, not genuine, bastard adulterium, -ii, n., adultery adulterus, -a, -um, adulterous adiiltus, -a, -um, adult, grown adunare, to unite adiirere, -ussi, -ustus, to kindle, set fire to, burn advena, -ae, c, stranger advenire, -veni, -ventus, to come adventare, to come ad ventus, -us, m., coming, arrival, ad- vent adversa, -orum, n., adverse things, ad- versity adversari, dep., to oppose, resist adversarius, -ii, m., adversary, foe adversitas, -atis, /., adversity, harm adversum, -i, n., harm adversum, against; ex adverso, oppo- site, over against, in the front adversus, against, in comparison with advertere, -verti, -versus, to perceive, remark advesperascit, -avit, imperson. 3, to be toward evening advocare, to call to advocatus, -i, m., advocate advolare, to fly, hasten advolvere, -volvi, -volutus, to roll aedes, -is, /., temple aedicula, -ae, /., little house or build- ing aedificans, -antis, m., builder aedificare, to build aedificatio, -onis, /., building, edifying aedificator, -oris, m., repairer aedituus, -i, m., keeper or warden of a temple Aegea, -ae, /., Aegae aeger, -gra, -grum, sick Aegidius, -ii, m., Giles aegre, badly, ill aegritiido, -inis, /., sickness aegrotare, to be sick, fall sick aegrotatio, -onis, /., illness aegrotus, -a, -um, sick Aegyptiacus, -a, -um, Egyptian Aegyptii, -orum, m., Egyptians Aegyptius, -a, -um, Egyptian Aegyptus, -i, /., Egypt Aelamitae, -arum, m., Elamites Aemilia, -ae, /., Emilia Aemilianus, -i, m., Aemilian aemula, -ae, /., rival aemulari, dep., to envy aemulatio, -onis, /., emulation, envy LATIN GRAMMAR 203 aemulator, -oris, m., zealous imitator aeneus, -a, -um, brazen aenigma, -atis, n., riddle, hard ques- tion, obscurity; in aenigmate, in a dark manner aequalis, -e, equal aequalitas, -atis, /., equality aequanimiter, calmly aequare, to equal aequiparare, to compare aequitas, -atis, /., justice, righteousness aequor, -oris, n., sea aequus, equal, right; aequo animo, cheerful in mind aer, aeris (pi., aeres, aera), m., air aerarium, -ii, n., treasury aereus, -a, -um, airy, windy, raging aereus, -a, -um, of brass, bronze, or copper aerugo, -inis, /., rust, blight, mildew aenimna, -ae, /., hardship, affliction aerumnosus, -a, -um, sorrowing aes, aeris, n., brass, copper, money; aes alienum, debt aestas, -atis, /., summer aestimare, to esteem, consider, suppose, account aestimatio, -onis, /., evaluation, ap- praisement; count aestimato>, -oris, m,, one who esteems aestivus, -a, -urn, of the summer aestuare, to be hot; scorch; kindle aestus, -us, m. f heat aetas, -atis, /., age; aetatem habere, to be of age aeternalis, -e, eternal aeternitas, -atis, /., eternity aeternus, -a, -um, eternal, everlasting; in aeternum, forever aether, -eris (ace, aethera), m., upper air, sky aethereus, -a, -um, airy, ethereal; of heaven Aethiopia, -ae, /., Ethiopia Aethiops, -opis, m„ Ethiopian aevum, -i, n., eternity Afer, -fra, -frum, African affari, dep., to speak, say arfatim, sufficiently, earnestly affectus, -us, m., devotion, love, affec- tion; sense afferre, atttili, allatus, to bring forth, give; bring to afficere, -feci, -fectus, (io), to affect, cause a change in; to treat affirmare, to affirm afTixio, -onis, /., fastening, nailing afflare, to inspire, teach afflatus, -us, m,, a blowing upon; breath, inspiration, spirit afflictatio, -onis, /., suffering, misery, chastisement afflictio, -onis, /., affliction affligere, -flixi, -flictus, to afflict, mor- tify, punish affluere, -fluxi, -fluxus, to abound, flow to Africus, -i, m., south, south wind Agareni, -orum, m., Agarites Agatha Gothorum, -ae, f. t Agata dei Goti (church) ager, -gri, m., field; county, country, district agere, egi, actus, to do, drive, put in motion, deal, practice; gratias agere, to give thanks Aggaeus, -i, m., Aggeus agger, aggeris, m. t mound aggravare, to be heavy aggredi, -gressus sum, (io), dep. 3, to approach aggregare, to add to, to join with agitare, to shake agmen, -inis, n., throng, host agnellus, -i, m., little lamb agnitio, -onis, /., knowledge Agnoitae, -arum, m. pi., Agnoites agnomen, -inis, n., surname 204 LATIN GRAMMAR Agnonus, -i, /., Agnone agnoscere, -novi, -notus, to know, un- derstand, acknowledge, recognize agnus, -i, m., lamb agon, -onis, m., a contest in the public games; agony; in agone, for the mastery agonia, -ae, /., agony agonizare, to die agrestis, -e, wild agricola, -ae, m., farmer, husbandman agricultura, -ae, /., farming ait. def. verb, he says aiunt, they say ajebat = aiebat, he said ajunt = aiunt ala, -ae, /., wing alabastrum, -i, n., alabaster box alacer (alacris), -cris, -ere, quick, ac- tive, cheerful alacritas, -atis, /., eagerness alacriter, eagerly alapa, -ae, /., blow, box on the ear, slap alatus, -a, -um, winged Alba, -ae, /., Alva Albanensis, -e, of Albano Albertus, -i, m., Albert albescere, to grow white or bright Albigenses, -ium, m., Albigensians album, -i, n., tablet; list albus, -a, -um, white aleph, the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet alere, alui, altus and alitus, to feed, nourish Ales, Hales ales, -itis, winged Alexandria, -ae, /., Alexandria; Ales- sandria Alexandrini, -orum, m., Alexandrians Alexandrinus, -a, -um, of Alexandria Alexius, -ii, m., Alexius, Alexis alga, -ae, /., sea weed algidus, -a, -um, cold alias, elsewhere alibi, elsewhere alienare, to estrange alienatus, -a, -um, strange alienigena, -ae, m., foreigner, stranger alienus, -a, -um, strange alimentum, -i, n., food, refreshment alimonium, -ii, n., nourishment alioquin, othervise aliquamdiu, for a while aliquando, at any time, heretofore, at last aliquantisper, for a while aliquantulum, a little, somewhat aliquatenus, to a certain degree aliqui, -quae, -quod, some aliquis, -qua, -quid, someone, some- thing, anyone, anything aliquot, some, several aliquoties, several times aliter, otherwise aliunde, another way alius, -a, -ud, other, another; alius . . . alius, one another; alii . . . alii, some . . . others allaborare, to labor allegoria, -ae, /., allegory, figure alleluia, alleluia {Hebrew, praise ye the Lord) allevare, to lift up alleviare, to raise up allicere, -lexi, -lectus, (io), to allure, charm, attract allidere, -lisi, -lisus, to strike against, cast down alligare, to bind allocutio, -onis, /., address, speech; en- couragement, comfort alloqui, -locutus sum, 3, dep., to con- verse with alloquium, -ii, n., conversation, ex- hortation almus, -a, -um, gracious, kind; — Spiritus, Holy Ghost LATIN GRAMMAR 205 aloe, -es, /., aloe Aloisius, -ii, tn., Aloysius alpha, alpha (the first letter of the Greek alphabet) Alphaeus, -i, m., Alpheus altare, -is, n. t altar alter, -tera, -terum, the other of two; alter . . . alter, the one . . . the other; alter . . . ab altero, one from the other; — alterius, of one an- other; in altero ... in altero, on the one hand ... on the other hand altercari, to dispute alternate, to change alternating alternately alternus, -a, -um, one after the other, by turns, alternate alteruter, -tra, -trum, one of two, one toward another; ad altemtrum, one to another iltilis, -e, fatted; altilia, fatlings altitudo, -inis, /., height, high place; depth ahum, -i, tt., the deep altus, -a, -um, high; deep; exalted alumnus, -i, m., student alveolus, -i, tn., bowl Alvernia, -ae, /., Alverno; Mons Al- verniae, Mount Alverno Alvernus, -a, -um, Alverno alveus, -i, tn., channel, bed (of a river) alvus, -i, /., womb Amalphis, -is, /., Amalfi amanter, lovingly amarc, to love amarc {adv.), bitterly amaresccre, to become bitter Amarias, -ae, m., A ma Has amaritiido, -inis, /., bitterness, anguish amarus, -a, -um, bitter; amara, n. pi., bitterness amator, -oris, m., lover amatrix, -icis, /., lover Ambianum, -i, n., Amiens ambigere, to doubt, hesitate ambire, to strive for ambitiosus, -a, -um, ambitious imbitus, -us, tn., circle; cope ambo, -ae, -o, both Ambrosianus, -a, -um, Ambrosian, of St. Ambrose Ambrosius, -ii, tn., Ambrose ambulare, to walk amen, amen {Hebrew, so be it) amentia, -ae, /., madness, insanity amethystus, -i, /., amethyst amicitia, -ae, /., friendship, friends; league amictus, -a, -um, clothed amictus, -us, tn., vesture amicus, -i, m., friend Amideus de Amideis, -i, m., Amadeo de' Amidei amittere, -misi, -missus, to disperse, to send away Ammonites, -is, tn., Ammonite Ammonitidae, -arum, /., women of Ammon amodo, henceforth, hereafter amoenus, -a, -um, pleasant amor, -oris, m., love Amorrhaeus, -a, -um, Amorrhite amovere, -movi, -motus, to put aside, turn away, remove amphiteatrum, -i, n., amphitheater imphora, -ae, /., bottle, pitcher amplecti, -plexus sum, dtp. }, to em- brace amplificare, to increase amplificator, -oris, m., one who ex- tends or increases amplior, amplius, greater amplius {adv.), yet more, any more ampulla, -ae, /., bottle, phial amputare, to cut off, remove, take away 206 LATIN GRAMMAR an, conj., or anachoreticus, -a, -urn, eremitical anachorita, -ae, m., hermit, anchorite anathema, anathema anathematizare, to curse anceps, -cipitis, two-edged anchora, -ae, /., anchor ancilla, -ae, /., handmaid, maidservant, bondwoman anfractus, -us, m., bending, winding Andreas, -ae, m., Andrew Angela Mericia, -ae, /., Angela Merici Angelicae, -arum, /., Angelicals angelicus, -a, -urn, angelic angelus, -i, m., angel angere, to trouble Angli, -orum, m., English Anglia, -ae, /., England anglice (adv.), into English Anglicus, -i, m., Englishman angor, -oris, m., distress angoriare, to force anguis, -is, c, snake angularis, -e, angular, corner angulus, -i, m., corner; bastion, stay angiistia, -ae, /., straitness; want angustiae, -arum, /., distresses, neces- sities, tribulations angustiatus, -a, -um, distressed angustus, -a, -um, narrow Anianus, -i, m., Annianus Anicium, -ii, n., Le Puy anima, -ae, /., soul, life animadversio, -onis, /., punishment animadvertere, verti, -versus, to mark, take notice of animal, -is, n., animal, living creature, beast animans, -antis, living; as a noun, liv- ing creature animatus, -a, -um, living animositas, -atis, f. t high spirits animus, -i, m., heart, mind, spirit; ex animo, from the heart Annesium, -ii, n., Annecy anniculus, -a, -um, of one year, one year old anniversarius, -a, -um, anniversary annona, -ae, /., crop, grain; means of subsistence, rations annuere, -nui, to nod, beckon, wink; assent, grant annulus, -i, m., ring annumerare, to number annuntiare, to announce, declare, show forth, relate annuntiatio, -onis, /., declaration, an- nunciation annuntiator, -oris, m., announcer, herald annus, -i, m., year annuus, -a, -um, annual, yearly, by the year ansa, -ae, /., handle; opportunity Anselmus, -i, m., Anselm ante, before; (before an expression of time), ago antea, before, formerly anteactus, -a, -um, past antecedere, -cessi, -cessus, to go be- fore, to surpass antecellere, to excel antecessor, -oris, m., predecessor anteire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to go before antelucanum, -i, n., dawn antelucanus, -a, -um, before daybreak antemurale, -is, n., bulwark antequam, before anterior, -oris, previous, before antevertere, -verti, -versus, to come be- fore, precede anticipate, to prevent, to anticipate Antiocheni, -orum, m., Antiochians Antiochensis, -e, of Antioch Antiochenus, -a, -um, of Antioch Antiochia, -ae, f., Antioch antiphona, -ae, f., antiphon LATIN GRAMMAR 207 antiquarius, -ii, m., antiquary, old scribe antiquus, -a, -urn, former, of old Antissiodorensis, -e, of Auxerre antistes, -stitis, m., bishop Antonius, -ii, m., Anthony antrum, -i, n., cave, den Antverpia, -ae, /., Antwerp anus, -us, /., old woman anxiari, dep., to be in anguish anxietas, -atis, /., anxiety aper, apri, m., boar aperire, -perui, -pertus, to open aperitio, -onis, f., opening apernari, dep., to scorn aperte, openly, clearly, plainly apex, -icis, m., top or summit, point apis, apis, /., bee Apocalypsis, -is, /., revelation, Apoca- lypse apocrypha, -orum, n., apocryphal gos- pels apocryphus, -a, -urn, apocryphal apologia, -ae, /., defense, justification apoplecticus, -a, -urn, apoplectic apoplexia, -ae, /., apoplexy aporiari, dep., to be in need, be strait- ened, be perplexed apostasia, -ae, /., apostasy apostata, -ae, m., apostate apostatare, to fall off or away from apostaticus, -a, -um, rebel, apostate apostatrix, -icis, rebellious, apostate apostolatus, -us, m., apostleship apostolicus, -a, -um, apostolic apostolus, -i, m. t apostle apotheca, -ae, /., storeroom apparere, to appear, show oneself, shine forth apparitio, -onis, /., manifestation, ap- parition apparitor, -oris, m., servant appellare, to call appellatio. -onis, /., appellation appellere, -puli, -pulsus, to bring or drive to appendere, -pendi, -pensus, to weigh, weigh out, balance appetere, -ivi and -ii, -itus, to hunger after, reach to, pursue, seize on appetitor, -oris, m., coveter appetitus, -us, m., hunger, appedtc, passion Appius, -a, -um, Appian applicare, -avi, -atus and -ui, -itus, to bring, add to; to set to shore apponere, -posui, -positus, to add to, put to, do unto, proceed appositus, -a, -um, placed near; appro- priate apprehendere, -prehendi, -prehensus, to take hold of, lay hands on, seize, embrace, apprehend appretiare, to prize, value, put a price on apprime, exceedingly, above all approbatio, -onis, /., sanction, appro- bation appropiare, to come near appropinquare, to approach, be at hand approximate, to approach Aprilis, -is, m., April Aprutius, -ii, m., the Abruzzi aptare, to fit to, adapt to, prepare aptus, -a, um, fitting apud, to, with, near, in the presence of, at the house of aqua, -ae, /., water aquaductus, -us, m., water course, conduit, aqueduct Aquae Tarbellae, -arum, /., Dax Aquensis, -e, of Aix aquila, -ae, /., eagle Aquilanus, -a, -um, of Aquila Aquilejensis, -e, of Aquileia aquilo, -onis, m., north Aquinas, -atis, of Aquin 208 LATIN GRAMMAR Aquinus, -i, m., Aquinas Aquisgranensis, -c, of Aachen Aquitania, -ae, /., Aquitaine Aquitanus, -a, -um, of Aquitaine ara, -ae, /., altar Arabellae, -arum, /., Arabella (Ar- bella, Arbela) Arabes, -um, m., Arabs, Arabians Aragonia, -ae, /., Aragon Aragonius, -a, -um, Aragonian aranea, -ae, /., spider arare, to plow; devise ara tor, -oris, m., plowman aratrum, -i, n., plow arbiter, -tri, m., judge arbitrari, dep., to think arbitratus, -us, m., choice, will arbitrium, -ii, n., free choice, free will arbor, -oris, /., tree arbustum, -i, n., orchard; arbusta, n. ■pi., branches area, -ae, /., ark Arcadius, -a, -um, Arcadian arcanum, -i, n., secret place arcanus, -a, -um, secret; arcana, n., hidden or secret things arcere, -ui, to prevent arcessere, -ivi, -itus, to summon, call archangelus, -i, m., archangel archibasilica, -ae, /., basilica, cathedral church archiconfraternitas, -atis, /., archcon- fraternity archiepiscopatus, -us, m., archbish- opric archimandrita, -ae, m., archimandrite archipraesul, -is, m., archbishop archisodalitas, -atis, /., archsodality archisynagogus, -i, m., ruler of the synagogue architectus, -us, m., architect architriclinus, -i, m., chief steward irctius, more closely, more firmly arctus, -a, -um, narrow, tight arcus, -us, m., bow; rainbow Ardeatinus, -a, -um, of Ardea, Ardea- tine ardens, -entis, flaming, burning ardenter, ardently ardere, arsi, arsus, to burn Ardfertensis, -e, of Ardfert ardor, -oris, m., burning arduus, -a, -um, steadfast area, -ae, /., floor, threshing floor arefacere, -feci, -f actus, (io), to parch Arelate, n., and Arelas, -atis, /., Aries Arelatensis, -e, of Aries arena, -ae, /., sand arenaria, -ae, /., sand pit areola, -ae, /., small plot, garden-bed Areopagita, -ae, m., Areopagite arere, arui, to wither, dry up arescere, arui, to become dry, wither away; to pine away Argentarius: Mons — , Mount Ar- gentaro argenteus, -a, -um, of silver argenteus, -i, m., piece of silver Argentoratum, -i, n., Strasbourg argentum, -i, n., silver; money arguere, -ui, -utus, to rebuke, reprove, accuse, convince argumentatio, -onis, f., argument, de- bate argumentosus, -a, -um, busy argumentum, -i, m., proof Ari, vocative of Arius Ariani, -orum, m., Arians Arianismus, -i, m., Arianism arida, -ae, f., dryness, dry land aridus, -a, -um, dry, withered aries, -etis, m., ram Arimathaea, -ae, /., Arimathea Ariminensis, -e, of Rimini ariolus, -i, m., cunning man, sooth- sayer arma, -orum, n., arms, weapons, ar- mor LATIN GRAMMAR 209 Armachana, -ac, /., Armagh armatiira, -ac, /., armor armatus, -a, -urn, armed Armeni, -orum, m., Armenians arme'ntum, -i, n., cattle; a herd armiger, -gera, -gerum, bearing arms or armor armilla, -ac, /., bracelet annus, -i, m., shoulder aroma, -atis, n., spice; perfume, aroma aromatizans, -antis, aromatic Arretium, -ii, n., Arezzo arridere, -risi, -risus, to smile, laugh arripere, ripui, reptus, (io), to lay hold on, seize, take ars, artis, /., art, artifice, scheme, knowledge; trade arthritis, -idis, /., gout articulus, -i, m., finger; moment; in articulo diei Ulius, in the same day artifex, -ids, m., artificer artificium, -ii, n., handicraft, art, skill artus, -us, m., joint, limb arundinetum, -i, n., reeds; a growth of reeds ariindo, -inis, /., reed aruspex, -icis, m., soothsayer arvum, -i, n., field arx, arcis, /., fortress, castle; throne as, assis, m. (a small bronze coin), far- thing ascendere, -scendi, -scensus, to ascend, grow up, climb up ascensio, -onis, /., Ascension; ascent, going up ascensor, -oris, m., rider ascensus, -us, m., ascent, means of as- cent; chariot asceta, -ae, m., ascetic, hermit asceterium, -ii, n., monastery ascia, -ae, /., hatchet ascire, to take, get asciscere, -scivi, -scitus, to receive Asculanus, -a, -um, of Ascoli Asculum, -i, n., Ascoli asellus, -i, m., a young ass, donkey Asianus, -a, -um, of Asia, Asian asina, -ae, /., a she-ass asinarius, -a, -um, pertaining to an ass; mola asinaria, millstone asinus, -i, m., ass Asmodaeus, -i, in., Asmodeus aspectus, -us, m., vision; sightliness; countenance asper, -a, -um, sharp, rough, difficult asperare, to make rough aspergere, -spersi, -spersus, to sprinkle aspernari, dep., to despise aspernator, -oris, m., contemner aspersio, -onis, /., sprinkling aspersus, -a, -um, sprinkled, spattered aspicere, -spexi, -spectus, (io), to re- gard, behold aspirare, to assist, be favorable to aspis, -idis, /., asp, adder asportare, to bring assecla, -ae, m., follower assentiri, -sensus sum, dep. 4, to agree assequi, -seciitus sum, dep. 3, to fol- low asser, -eris, m., board, plank, lath asserere, -serui, -sertus, to declare, jus- tify, assert; remark assertor, -oris, m., champion, defender asseveranter, absolutely, emphatically Assidaei, -orum, m. t Assideans assiduitas, -atis, /., custom assiduus, -a, -um, continual assignare, to assign, designate assimilare, to make like to, compare assimilari, dep., to become like, be compared Assisinas, -atis, of Assisi Assisium, -ii, n., Assisi assistere, astiti, to be present, stand around; to have come assistrix, -icis, /., helper assolere, to be accustomed, be usual LATIN GRAMMAR assiimere, -sumpsi, -sumptus, to take, receive, take up, take unto oneself assumptio, -onis, /., Assumption; pro- tection Assur, Assyria assus, -a, -urn, roasted, broiled Assyrii, -orum, m., Assyrians ast (at), but astare (adstare), astiti, to stand by or near asteriscus, -i, m., asterisk astringere, -strinxi, -strictus, to bind, fetter; draw closer; sc — , to be guilty of astriiere, -struxi, -structus, to establish, add, form, build; teach astrum, -i, n. t star astus, -us, m., cunning, cleverness astiitia, -ae, /., craftiness, subtlety at, but ater, atra, atram, dark, black Athanasianus, -a, -urn, of Athanasius Athenae, -arum, /., Athens Atheniensis, -e, of Athens, Athenian athleta, -ae, m., wrestler, athlete, champion Atlanticus. -a, -urn, Atlantic atque, and atramentum, -i, n., ink Atrebas, -batis, m., Arras atrium, -ii, n., court, hall atrox, -cis, terrible, fierce, horrible attamen, nevertheless attendere, -tendi, -tentus, attend, take heed, hearken, to beware attente, attentively attentius, more attentively attenuare, to weaken atterere, -trivi, -tritus, to bruise; de- stroy attestatio, -onis, /., act of attesting; proof, evidence attexere, -texui, -tectus, to add attinere, -tinui, -tentus, to pertain to attingere, -tigi, -tactus, to manage attollere, to support, lift up attonitus, -a, -urn, astonished attrahere, -traxi, -tractus, to draw to attrectare, to feel, touch, lay hands on attributio, -onis, /., giving attritus, -a, -urn, hard auctor, -oris, m., author, creator, founder auctoritas, -atis, /., authority auctrix, -icis, /., authoress, mother, forebear audacter, boldly audere, ausus sum, semidep, 2, to dare audire, to hear auditio, -onis, /., hearing, report auditor, -oris, m. t hearer, listener auditus, -us, m., hearing auferre, abstuli, ablatus, to take away aufugere, -fugi (io), to flee augere, auxi, auctus, to increase augescere, auxi, to increase augmentum. -i, n., increase, advance- ment augur, -uris, c, soothsayer Augusta Praetoria, -ae, -ae, /., Aosta Augustinus, -i, m., Augustine Augustodunensis, -e, of An tun Augustodunum, -i, n., Autun Augustus, -i, m. s Augustus; August aula, -ae, /., dwelling, temple; court; — transversa, transept aura, -ae, /., air, breath, breeze Aurea, -ae, /., Aurea, Aure Aurelianus, -i, m., Aurelian Aurelius, -a, -urn, Aurelian aureus, -a, -urn, of gold, golden aureus, -i, m., piece of gold aurichalcum, -i, n., fine brass auricula, -ae, /., ear auriga, -ae, c, charioteer auris, -is, /., ear aurora, -ae, /., morning aurum, -i, n., gold LATIN GRAMMAR 211 auscultare, to listen to auspicari, dep., to begin auspicatus, -a, -urn, happy, auspicious auspiciurn, -ii. n. r divination, omen auster, -tri, m., south; south wind austeritas. -atis, /., rigor austerus, -a, -um, austere austral is. -e, south Austrkuia, -a, -um, of Austria aut. or autem, but, however; and, and also; whereupon autumnalis, -e, autumn, autumnal; withered autiimnus, -i, tn., autumn auxiliari, dep., to help auxiliator, -oris, tn., helper auxiliatrix, icis, /., helper auxilium, -ii, n., help, aid Auximanus, -i, n. , of Ossimo Auximum, -i, n., Ossimo avaritia, -ae, /., covetousness avarus, -a, -um, covetous avarus, -i, m., miser ave, hail Avellanensis, -e, of Avellano Avellanitae, -arum, m., inhabitants or inmates of Font-Avellano avellere, -veil! and -vulsi, -vulsus, to withdraw, tear away, separate Avenio, -onis, /., Avignon avernus, -i, tn., the infernal regions aversare, to turn away from aversio, -onis, /., apostasy avertere, -verti, -versus, to turn away; pervert avia, -ae, /., grandmother avide, eagerly avidius, more eagerly avis, avis, /., bird avitus, -a, -um, ancestral avocare, to withdraw oneself avunculus, -i, m., uncle avus, -i, m., grandfather Azarias, -ae, m., Azarias Azotii, -orum, m., Azotians azyma, -orum, n., unleavened bread; azyme azymus, -a, -um, unleavened B Babylonii, -orum, tn., Babylonians bacca, -ae, /. (berry), fruit of the olive bacillum, -i, n., staff Bactri, -orum, m., Bactrians baculus, -i, m., stafr bajulare, to bear, carry balare, to bleat balbutire, to babble Baleares, -ium, f., Balearic Islands Balearis Major, -is, /., Majorca Balneoregium, -ii, n., Bagnorea balneum, -i, n., bath balsamum, -i, n., balm balteus, -i, m., belt Baltimorensis, -e, of Baltimore Bamberga, -ae, /., Bamberg Bambergensis, -e, of Bamberg baptisma, -atis, n., baptism baptismus, -i, m,, baptism Baptista, -ae, tn., Baptist baptisterium, -ii, n., baptistery baptizare, to baptize barathrum, -i, n., bottomless pit, the lower world barba, -ae, /., beard Barbari, -orum, m., natives of Barbary barbarus, -a, -um, of Barbary; foreign, strange Barbatianus, -i, tn., Barbatian Barcino, -onis, /., Barcelona Barcinone'nsis, -e, of Barcelona Barensis, -e, of Bari Barium, -ii, n., Bari Bartholomae'us, -i, m., Bartholomew basilica, -ae, /., church basiliscus, -i, m., basilisk LATIN GRAMMAR Basilius, -ii, m., Basil basis, -is, /., base, foundation, pedes- tal; bases, feet Bavaricus, -a, -um, of Bavaria beare, to bless beatitiido, -inis, /., happiness Beatrix, -icis, /., Beatrice beatus, -a, -um, Happy, blessed Beccensis, -e, of Bee Beda, -ae, m., Bede Belgae, -arum, m., Belgians bellare, to fight against, make war bellator, -oris, m., warrior bellicosus, -a, um, of war, warlike bellicus, -a, -um, warlike; vasa belJica, arms belligerare, to war, wage war bellua, -ae, /., monster, savage beast beJlum, -i, n., war, battle Benacus (Lacus), -i, m., Lake Garda bene, well benedicerc, -dixi, -dictus, to bless benedictio, -onis, /., blessing, benedic- tion Benedictus, -i, m., Benedict benefacere, -feci, -f actus, (io), to do good, do well benefactor, -oris, m., benefactor benef actum, -i, n., good deed; benefit, favor beneficentia, -ae, /., liberality beneficium, -ii, n., benefit beneiicus, -a, -um, beneficent beneplacens, -ends, acceptable beneplacitum, -i, n., good pleasure, fa- vor; pleasure, lust beneplacitus, -a, -um, acceptable benesonans, -antis, loud; sweet-sound- ing Beneventum, -i, n., Benevento benevolus, -a, -um, kind benigne, favorably benignitas, -atis, /., goodness, benig- nity, favor benignus, -a, -um, merciful, favorable, good, benign, loving Benitii, -orum, m., Benizzi Berengaria, -ae, /., Berenguela Berengarius, -ii, m., Berenger Bergomensis, -e, of Bergamo Bergomum, -i, n., Bergamo Bernardinus, -i, ra., Bernardinc Bernardus, -i, m., Bernard Berothita, -ae, m., Berothite Bertholdus, -i, m., Berthold beryllus, -i, c, beryl bestia, -ae, /., beast beth, second letter of the Hebrew al- phabet corresponding to English b Bethlehemitis, -is, m. t Beihlehemite Bethsamitae, -arum, in., Bethsamites bibere, bibi, bibitus, to drink biceps, -cipitis, two-headed, two-edged bicolor, -oris, of two colors bidens, -entis, /., animal for sacrifice, sheep biduum, -i, n., space of two days biennium, -ii, n., space of two years bilinguis, -e, double-tongued, treach- erous bilocatio, -onis, /., the ability to be in more than one place at the same time bimatus, -us, m., the age of two years bini, -ae, -a, two, two apiece, two of a sort bipertitus, -a, -um, having two parts, double Birgitta, -ae, /., Bridget bis, twice Biscopius, -ii, m., Biscop Biterrensis, -e, of Beziers bitumen, -inis, n., pitch, slime, cement Blancha, -ae, /., Blanche blandimentum, -i, n., allurement blandiri, dep. 4, to caress blanditia, -ae, /., flattery blandus, -a, -um, soft, soothing LATIN GRAMMAR 213 Blasius, -ii, m., Blaise blasphemia, -ae, /., blasphemy blasphemus, -i, m., blasphemer Blesium, -ii, n., Blois Boeticus, -a, -urn, Andalusian Boetis, -is, /., Andalusia Bogotensis, -e, of Bogota Bohemi, -orum, m., Bohemians Boleslaus, -i, m., Bolcslav Boleslavia, -ae, /., Mlada Boleslav Bonajuncta Manettus, -ae, -i, m., Bonajuncta Manctti Bonaventiira, -ae, m., Bonaventure Bonfilius Monaldius, -i, -i, m., Bonfig- lio Monaldi Bonifatius, -ii, m., Boniface bonitas, -atis, /., goodness Bononia, -ae, /., Bologna bonus, -a, -um, good; in bonum, for good bonum, -i, n., good, advantage; bona, n., goods, possessions borealis, -e, northern; borealia, n. t northern parts borith (indecL), borith; possibly the soapwort used formerly for cleaning Borna, -ae, /., Born Borromaei, -orum, m., the Borromeos bos, bovis, m. and /., ox Boschum, -i, n., Bosco botrus, -i, m., bunch, cluster of grapes bracca, -ae, /., coat brachium, -ii, n., arm branchia, -ae, /., gill Braulius, -ii, m., Braulio bravfum, -ii, n., prize breve, -is, n. t brief breviare, to shorten breviarium, -ii, breviary breviculus, -a, -um, somewhat short; in breviculo, after a little while brevis, -e, short; in brevi, in a short space Brigida, -ae, /., Brigid Britanni, -orum, m., Britons Britannia, -ae, /., England; Brittany Brithualdus, -i, m., Brithwald Britones, -um, m., Britons Brixia, -ae, /., Brescia Brixianus, -a, -um, of Brescia bnichus, -i, m., bruchus, locust bruma, -ae, /., winter brumalis, -e, of winter, wintry bubalus, -i, m., buffalo buccella, -ae, /., morsel, sop, fragment buccina, -ae, /., trumpet buccinare, to sound a irumpet Bucclanicum, -i, n., Bacchianico Bulgiri, -orum, m., Bulgarians Burdigala, -ae, /., Bordeaux Burdigalensis, -e, of Bordeaux Burgensis, -e, of Burgos Burgundia, -ae, /., Burgundy butyrum, -i, n., butter byssinus, -a, -um, of silk or fine linen byssus, -i, m., fine linen Bytenius, -ii, m., Byten Byzantinus, -a, -um, Byzantine cabus, -i, m., a corn measure, cabe cacabus, -i, m., earthen pot cacumen, -inis, n., top, summit, high- est point cadaver, -eris, n., corpse, carcass cadere, cecidi, cassus, to fall, fall down caducitas, -atis, /., frailty, perishable- ness caducus, -a, -um, perishable, transitory cadus, -i, m., a large vessel, a jug caecatus, -a, -um, blinded Caecilia, -ae, /., Cecilia caecitas, -atis, f., blindness, darkness caecus, -a, -um, blind caecus, -i, m., blind man caedere, cecidi, caesus, to strike, beat; cut, hew 2I 4 LATIN GRAMMAR caedes, -is, /., slaughter caeles, -itis, heavenly Caelestinus, -i, m., Celestine caelestis, -e, heavenly, divine; caelestia, n., heavenly things, high places caelicola, -ae, m., inhabitant of heaven caelicus, -a, -urn, heavenly, angelic caelitus, divinely, by heavenly direc- tion Caelius, -a, -um, Caelian caelum, -i, n., heaven caementum, -i, n., mortir caeperis = coeperis (coepi, etc.), began caeriileus, -a, -um, blue caesar, -aris, m., emperor Caesaraea, -ae, /., Caesarea Caesaraugusta, -ae, /., Saragossa Caesariensis (Caesareensis), -e, of Caes- area caesaries, -ei, /., head of hair caetus (coetus), -us, m., assemblage Cainus, -i, m., Cain Cajetanus, -i, m., Cajetan Calamina, -ae, /., Coromandel Coast calamitas, -atis, /., calamity, distress calamus, -i, m., reed; fishing rod; pen Calaroga, -ae, /., Calaruega calcabilis, -e, that can be trod upon calcaneum, -i, n., heel calcar, -aris, n., spur calcare, to tread upon, trample calcator, -oris, m., tread er calceamentum, -i, n., shoe calceare, to put on (shoes) calceatus, -a, -um, shod, with shoes on calcitrare, to kick calculus, -i, m., pebble, stone caldaria, -ae, /., cauldron calefacere, -feci, -factus, (io), to warm calefieri, -factus sum, to grow warm calendae, -arum, /. pi., the first day of the month caliga, -ae, /., sandal caligare, to be misty, be in darkness caliginosus, -a, -um, misty, dark caligo, -inis, /., mist, cloud, dark cloud; darkness calipha, -ae, m., caliph calix, -icis, m., chalice, cup callide, craftily calliditas, -atis, /., craftiness callidus, -a, -um, subtle callis, -is, m. and /., footpath callus, -i, m., hard skin calor, -oris, m., heat caliimnia, -ae, /., false accusation; op- pression calumniare (-ari), to calumniate; op- press calumniator, -oris, m., oppressor Calvaria, -ae, /., Calvary calvaria, -ae, /., skull Calvinianus, -a, -um, Calvinist, of Calvin Calvinista, -ae, m., Calvinist calx, -cis, /., heel; lime; viva cake, in quick lime Camaldulensis, -e, of Camaldoli, Ca- maldolese Camaldulensis, -is, m., Camaldolese hermit camelus, -i, m and /., camel camera, -ae, /., vault Cameracensis, -e, of Cambrai Camerinum, -i, n., Ca merino Camiensis, -e, of Camien Camilianum, -i, n., Camiliano caminus, -i, m., furnace Campania, -ae, /., Champagne, Cam- pagna Campanus, -a, -um, of Campagna campester, -tris, -tre, pertaining to a plain, flat campus, -i, m., field, plain camus, -i, m., bit, curb Canadensis, -e, of Canada Canariae insulae, -arum, -arum, /., Canary Islands LATIN GRAMMAR 215 cancellarus, -a, -urn, crossed cancellus, -L, m., lattice, enclosure; grating candela, -ae, /., candle candelabrum, -i, n., candlestick Candacensis, -e, of Cande candens, -entis, glowing hot candidatio, -onis, /., glistening white- ness candidatus, -a, -urn. white robed candor, -oris, m., brightness canere, cecini, cantus, to sing; blow; prophesy canis, -is, m. and /., dog canistrum, -i, n., basket canities (-em, -e; other cases are lack- ing), /., gray, old age canon, -onis, m., canon canonicatus, -us, m. f office of a canon, canonry canonicus, -i, m., canon canonizatio, -onis, /., canonization canor, -oris, m., song canorus, -a, -um, melodious cantabilis, -e, worthy of song Cantabrigia, -ae, /., Cambridge can tare, to sing; crow cantatio, -onis, /., song canticum, -i, n., canticle, song cantio, -onis, /., song Cantium, -ii, n., Kent Cantius, -ii, m., Kenty or Kanty (St John), Cantius Cantiuiria, -ae, /., Canterbury Cantuariensis, -e, of Canterbury cantus, -us, m., crowing Camitus, -i, m., Canute capax, -acis, capable, fit for capella, -ae, /., chapel; sancta — , Sainte Chapelle capellanus, -i, m., chaplain capere, cepi, captus, (io), to receive, take, obtain; to hold, contain; to un- derstand capessere, -ivi and -ii, -itus, to seize; gain caph, the eleventh letter of the He- brew alphabet corresponding to English \ capillus, -i, m., hair Capistranum, -i, n., Capistrano capitalis, -e, capital Capitolinus, -a, -um, Capitoline capitulum, -i, n., little cliapter Cappadox, -ocis, Cappadocian caprea, -ae, /., roe caprinus, -a, -um, relating to a goat capsella, -ae, /., coffer, little box captare, to strive after; desire; seize, win captio, -onis, /., prey; net, trap captivitas, -atis, /., captivity captivus, -a, -um, captive captiira, -ae, /., catch (of fish) captus, -us, m., catching, capture Capuccini, -orum, m., Capuchins Capuccinus, -a, -um, Capuchin caput, -itis, n., head; chapter carbasinus, -a, -um, green carbo, -onis, m., coal carbiinculus, -i, m., carbuncle Carcasona, -ae, /., Carcassonne career, -eris, m., prison cardinalatus, -us, m., office of cardi- nal cardinalis, -is, m., cardinal cardo, -inis, m., pole of the earth; hinge; door carduus, -i, m., thistle caritas, -atis, /., charity, love Carmelitae, -arum, m. and /., Carmel- ites Carmelus, -i, m., Carmel carmen, -inis, n., song, lay, canticle carnalis, -e, bodily, carnal carnalitas, -atis, /., carnality, sensuality carnaliter, carnally carneus, -a, -um, of flesh, fleshly LATIN GRAMMAR carnifex, -icis, m., executioner carnificus, -a, -urn, of the flesh, cor- poral caro, carnis, /., flesh, meat Carolus Borromaeus, -i, -i, m., Charles Borromeo Carolus, -i, m., Charles Carolus Martellus, -i, -i, m., Charles Martel cirpere, -psi, -ptus, to pluck, seize cartallus, -i, m., basket Carthaginiensis, -e, of Carthage Carthago, -inis, /., Carthage; Nova — , Cartagena Carthusiani, -orum, m., Carthusians, charterhouse monks cams, -a, -um, dear, beloved; carissimi, dearly beloved caseum, -i, n., cheese casia, -ae, /., cassia Casimirus, -i, m., Casimir Cassia, -ae, /., Cascia Cassianus, -i, m., Cassian Cassinas, -atis, of Monte Cassino Cassinensis, -c, of Monte Cassino Cassinum, -i, n., Cassino cassis, -idis, /., helmet cassus, -a, -um, vain, useless Castella, -ae, /., Castile; — Nova, New Castile Castellatiurn, -ii, n., Castellazzo Castellio, -onis, /., Chatillon Castellio Stivorum, -onis, /., Castig- lione delle Sliviere castellum, -i, n., town, village castigare, to chastise, punish, chasten castigatio, -onis, /., chastisement castimonia, -ae, /., chastity castitas, -atis, /., chastity castramentari, dep., to pitch camp, en- camp castrare, to castrate castrum, -i, n., fortress, castle; castra, n. pL, camp, army Castrum novum, -i, n., Castelnuovo castus, -a, -um, chaste casula, -ae, f., cottage casus, -us, m. t case; peril, misfortune catabulum, -i, n., menagerie cataciimba, -ae, /., catacomb Catalaunia, -ae, /., Catalonia catalogus, -i, m., list, catalogue Catana, -ae, /., Catania Catanensis, -e, of Catania; Catanenscs, people of Catania cataracta, -ae, /., cataract, floodgate catasta, -ae, /., block, scaffold, rack catastrophe, -es, /,, disaster, catastrophe catechesis, -is, /., catachesis; oral in- struction to catachumens catechismus, -i, m., catechism catechizare, to instruct, teach catechumena, -ae, /., catechumen catechumenus, -i, m., catechumen catellus, -i, m., whelp catena, -ae, /., chain catenula, -ae, /., chain caterva, -ae, /., crowd, congregation catervatim, adv., in troops Catharina, -ae, /. (Senensis), Catharine (of Siena) Catharina Flisca, -ae, -ae, /., Caterina Fieschi cathedra, -ae, f., chair; professorship cathedralis, -e, cathedral Catholicus, -a, -um, Catholic catinum, -i, n., and catinus, -i, m., dish catulus, -i, m., cub, whelp cauda, -ae, /., tail caula, -ae, /., fold, sheepfold causa, -ae, /., cause; means; matter; sine — , in vain caute, carefully, circumspectly cautio, -onis, /., caution, warning; guilt; bill cavea, -ae, /., cage cavere, cavi, cautus, to take heed, be- ware LATIN GRAMMAR 217 caverna, -ac, /., hollow place, cave cedere, cessi, cessus, to yield cedrinus, -a, -um, of cedar cedrus, -i, /., cedar celare, to hide celeber, -bris, -bre, solemn celebrare, to celebrate celebritas, -atis, /., celebration, feast cella, -ae, /., cellar cellarium, -ii, n., chamber cellula, -ae, /., hut celsitudo, -inis, /., height, exaltation celsus, -a, -um, high, sublime celtis, -is, m., instrument, tool, chisel cenodoxia, -ae, /., vainglory censere, -sui, -sum, to call; approve census, -us, m., tribute; cost, expense centenarius, -a, -um, hundredfold centesimus, -a, -um, hundredth centrum, -i, n., center centum, one hundred Centum Cellae, -arum, /., Civita Vec- chia centuplum, a hundredfold centurio, -onis, m., captain over a hun- dred men, centurion cera, -ae, /., wax cerebrum, -i, n., brain ceremonia, -ae, /., ceremony cereus, -i, m., wax taper, candle cernere, crevi, cretus, to see, discern ccrnuus, -a, -um, falling down, pros- trate certamen, -inis, n., strife, fight certare, to fight ccrtatim, eagerly certe, surely certus, -a, -um, certain, fixed, deter- mined; certior fieri, to be informed cervix, -icis, f., neck cervus, -i, m., deer, stag, hart Cervus Frigidus, -i, -i, m., Cerfroid cespes, -itis, m., turf, grassy sward cessare, to cease ceterus, -a, -um, the other; de cetero, finally Cethaetus, -a, -um, Cethite cetus, -i, m. (pi., cete, n.) i whale ceu, as, like, as when Chaballicensis, -e, of Chablais Chalcedonensis, -e, of Chalcedon chalcedonius, -ii, /., chalcedony Chaldaei, -orum, m., Chaldees Chaldaeus, -a, -um, Chaldean Chaldaicus, -a, -um, Chaldaic chameunia, -ac, /., sleeping on the floor or ground Chananaeus, -a, -um, Canaanite chaos, n., chaos, the lower world character, -eris, m., character charisma, -ae, m., spiritual gift charta, -ae, /., paper chartula, -ae, /., a small piece of paper Chazari, -orum, m., Khazars Chersona, -ae, /., Cherson, Gallipoli cherub (indecl.), pi., cherubim, m., cherub Chicagiensis, -e, of Chicago chirographum, -i, n., handwriting chlamys, -ydis, /., cloak Chloes, Chloe chorda, -ae, /., string, stringed instru- ment chorea, -ae, /., choir chorus, -i, m., choir; dancing chrisma, -atis, n., chrism Christiades, -um, m., Christians Christiadum, -i, n., Christendom Christianitas, -atis, /., Christianity Christianus, -a, -um, Christian Christifer, -fera, -ferum, Christ-bearing Christifidelis, -e, faithful to Christ, Christian Christophorus, -i, m., Christopher Christus, -i, m., Christ christus, -a, -um, anointed chrysolithus, -i, m. and /., chrysolite, topaz 2l8 LATIN GRAMMAR chrysoprasus, -i, /., chrysoprasus Chrysostomus, -i, m., Chrysostom cibare, to feed, to give to eat cibaria, -oruiri, n. pi., food, victuals cibus, -i, m., food, meat; fuel cicatrix, -icis, /., scar, wound ciconia, -ae, /., stork, crane cicuta, -ae, /., hemlock ciere, civi, citus, to call by name, in- voke cilicium, -ii, n., sackcloth, haircloth, hair shirt cimelium, -ii, m., treasure Cinaeus, -i, m.. Cinite Cincinnatensis, -e, of Cincinnati cinctorium, -ii, n., girdle cinctus, -us, m., girding, girdle cingulum, -i, n., girdle cingulus, -i, m., girdle cinifes, -um, m., gnats cinis, -eris, m., ashes, embers; Feria IV Cinerum, Ash Wednesday cinnamomum, -i, n., cinnamon cinyrum, -i, n., lute circa, adv., about; prep., with circiter, adv., about circuire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to go about; compass circuitus, -us, m., circuit; in circiiitu, round about circulus, -i, m., circle circumamictus, -a, -um, clothed about circumcidere, -cidi, -cisus, to circum- cize circumcingere, -cinxi, -cinctus, to gird about circumcisio, -onis, /., circumcision circumcursatio, -onis, /., attention circumdare, -dedi, -datus, to encom- pass circumdolare, to hew about with an axe circumducere, -duxi, -ductus, to lead about circumferre, -tuli, -latus, to carry about circumfodere, -fodi, -fossus, (io), to dig a ditch around circumfulgere, -fulsi, -fulsus, to shine round about circumligare, to bind up circumornatus, -a, -um, adorned round about circumplecti, -plexus sum, dep. 5, to compass about circumponere, -posui, -positus, to put upon circumquaque, adv., all around circumseptus, -a, -um, covered on all sides circumspector, -oris, m., one who sees all circumspicere, -spexi, -spectus, to look about circumstantia, -ae, /., fortification; de- tails, circumstances circumstare, -steti, to stand around, to be present circumtectus, -a, -um, covered about circumvenire, -veni, -ventus, to cir- cumvent, overreach circumventio, -onis, /., a surrounding circumvolare, to fly about Cisterciensis, -e, of Citeaux, Cistercian cisterna, -ae, /., pit citatus, -a, -um, swift citerior, -ius, hither cithara, -ae, f., harp citharaedus, -i, m., harper citharizare, to play on a harp cito, adv., speedily, easily citra, prep., beyond citrinus, -a, -um, citrous; malum citri- num, lime civicus, -a, -um, civic civis, -is, m. and /., citizen civitas, -atis, /., city clades, -is, /., disaster, defeat clam, privately LATIN GRAMMAR 219 clamare, to cry out, proclaim clamitare, to shout loudly clamor, -oris, m., cry clangor, -oris, m., sound Clara, -ae, /., Clare Claravallensis, -e, of Clairvaux clarescere, clarui, to shine forth clarificare, to glorify clarificatio, -onis, /., glorification claritas, -atis, /., light, clarity, bright- ness; renown, glory clarus, -a, -urn, clear; well-known classis, -is, /., class; navy, fleet claudere, clausi, clausus, to shut, close claudicare, to limp claudus, -a, -urn, lame claustralis, -c, of the cloister, cloistral clava, -ae, /., cudgel, maul clavicularius, -ii, m., key bearer clavis, -is, /., key clavus, -i, m., nail Clemens, -entis, m., Clement clemens, -entis, merciful clementer, mercifully, graciously dementia, -ae, /., clemency clericalis, -e, priestly clericus, -i, m., cleric, clerk, priest clerus, -i, m., clergy; something as- signed by lot, spoil clibanus, -i, m., oven Clippiacum, -i, n., Clichy clivus, -i, m., hill cloaca, -ac, /., sewer Clodoaldus, -i, m., Clodoald, (St.) Cloud Clodoveus, -i, m., Clovis Clonardiensis, -e, of Clonard Clonfertcnsis, -e, of Clonfert Cluniacensis, -e, of Cluny Cluniacum, -i, n., Cluny clusor, -oris, m., smith clypeus, -i, m., buckler coacervarc, to heap up coacte, adv., by constraint coadjutor, -oris, m., coadjutor coadunare, to unite coaedificare, to build together coaequilis, -e, coequal coaequare, to rank with, make equal; fill up coaetaneus, -a, -urn, equal coaeternus, -a, -um, coeternal coaevus, -i, m., one equal in age coagitare, to shake together coagmentare, to join together coagulare, to curdle coagulatus, -a, -um, curdled; craggy coalescere, -alui, -alitus, to grow to- gether, take firm root coangustare, to straiten, hem in coapostolus, -i, m., fellow aposde coarctare, to straiten coccineus, -a, -um, scarlet coccinum, -i, n., scarlet cocus, -i, m., cook codex, -icis, m., document, scroll; book Coelesyria, -ae, /., Celesyria coelibatus, -us, m. f celibacy coelum, -i, n., heaven coemeterium, -ii, n., cemetery coena, -ae, /., supper, dinner, feast coenaculum, -i, n., dining room coenare, to sup, have supper coenobita, -ae, m., monk coenobiticus, -a, -um, monastic coenobium, -ii, n., convent coenomyia, -ae, /., dog fly coepiscopus, -i, m., fellow bishop coepisse, coeptus (defect.) , to begin coercere, -cui, -citus, to restrain coetus, -us, m., assembly, host cogere, coegi, coactus, to lead, bring, assemble; constrain cogitare, to think; purpose; take coun- sel together cogitatio, -onis, /., thought cogitatum, -i, n., care LATIN GRAMMAR cogitatus, -us, m., counsel cognata, -ac, /., cousin cognatio, -onis, /., kindred cognatus, -i, m., kinsman cognitor, -oris, m., knowcr, witness cognomentum, -i, n., name cognominare, to name cognominari, dep., to be surnamed cognoscere, -novi, -nitus, to know cognoscibiliter, recognizably cohaerere, -haesi, -haesus, to cleave to coheres, -edis, m., coheir cohibere, to hinder, restrain cohors, -tis, /., band, guard, cohort cohortatio, -onis, /., exhortation coinquinare, to defile colaphizare, to box one's ears colaphus, -i, m„ a box on the ear colare, to refine colere, colui, cultus, to till; worship, adore, revere; celebrate collabi, -lapsus sum, dep. 3, to fall, collapse collactancus, -i, m., foster brother collaetari, dep., to rejoice together collatio, -onis, /.. gathering, meeting collaudare, to praise together collaudatio, -onis, /., praise collects, -ac, /., collection or contribu- tion in money; collect collectus, -a, -um, shut collega, -ae, m., companion, fellow collegium, -ii, n., company, society; school collidere, -lisi, -Iisus, to dash together, bruise, crush; cast down colligare, to bind colligatio, -onis, /., band colligere, -legi, -lectus, to gather up, take in collineare, to direct in a straight line colliquefaccre, -feci, -f actus, (io), to melt colliquesccre, to melt collis, -is, m., hill collocare, to place colloqui, -cutus or -quutus sum, dep. 3, to converse together collucere, to shine, burn colluctatio, -onis, f., wrestling collum, -i, n., neck collustrare, to illuminate collyrium, -i, n., salve colonia, -ae, /., city Colonia Agrippina, -ae, -ae, /., Cologne Colonienses, -e, of Cologne colonus, -i, m., inhabitant, dweller color, -oris, m., color Colossenses, -ium, m., Colossians columba, -ac, /., dove, pigeon Columbensis, -e, of Columbus columen, -inis, n., pillar, support columna, -ae, /., pillar coma, -ae, /., hair, lock of hair; comam nutrire, to allow hair or beard to grow freely comburere, -bussi, -bustus, to burn combustio, -onis, /., burning comedere, -edi, -esus or -estus, to eat, devour; comedetis vescentes, you shall eat in plenty comes, -itis, m., companion; count, earl comessatio, -onis, /., revel, feasting, riotous feasting comestio, -onis, /., earing cominus, adv., in close combat comitari, dep., to accompany, follow, be together comitatus, -us, m., company, train commirtyr, -is, c, fellow martyr commemorare, to commemorate commemoratio, -onis, /., commemora- tion commendare, to commend commendatio, -onis, /., recommenda- tion commensalis, -is, m., table companion LATIN GRAMMAR commcntarms, -n, m., commentary commentum, -i, n., Fiction, invention commercium, -ii, n., intercourse, fel- lowship; work; rite commigrare, to go, travel commilito, -onis, m., comrade in war, fellow soldier comminari, dcp., to threaten comminuere, -ui, -utus, to break into small pieces commiscere, -miscui, -mixtus or -mis- tus, to mingle, to lie with commissarius, -ii, m., commissary committere, -misi, -missus, to bring together, unite; to begin, set forth; commit commixtio, -onis, /., mingling commodare, to lend commodum, -i, n., favor, blessing commonere, to admonish, remind, warn commonitio, -onis, /., reminder, warn- ing commorari, dep., to stay, tarry, abide commoratio, -onis, /., dwelling, habi- tation common, -mortuus sum, (io), to die together with commotio, -onis, /., movement, com- motion, disturbance commovere, -movi, -motus, to move commune, -is, n., common communicare, to communicate; re- ceive Communion; partake of; asso- ciate with communicator, -oris, m., partaker communio, -onis, /., communion communire, to strengthen communitas, -atis, /., commonwealth comm linker, together commutare, to change commutatio, -onis, /., change, barter, sale; price compactus, -a, -urn, compacted compages, -is, /., a joining together; joint compaginare, to join together compago, -inis, /., joining together; bodily structure compar, -aris, c, companion compar, -aris, ad)., like, similar, equal comparare, to prepare; buy; compare comparatio, -onis, /., comparison; preparation comparticeps, cipis, sharing jointly compati, -passus sum, dep. 3, (io), to suffer with compatiens, -entis, having compassion compeditus, -i, m., prisoner, captive compellere, -puli, -pulsus, to subdue, constrain, oblige, compel comperire, -peri, -pertus, to find compes, -edis, /., a fetter for the feet compescere, -pescui, to withhold, re- strain competenter, fitly competere, -ivi and -ii, -itus, to be capable of compingere, -pegi, -pactus, to con- struct; furnish with compitum, -i, n., crossroad complacere, -cui or -citus sum, to please, be acceptable to complanare, to make plain; to level, plane complantare, to plant together comple'cti, -plexus sum, dep. 3, to en- circle complere, -plevi, -pletus, to fill, fulfill, accomplish, end completorium, -ii, n., compline complexare, to embrace complicare, to fold together complodere, -plosi, -plosus, to beat or strike together Complutum, -i, n., Alcala de Henares componere, -posui, -positus, to place, order, compose; reconcile; forge LATIN GRAMMAR comportarc, to lay up, to collect, to bring together compos, -otis, possessed of, sharing in; compos voti, one whose wish is ful- filled compositio, -onis, /., composing, ar- rangement compositus, -a, -urn, comely, decked out Compostellanus, -a, -urn, of Com- postela comprehendere, -prehendi, -prehensus, to comprehend; obtain; take; over- take, apprehend; seize comprimere, -pressi, -pressus, to sup- press, restrain comprobare, to approve compunctio, -onis, /., compunction, sorrow compungere, -punxi, -punctus, to prick, wound; feel remorse computare, to reckon, count Comum, -i, n., Como conari, dep., to strive concalescere, -calui, to grow hot, burn, glow concaptivus, -i, m., fellow captive concava, -ae, /., glen concedere, -cessi, -cessus, to grant concelebrare, to celebrate together concentus, -us, m., harmony, concord conccptio, -onis, /., idea, conception conceptus, -us, m., conception concertare, to strive eagerly concessio, -onis, /., concession Conchessa, -ae, /., Conchessa concidere, -cidi, to fall down; be dis- heartened concidere, -cidi, -cisus, to cut, slice conciliabulum, -i, n., market place conciliate, to procure, obtain conciliatrix, -icis, /., ambassadress concilium, -ii, n., council concinere, -cinui, -centus, to sing concinnare, to arrange; frame, weave, forge concinnus, -a, -um, elegant, polished concio, -onis, /., sermon concionari, dep., to preach concionator, -oris, m., preacher concipere, -cepi, -ceptus, (io), to con- ceive concitare, to stir up, arouse, move, raise concivis, -is, c, fellow citizen conclave, -is, n., a room that may be locked concludere, -clusi, -clusus, to conclude; enclose; to shut up conclusio, -onis, /., conclusion concordare, to be of one mind, agree concordia, -ae, /., union, peace concorditer, with one accord concorporatus, -a, -um, united in one body concorporeus, -a, -um, of one body with concors, -cordis, of one mind, harmo- nious concremare, to kindle, burn up concrepare, -ui, to rattle, resound concrescere, -crevi, -cretus, to grow together; increase concretus, -a, -um, thickened, dried up concubina, -ae, /., concubine concubinarius, -ii, m., keeper of con- cubines conciibitor, -oris, m., one who lives or sleeps with another concubitus, -us, m., cohabitation conculcare, to tread on, trample under foot conciimbere, -cubui, -cubitus, to lie with concupiscentia, -ae, /., lust; love concupiscere, -pivi, -pitus, to long for, covet concupiscibilis, -e, very desirable LATIN GRAMMAR 223 concutere, -cussi, -cussus, (io), to strike, cause to tremble condecorare, to decorate conde lectori, dep., to be delighted with condemnare, to condemn condemns, -a, urn, thickly covered; condensa, n. pi., leafy boughs; thick woods condere, -didi, -ditus, to found, cre- ate; put in: lay up condescendere, -scendi, -scensus, to condescend; descend condiccre, -dixi, -dictus, to appoint condignus, -a, -um, worthy to be com- pared with condimentum, -i, n., spice, seasoning condtre, to season; embalm condiscipulus, -i, m. t fellow disciple conditio, -onis, /., condition, nature conditor, oris, m., founder, creator condolere, -dolui, to have compassion condiicere, -duxi, -ductus, to hire confabulari, dep,, to talk conferre, -tuli, collatus, to accompany; grant, confer; ponder; gain; press down; se — , to betake oneself to confessarius, -ii, m., confessor confessio, -onis, /., confession; praise confessor, -oris, m. t confessor confestim, immediately, forthwith confictus, -a, -um, forged COnfidentia, -ae, /., confidence confidere, -fisus sum (scnudep.), to trust, confide, hope, be of good heart configere, -fixi, -fixus, to nail, fasten or fix in configurare, to fashion configuratus, -a, -um, made like or conformable confirmare, to strengthen, uphold confiteri, -fessus sum, dep. 2, to confess, acknowledge, praise; give thanks, give glory conflans, -antis, refining con flare, to weld, forge, refine, melt conflatilis, -e, molten conflictare, to contend with conflictus, -us, m., conflict confligere, -flixi, -flictus, to strive coniluere, -fluxi, to stream together; resort tonfodere, -fodi, -fossus, (io), to stab con foede rare, to bind together confoederatio, -onis, /., confederation, union conformare, to conform confortare, to strengthen confortari, dep., to take courage, wax strong confortatio, -onis, /., solace confractio, -onis, /., breaking; gap, breach confratrcs, -um, m. pi., guild brothers confrigere, -frixi, -frktus, to burn up confringere, -fregi, -fractus, to break in pieces, burst, shatter, destroy confugere, -fugi, (io), to flee confusio, -onis, /., confusion, shame confusus, -a, -um, confused, disor- dered confutare, to confute confundere, -fudi, -fusus, to confound; put to shame conga ude re, -gavisus sum, semidep,, to rejoice with congelatus, -a, -um, frozen congener, -eris, of the same kind, kin- dred congerere, -gessi, -gestus, to heap conglorificare, to glorify conglutinare, to bind together conglutinari, dep., to cleave to congratulari, dep., to rejoice with congregare, to gather together, collect, assemble congregatio, -onis, /., company, gath- ering, assembly, congregation congressio, -onis, /., meeting 22 4 LATIN GRAMMAR congruens, -entis, proper, suitable, seasonable congruenter, suitably, becomingly congruere, -ui, to correspond with congruus, -a, -um, fitting, becoming Conimbria, -ae, /., Coimbra Conimbricensis, -c, of Coimbra conjicere, -jeci, -jectus, (io), to cast; conjecture, guess conjugalis, -e, conjugal conjunctio, -onis, /., joining together, union, conjunction conjiingere, -junxi, -junctus, to join, have affinity with conjux, -jugis, c, husband, wife, spouse Connichti, -orum, m., Connaught connectere, -nexui, -nexus, to fasten together, unite; cause connexus, -a, -um, joined together connubium, -ii, «., matrimony connumerare, to number among conopeum, -i, n., canopy conquadrare, to cut square conquassare, to crush conqueri, -questus sum, dep. 3, to com- plain conquiescere, -quievi, -quietus, to rest conquisitio, -onis, /., dispute conquisitor, -oris, m., disputer conregnare, to reign with consalutare, to salute one another consanguineus, -a, -um, of one blood with consanguineus, -i, m., cousin conscendere, -scendi, -scensus, to as- cend conscientia, -ae, /., consciousness; con- science; acknowledgment conscindere, -scidi, -scissus, to rend conscius, -a, -um, conscious, knowing conscriptus, -a, -um, written consecrare, to consecrate, sanctify, hal- low consecratio, -onis, /., consecration consenior, -oris, m., ancient, elder consensus, -us, m., concord, harmony consentaneus, -a, -um, consonant with, fit, suitable consentire, -sensi, -sensus, to consent consepelire, -sepelivi and -ii, -sepiiltus, to bury with consequenter, consequently consequi, -seciitus sum, dep. 3, to fol- low; obtain conserere, -sevi, -situs, to sow conservare, to keep, preserve conservatus, -a, -um, inviolate conservus, -i, m., fellow servant or slave consessus, -us, m., seat, place; primi consessus, foremost places, prece- dence considerare, to look, consider consignare, to sign with consiliari, dep., to meditate consiliarius, -ii, m., counselor, adviser, judge consilium, -ii, n., counsel; assembly consimilis, -e, like consistere, -stiti, to stand together, continue consociare, to associate with, share consolari, dep., to comfort consolatio, -onis, /., consolation, com- fort consolator, -oris, m., comforter consolidate, to strengthen consonus, -a, -um, in harmony with, harmonious consors, -sortis, having a common lot, partaking consors, -sortis, c, sharer, fellow consortium, -ii, n., consort, company conspector, -oris, m., beholder conspectus, -us, m., sight, presence conspergerc, -spersi, -spersus, to sprin- kle, strew LATIN GRAMMAR 225 conspersio, -onis, /., paste, dough conspicere, -spexi, -spectus, (io), to see, consider, look at, stare upon conspirare, to unite, agree conspiratio, -onis, f., one common opinion; agreement conspuere, -spui, -sputus, to spit upon constanter, earnestly Constantinianus, -a, -urn, of Constan- tine Constantinopolis, -is, /., Constanti- nople Constant inopolitanus, -a, -urn, of Con- stantinople Constantinus, i, m., Constantinc constare, -steti, -statiirus, to consist; ex- ist consternatus, -a, -um, in consternation constituere, -ui, -utus, to constitute, decree, appoint, set, ordain; stand constitutio, -onis, /., constitution; or- der, foundation constringcre, -strinxi, -strictus, to bind fast constriierc, -straxi, -structus, to build; frame together constuprare, to corrupt consubstantialis, -e, consubstantial consudare, to sweat consuere, -sui, -sutus, to sew together consuescerc, -suevi, -suetus, to be ac- customed consuetudo, -inis, /., custom, inter- course, intimacy consuetus, -a, -um, wonted, accus- tomed consul, -sulis, m., consul consultum, -i, n., resolution consultus, -a, -um, wise; consultius, more wisely consumere, -sumpsi, -sumptus, to con- sume, bring to an end consummarc, to consummate, accom- plish, fulfill, consume, spend, finish consummatio, -onis, /., perfecting; consummation; end of the world consumptio, -onis, /., utter destruc- tion; a wasting consurgere, -surrexi, -surrectus, to rise up or with, stand up contabescere, -tabui, to pine away contactus, -us, m., contact, touch, ap- proach contagio, -onis, /., contagion contagiosus, -a, -um, contagious contagium, -ii, n., touch, contagion; temptation contaminare, to defile contegere, -texi, -tectus, to cover, en- velop contemnarc, to despise contemnere, -tempsi, -temptus, to de- spise, slight contemperare, to mix, infuse contemplare, to behold, contemplate contemplator, -oris, m., contemplator contemptibilis, -e, contemptible contemptio, -onis, f., contempt contemptor, -oris, m., despiser contemptus, -us, m., contempt contendere, -tendi, -tentus, to main- tain, assert; strive contentio, -onis, /., contention, strife, obstinacy contentiose, contentiously, rebelliously contentus, -a, -um, content conterere, -trivi, -tritus, to break in pieces, grind to powder, crush, de- stroy; bruise conterritus, -a, -um, frightened contestari, dep., to testify contextus, -a, -um, woven conticescere, -ticui, to be silent contignatio, -onis, /., woodwork continens, -entis, /., continent, main land continentia, -ae, /., self-denial, re- straint, abstinence 226 LATIN GRAMMAR continere, -tinui, -tentus, to uphold; stop; keep silence; possess, hold fast; contain; keep back contingcre, -tigi, -tacftis, to touch; happen 10, fall to; belong to continuatus, -a, -um, coaunuxl contmuo, immediately contrnuus, -a, -um, continm. -finite contorqucre, -torsi, -torsus, wind about contra, prep, and adv., again. 1 '' : ■ \;re; the opposite, on the con'-' ry; e contra, coming toward him contradicere, -drxi, -dictus, to contra- dict; resist, contend with contradictio, -onis, /., contradiction; strife contrahere, -traxi, -tractus, to contract, draw in; commit contra ire, -ivi and -ii, -it us, (co), to go against, brave contrarius, -a, -um, against, contrary; e contrario, on the contrary contrectare, to handle contrcmcre, -tremui, to tremble contremiscere. -tremui, to tremble contrrbulare, to crush contribulatus, -a, -um, troubled contribulis, -is, m., countryman contrrstare, to sadden contritio, -onis, /., grief, contrition contritus, -a, -um, contrite controversia. -ae, /., controversy contubernrum, -rr, n., a common dwelling; comradeship, intimacy contueri, -tuitus sum, dtp. 2, to con- sider contumacia, -ae, /., insolence contumelia, -ae, /., outrage contumeliare, to outrage contumeliosus, -a, -um, contumelious contendere, -tudi, -tusus, to bruise, crush conturbare, to disquiet, trouble conturbatio, -onis, /., trouble, vexa- tion contutari, dcp., to keep safe; to com- municate with convalere, -valui, to recover strength, to regain health convale'scere, -valui, to gain strength convaJlis, -is, /., valley conveniens, -entis, agreeing convenienter, duly convenire, -veni, -ventus, to come to- gether, agree; resort conventiculum, -i, /;., meeting, gather- ing conventio, -onis, /., agreement, con- cord conventualis, -e, pertaining to a con- vent; Minores Convcntuales, Friars Minor Conventuals con vent us, -us, m„ assembly, — Lau- dantium, Guild ot Praise conversarc, to turn around conversari, dcp., to converse conversatio, -onis, /., intercourse, con- versation; manner oi living, con- duct conversro, -onis, /., conversion conversus, -a, -um, turned toward convertere, -verti, -versus, to convert, change convesci, dcp. 3, to eat with eonvicium, -ii, n. p reproach, insult convincere, -vici, -victus, to con v ret convitrari, dtp., to revile convivantes, -ium, m. pL, banqueters convivari, dep., to feast with convivificare, to quicken together with convivium, -ii, n. t banquet convolvere, -voivi, -volutus, to roll up cooperare, to cooperate cooperator, -oris, m., fellow helper cooperire, -perui, -pertus. to cover coopertus, -a, -um, clothed, arrayed cooptare, to elect LATIN GRAMMAR 227 cophinus, -i, m., basket, hod copia, -ae, /., abundance, store copiositas, -atis, /., abundance copiosius, adv., in greater numbers copiosus, -a, -um, plentiful, great copula, -ae, /., union copulare, to join together copulari, dep., to be united with; to embrace coquere, coxi, coctus, to cook, boil, bake cor, cordis, n., heart coram, prep., in the presence of, before corbona, -ae, /., treasury Corcyrensis, -e, of Corfu Corduba, -ae, /., Cordoba Cordubensis, -e, of Cordoba coriarius, -ii, m., tanner Corinthii, -orum, m. pi., Corinthians Corinthus, -i, /., Corinth corium, -ii, n., hide Corneliensis, -e, of Imola Cornelius, -a, -um, Cornelian corneus, -a, -um, made of horn cornicularius, -ii, m., trumpeter cornu, -us, n., horn; mountain top corona, -ae, /., wreath, crown coronare, to crown coronator, -oris, m., crowner, bestower corporaliter, with one body; bodily corporeus, -a, -um, bodily, corporeal corpus, -oris, n., body; carcass corpusculum, -i, n. y small body correctio, -onis, /., correction; prop, support correptio, -onis, f. f correction, chastis- ing corrigere, -rexi, -rectus, to correct; es- tablish corrigia, -ae, f., shoe lace corripere, -ripui, -reptus, (io), to re- buke, admonish, chastise, smite corrobare, to strengthen corrogatio, -onis, /., contribution corrosio, -onis, /., gnawing corruere, -rui, to fall (to the ground) corrumpens, -entis, baleful corrumpere, -rupi, -ruptus, corrupt, pervert corruptela, -ae, /., bribery, corruption corruptibilis, -e, corruptible corruptibilitas, -atis, /., corruptibility corriiptio, -onis, /., corruption corruptus, -a, -um, corrupted corus, -i, m., quarter, measure coruscare, to glitter, shine, gleam coruscatio, -onis, /., lightning coruscus, -i, m., lightning corvus, -i, m., raven Cosmedin, Cosmedine costa, -ae, /., side; rib costula, -ae, /., rib Cottiensis, -e, of Cotyaeus coturnix, -icis, /., quail couti, -usus sum, dep. 3, to communi- cate with Cracovia, -ae, /., Cracow Cracoviensis, -e, of Cracow crapula, -ae, /., surfeiting, drunkenness crapulatus, -a, -um, surfeited eras, adv., tomorrow crassities, -ei, /., grossness, coarseness crassitiido, -inis, f., thickness, fatness; a clod crassus, -a, -um, thick, fat crastinus, -a, -um, relating to tomor- row crastina die, tomorrow; dies crastina, the following day; in crastinum, on the next day crater, -eris, m., a large bowl in which wine was mixed with water; chalice craticula, -ae, /., gridiron, gradng cratis, -is, /., grating, gridiron creare, to create creatio, -onis, /., creation creator, -oris, m., creator creatiira, -ae, /., creature crebro, adv., frequently 228 LATIN GRAMMAR credere, -didi, -ditus, to believe, trust; to be faithful (in the passive) credibilis, -e, trustworthy creditor, -oris, m., creditor creditus, -a, -um, entrusted, committed to the care of credulitas, -atis, /., faith, belief cremare, to burn cremium, -ii, n., fuel crepare, -ui, -itus, to crack, burst asun- der crepido. -inis, /., base, foot crepitus, -us, m., explosion crepiisculum, -i, n., twilight crescere, crevi, cretus, to increase, grow; spring up Creta, -ac, /., Crete Crete'nses, -ium, m. pi., Cretans Cretes, -um, m. pi., Cretans cribrare, to sift crimen, -inis, n.. guilt, sin criminarc, to accuse criminari, dcp., to accuse criminator, -oris, m., detractor criminatrix, -icis, /., false accuser croceus, -a, -um, scarlet crocus, -i, m., saffron cruciare, to torture, torment cruciatio, -onis, /.. punishment crucifigere, -fixi, -fixus, to crucify crudelis, -e, cruel crudus, -a, -um, raw cruentare, to torture, lash cruentatus, -a, -um, bleeding cruentus, -a, -um, bloody cruor, -oris, m., gore, blood cms, cruris, n., leg crux, crucis, /., cross crypta, -ae, /., crypt, catacomb Cryptula, -ae, /., La Grotella crystallus, -i, /., crystal; ice cubare, -ui, -itus, to lie down cubicularius, -ii, m., cubicular, cham- berlain cubiculum, -i, n., chamber, bedroom cubile, -is, n., bed, couch; lair, den cubitum, -i, n., cubit cubitus, -us, m., cubit cuculla, -ae, /., cowl cucumerarium, -ii, n., garden of cu- cumbers cudere, to stamp, coin cujus (cuius), genitive of qui and quis, whose, of whom culcitra, -ae, /., mattress, bed culex, -icis, m., gnat culmen, -inis, n., top, summit, height culpa, -ae, /., fault, guilt, sin cultor, -oris, m., cultivator; dresser; professor; worshiper; dweller, in- habitant cultrix, -icis, /., worshiper cultiira, -ae, /., worship cultus, -us, m., cultivation, care; wor- ship cum, prep., with cum, con]., when, while; whereas; al- though; since annulare, to heap up, increase cumulatius, adv., more fully cumulus, -i, m., heap, pile cunae, -arum, /. pL, cradle cunctari, dcp., to delay cunctus, -a, -um, all Cunegunda, -ac, /., Cunigundis ciipere, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (io), to de- sire, long for ciipide, gladly cupiditas, -atis, /., desire, greed ciipido, -inis, /., desire cupidus, -a, -um, desirous cupiens, -entis, desirous cur, why? cura, -ae, /., care curare, to cure, heal curatio, -onis, /., healing, cure curatrix, -icis, /., guardian, warden curia, -ae, /., senate house LATIN GRAMMAE 229 Curia, -ae, /., Coire Curimensis, -e, of Gurina currens, -entis, current ciirrere, cucurri, cursus, to run, hasten ciirrilis, -e, pertaining to a chariot currus, -us, m., chariot cursitare, to run up and down or hither and thither cursus, -us, m., course; voyage curvare, to bend; humble curvescere, to bend over cuspis, -idis, /., point (of a spear) cmtodia, -ae, /., watch; prison, ward, cell custodiens, -entis, m., keeper custodire, to protect, preserve, keep; watch over custos, -odis, m. and /., guard, watch- man Cuthbertus, -i, m., Cuthbert cutis, -is, /., skin cyclas, -adis, /., robe cymbalum, -i, n., cymbal cynicus, -i, m., cynic Cydonia, -ae, /., Canea (in Crete) cypressinus. -a, -um, of cypress cypressus, -i, /., cypress tree Cyprianus, -i, m., Cyprian Cyprius, -a, -um, Cyprian Cyprus, -i, /., cypress Cyrenaeus, -a, -um, of Cyrcne, Cyre- nian Cyrenensis, -e, of Cyrene, Cyrenian Cyrillus, -i, m., Cyril Dacianus, -i, m., Dacian daemon, -onis, m., devil daemoniacus, -i, m., possessed person daemonium, -ii, n., devil daleth, fourth letter of the Hebrew alphabet corresponding to Eng- lish d Dalmatae, -arum, m. pi., Dalmatians dalmatica, -ae, /., dalmatic Damasceni, -orum, m.pl., Damascenes Damascenus, -a, -um, Damascene Damianus, -i, m., Damian damnare, to condemn damnatio, -onis, /., damnation, con- demnation damnosus, -a, -um, mistaken, harmful damnum, -i, n., damage, loss, evil, in- jury, punishment Dani, -orum, m. pi., Danes Danubius, -ii, m., the Danube Daphniticus, -a, -um, of Daphne daps, dapis, /., meal, banquet, food dare, dedi, datus, to give, grant, yield dator, -oris, m., giver datum, -i, n., gift Davidicus, -a, -um, Davidical de, from, down from, out of; concern- ing dea, -ae, /., goddess dealbare, to make white deambulare, to walk about deargentare, to plate with silver deauratus, -a, -um, gilded debellare, to wage war debere, to owe; ought debilis, -e, feeble; maimed debilitas, -atis, /., weakness debitor, -oris, m., debtor debitrix, -icis, /., debtor debitum, -i, n., debt debitus, -a, -um, due decachordus, -a, -um, ten stringed decalogus, -i, m., decalogue, the Ten Commandments decantare, to sing decantatio, -onis, /., singing decas, -adis, /., decade, set of ten decern, ten decern et octo, eighteen decenni, -ae, -a, ten years; decennis, at the age of ten 2 3 LATIN GRAMMAR decenter, fittingly Decentiinum, -i, n., Dcscnzano deceptor, -oris, m., deceiver, enemy decernere, -crevi, -cretus, to intend, or- dain, determine decerpere, -cerpsi, -cerptus, to take away decertare, to strive decessor, -oris, m., predecessor decet, -uit, impers. 2, it is becoming decidens, -entis, fading decidere, -cidi, to fall down, die, wither decima, -ae, /., tenth, tithe decimatio, -onis, /., tithe decimus, -a, -urn, tenth decimus (-a, -urn) nonus (-a -um), nineteenth decimus (-a, -um) octavus (-a, -um), eighteenth decimus (-a, -um) quartus (-a, um), fourteenth decimus (-a, -um) sextus (-a, -um), sixteenth decipere, -cepi, -ceptus, (io), to deceive declarare, to signify declaratio, -onis, /., declaration declinare, to incline; go aside, turn away, step aside, lean to one side decollare, to behead decollatio, -onis, /., beheading decolorare, to discolor decoquere, -coxi, -coctus, to cook, boil, roast decor, -oris, m., beauty, comeliness decorare, to adorn; honor; endow decorticare, to tear off the bark, to strip bare decorus, -a, -um, beauteous, comely decrepitus, -a, -um, infirm decrescere, -crevi, -cretus, to decrease, wane decretalia, -orum, n. pi., decretals decretorius, -a, -um, decreeing, em- bodying a decree decretum, -i, n., decree decurio, -onis, m., counselor; captain over ten men deciirrere, -curri and -cuciirri, -cursus, trickle down; run through deciirsus, -us, m., completion; maneu- ver, attack; a running down decus, -oris, n., grace, beauty; honor, glory dedecens, -entis, unbecoming dedecus, -oris, n., dishonor, shame dedicare, to dedicate dedicatio, -onis, /., dedication dedignari, dep., to scorn, disdain, re- ject as unworthy dedignatio, -onis, /., scorn, indignation deditus, -a, -um, devoted deducere, -duxi, -ductus, to lead, con- duct, bring down deesse, -fui, to be wanting, be lacking defaecatus, -a, -um, purified, refined defectio, -onis, /., fainting defectus, -us, m., failing, defect defendere, -fendi, -fensus, to defend, revenge defensio, -onis, /., defense, protection deferre, -tuli, -latus, to offer, bring deficere, -feci, -fectus, (io), to fail, faint; waste; vanish definire, to determine, define, solve defixus, -a, -um, fixed deflectere, -flexi, -fiexus, to turn aside deflere, -flevi, -fletus, to weep defliiere, -fluxi, to pass away, fall, wither deforet (for deesset), another form of the imperfect subjunctive of deesse deformare, to engrave defiinctus, -a, -um, dead degener, -eris, unworthy, ignoble degere, degi, to live, spend time deglutire, to swallow up degustarc, to taste, partake of deifer, -fera, -ferum, God-bearing LATIN GRAMMAR 231 dcin, thereupon, then deinceps, henceforth, again, any more, any longer; successively, in order of succession deindc, then deintus, trom within Deipara, -ae, /., Mother of God, the Blessed Virgin Dcitas, atis, /., Deity, Godhead, Di- vinity dejectus, -a, -urn, fallen dejicere, -jeci, -jectus, (io), to break down; cast down delectabilis, -c, delightful delectamentum, -i, n., delight, sweet- ness; sweetness and delight delectarc, to be delighted, rejoice delectatio, -onis, /., pleasure, delight delegare, to entrust, assign delere, -evi, -etus, to biot out, wash away, destroy delibare, to sacrifice delibiiere, -ui, -utus, to besmear, anoint delicatus, -a, -urn, delightful delicia, -ae, /., delight delictum, -i, n., crime, sin, dishonor delineare, to outline; prophesy delinquere, -liqui, -lictus, to fail, of- fend, sin delitescere, -tui, to lie hidden deliibrum, -i, n., temple, shrine demandare, to entrust demere, dempsi, demptus, to take away demercri, dep. 2, to deserve demergere, -mersi, -mersus, to sink, plunge into, drown; swallow demirari, dep., to be amazed, wonder at demisse, humbly demissio, -onis, /., lowliness demissus, -a, -um, lowly, humble demoliri, dep. 4, to consume, demolish, destroy demonstrate, to show, discover demorari, dep., to abide, dwell demori, -mortuus sum, dep. 3 (io), to die demulcere, -mulsi, -mulsus or -mulc- tus, to soften, persuade demum, at length, at last denarius, -ii, m., denarius (a coin worth about twenty cents) dencgare, to deny deni, -ae, -a, by tens; ter denis, thirty- fold denotare, to denote dens, dentis, m., tooth densus, -a, -um, thick denudare, to lay bare denuntiare, to threaten denuo, again, a second time deorsum, down, beneath, lower deosculari, dep., to kiss depascere, -pavi, -pastus, to feed upon depeilere, -puli, -pulsus, to keep from, drive away, dispel depingere, -pinxi, -pictus, to paint deplorare, to grieve over, deplore deponere, -posui, -positus, to lay; bring down, take down; remove; cast headlong depopulari, dep., to ravage deportare, to bring; banish deposcere, -poposci, to beseech; de- mand; appoint depositio, -onis, /., laying aside, put- ting away; burial depraedare, to rob depravare, to pervert, corrupt deprecabilis, -e, merciful, gracious deprecari, dep., to beseech deprecatio, -onis, /., prayer, supplica- tion deprecitor, -oris, m., intercessor, pleader deprehendere, -prehendi, -prehensus, to find, take, seize; perceive 2 3 2 LATIN GRAMMAR deprimere, -pressi, -pressus, to press down, weigh down; oppress, afflict depromere, -prompsi, -promptus, to bring forth, fetch out, pour out, produce depurgare, to wash deputare, to appoint, depute; con- demn; reckon, count; prune, cut off derelinquere, -liqui, -lictus, to leave, forsake derepente, suddenly deridere, -risi, -risus, to laugh at, de- ride derisus, -us, m., derision derivare, to divert; convey abroad desaevire, to rage violently descendere, -scendi, -scensus, to come down, run down, descend describere, -scripsi, -scriptus, to enroll; describe descriptio, -onis, /., enrolling; descrip- tion deserere, -serui, -sertus, to forsake, neg- lect; fail to appear desertio, -onis, /., desertion, treason desertor, -oris, m., rebel desertum, -i, n., desert, wilderness desertus, -a, -urn, deserted, desolate, arid deservire, to serve deses, -idis, idle, lazy, slothful desiderabilis, -e, desirable desiderare, to desire desiderium, -ii, n., desire; lust desidia, -ae, /., sloth designire, to appoint; signify desilire, -silui, -sultus, to leap desinere, -sivi or -sii, -situs, to cease desolare, to bring to desolation, lay waste dcsolatio, -onis, /., desolation desolatorius, -a, -um, destroying; car- bonibus desolatoriis, with hot burn- ing coals desolatorius, -ii, m., destroyer desolatus, -a, -um, desolate despectio, -onis, /., contempt, a look- ing down upon desperare, to despair despicabilis, -e, unworthy despicere, -spexi, -spectus, (io), to slight, despise, abhor despoliare, to strip despondere, -spondi, -sponsus, to promise in marriage, espouse, be- troth desponsatus, -a, -um, espoused destitiiere, -stitui, -stitutus, to aban- don; to be lacking (in the passive) destructor, -oris, m., destroyer destruere, struxi, -structus, to pull or tear down, ruin, destroy; overcome desuescere, -suevi, -suetus, to lay aside a custom desumere, -sumpsi, -sumptus, to choose, select desuper, from above, from the top; thereon desiirsum, from above detegere, -texi, -tectus, to uncover, lay bare, disclose detentio, -onis, /., abode detergere, -tersi, -tersus, to cancel, wipe away deterior, -ius, worse determinare, to determine deterrere, -terrui, -territus, to deter by fear detestari, dep., to curse detinere, -tinui, -tentus, to hold back, withhold, detain detrahere, -traxi, -tractus, to take away; bring down; slander detrectare, to speak against, disparage; refuse detrimentum, -i, n., loss detnidere, -trusi, -trusus, to thrust down LATIN GRAMMAR 2 33 Deus, -i, m., God deuteronomium, -ii, n., Deuteronomy devenire, -veni, -ventus, to come to deviare, to wander away from devincere, -vici, -victus, to conquer, overcome devitare, to shun, avoid devius, -a, -um, wandering from the way devorare, to devour devoratio, -onis, /., devouring; prey devote, devoutly devotio, -onis, /., devotion devotus, -a, -um, devout, devoted devovere, -vovi, -votus, to devote, consecrate dexter, -a, -um, or -tra, -trum, right; ad dexteram, at the right hand dextera (dextra), -ae, /., the right hand dexteritas, -atis, /., skill dextraliolum, -i, n., bracelet diaboiicus, -a, -um, diabolic, of the devil diabolus, -i, m., devil diaconia, -ae, /., hospice, chapel diaconatus, -us, m., diaconate diaconus, -i, m., deacon diade'ma, -atis, n., diadem dialogus, -i, m., dialogue, conversa- tion dicare, to dedicate, devote dicatus, -a, -um, hallowed dicere, dixi, dictus, to say, tell, call; dicitur, is called dicio (ditio), -onis, /., dominion dictio, -onis, /., language dictum, -i, n., word dictus, -us, m., word, saying, com- mand dies, -ei, m. and /., day; de die in diem, from day to day dietim, day by day, daily diffamare, to spread abroad; accuse difterens, -entis, different differentia, -ae, /., difference differentior, -ius, more different, more excellent diif erre, distuli, dilatus, to cast off ; de- fer; differ difficultas, -atis, /., difficulty; obstinacy diffldentia, -ac, f., suspicion, unbelief diffidere, -fisus sum, scmidep. 3, to mistrust diffiteri, dcp. 2, to deny, disavow diffliiere, -fluxi, -fluxus, to fall or flow out; flow freely diffugere, -fugi, -fugitus, (io), to flee diffiindere, -fudi, -fusus, to pour abroad, pour forth, spread through- out digerere, -gessi, -gestus, to digest digestus, -a, -um, set in order digitus, -i, m., finger; toe dignanter, worthily dignari, dep., to grant, vouchsafe dignatio, -onis, /., condescension, gra- ciousness digne, worthily, rightly dignitas, -atis, /., worth, merit, dignity dignoscere, -novi, to discern, distin- guish dignus, -a, -um, worthy, becoming, deserved digredi, -gressus sum, dep. 3, (io), to depart; digress dijudicare, to discern, examine, judge dilacerare, to tear to pieces dilaniare, to tear in pieces, rend dilargire, to give liberally dilatare, to make broad, extend, en- large, spread; increase, multiply dilatio, -onis, /., delay dilectio, -onis, /., love dilectus, -a, -um, beloved; lovely diligenter, diligently diligentius, more diligently, more care- fully diligere, -lexi, -lectus, to love 2 34 LATIN GRAMMAR dihicidc, clearly diliiculum, -i, n., dawn, daybreak, morning light; diluculo, early diluere, -lui, -lutus, to wash, efface diluvium, -ii, n., flood dimanare, to flow in different direc- tions dimetiri, -mensus sum, dep. 4, to meas- ure, mete out dimicare, to fight, struggle dimidiare, to divide into halves dimidiatus, -a, -um, half dimidius, -a, -urn, half dimidium, -ii, n., the half diniimiere, -ui, -utus, to lessen, dimin- ish dimittere, -misi, -missus, to put or send a way; dismiss, release; leave; forgive; let down dinumerare, to number Diocletianus, -i, m., Diocletian dioecesanus, -a, -um, diocesan dioeccsis, -is, or -eos, f., diocese Dionysius, -ii, m., Dionysius; Denis dioryx, -ygis, /.. channel, canal Dioscorus, -i, m., Dioscorus diplois. -idis, /., a double cloak, mantle diploma, -atis, n., privilege conferred by the government dipondium, -ii, n., two farthings directio, -onis, /., direction; upright- ness directus, -a, -um, direct; in directo, in the direct way diremptio, -onis, /., separation dirigere, -rexi, -rectus, to direct; straighten; prosper (in the passive) diripere, -ripui, -reptus, (io), to plun- der diriimperc, -rupi, -ruptus, to break asunder, to cleave dims, -a, -um, cruel discedere, -cessi, -cessus, to pass away, depart disceptare, to dispute with, discuss, de- termine disceptatio, -onis, /., dispute discere, didici, to learn disccrnere, -crevi, -cretus, to discern, distinguish discerpere, -cerpsi, -cerptus, to tear, to rend discessio, -onis, /... re\olt disccssus, -us, m., ren loval disciplina, -ae, /., study, instruction; chastisement, discipline di.se ipulatus, -us, m., disci pleship discipulus, -i, m., disciple discissus, -a, -um, torn, rent discolor, -oris, of different colors, speckled discolus, -a, -um, deformed discordia, -ae, /., dissension discrepare, to disagree with, be differ- ent from; depart from discretio, -onis, /., discernment; sepa- ration discretor, -oris, m., discerner discrimen, -inis, n., danger, peril, hazard discriminate, to plait, braid discruciare, to torture discumbens, -entis, m., guest discumbere, -cubui, -cubitus, to sit down disciirrere, -cucurri and -curri, -cur- sus, to run to and fro discus, -i, m., dish disciissio, -onis, /., dispersal disciitere, -cussi, -cussus, to disperse diserte, eloquently disertus, -a, -um, eloquent disgregare, to rend asunder disjiingere, -junxi, -junctus, to put asunder dispar, -is, unlike, different, unequal dispendere, -pensus sum, scmidep. 3, to weigh out, dispense LATIN GRAMMAR 235 dispensare, to distribute dispensatio, -onis, /., dispensation, ad- ministration dispensator, -oris, m., dispenser, stew- ard dispensatorius, -a, -urn, dispensing, ad- ministering disperdere, -didi, -ditus, to cut off, destroy dispergere, -spersi, -spersus, to scatter disperire, -ii, (eo), to perish dispersio, -onis, /., dispersal dispertire, to distribute; separate, part, divide displicere, -plicui, -plicitus, to displease disponere, -posui, -positus, to dispose, order dispositio, -onis, /., disposition, provi- dence, decree dispositor, -oris, m., disposer disputare, to treat about, dispute disputatio, -onis, /., argumentation disriimpere, -rupi, -ruptus, to break asunder dissecare, to dry up dissecare, -secui, -sectus, to cut dissensio, -onis, /., quarrel disserere, -serui, -sertus, to discuss, con- verse, discourse dissidens, -er.tis, being at variance, dis- senting dissidere, -sedi, -sessus, to disagree dissidium, -ii, n., quarrel; disunion dissimilitiido, -inis, /., difference dissimulare, to dissemble, conceal dissipare, to destroy, abolish; scatter; waste: lay waste dissipatio, -onis, /., desolation dissitus, -a, -um, widely scattered dissolutus, -a, -um, loose; feeble dissolvere, -solvi, -solutus, to loose, dissolve, destroy; scatter dissonantia, -orum, n. pi., differences distans, -antis, separate, distant distantia, -ae, /., distance distare, to be different, distinct or dis- tant from distendere, -tendi, -tentus, to stretch apart, rack distentus, -a, -um, busy, occupied distillare, to drip or drop distillatio, -onis, /., bodily fluid distincte, distinctly distinctio, -onis, /., distinction distinctus, -a, -um, adorned distinguere, -stinxi, -stinctus, to dis- criminate; speak distinctly distortus, -a, -um, misshapen distribuere, -bui, -butus, to distribute distribiitio, -onis, /., allotment, distri- bution distributor, -oris, m., giver districte, severely districtio, -onis, /., strictness, severity ditare, to enrich, endow ditio, -onis, /.. power, dominion, juris- diction, authority, sovereignty ditius, more abundantly dittare, to declare, repeat diu, adv., long diiirnus, -a, -um, a day, per day; last- ing for a day diuturnus, -a, -um, of long duration; chronic divellere, -velli, -vulsus, to tear asun- der divendere, -vendidi, -venditus, to sell diversitas, -atis, /., diversity diversorium, -ii, n., inn; lodging; guest chamber diversus, -a, -um, different; In diver- sum, back divertere, -verti, to turn aside dives, divitis, rich divexare, to plunder; tear asunder dividere, -visi, -visus, to divide, part, put asunder divinatio, -onis, /., divination 236 LATIN GRAMMAR divinitas, -atis, /., divinity divinitus, divinely, by divine influence divinus, -a, -um, divine Divio, -onis, /., Dijon divisio, -onis, /., diversity; part divitia, -ae, /., wealth; divitiae, riches divortium, -ii, n., divorce divus, -a, -um, divine Divus, -i, m., saint docere, -ui, doctus, to teach docibilis, -e, apt, teachable doctor, -oris, m., doctor, teacher doctrina, -ae, /., instruction, learning, doctrine documentum, i, n., example dogma, -atis, n., dogma; edict dogmaticus, -a, -um, dogmatic dolare, to hew with an axe dolere, to suffer, grieve, be sorrowful doliolum, -i, n., small keg or cask dolium, -ii, m., earthenware cask dolor, -oris, m., sorrow, pain dolorosus, -a, -um, sorrowful dolose, deceitfully dolosus, -a, -um, deceitful, false dolus, -i, m., fraud, subtlety, deceit doma, -atis, n., roof; house, dwelling domare, -ui, -itus, to conquer domesticus, -a, -um, domestic, home; of the household domesticus, -i, m., domestic; domestici, those of the household domicilium, -ii, n., dwelling, home, house domina, -ae, /., mistress dominari, dep., to rule, have dominion over dominatio, -onis, /., dominion dominator, -oris, m., ruler, lord, Lord domine, voc, Sir; Domine, Lord Dominica, -ae, /., Sunday dominicalis, -e, pertaining to Sunday Dominicus, -i, m., Dominic Dominus, -i, m. t Lord dominus, -i, m., lord, master Domitianus, -i, m., Domitian domne {voc. of dominus), Sir domuncula, -ae, /., little dwelling domus, -i or -us, /., house; de domo in domum, from house to house donare, to give, grant; forgive; remit a debt donarium, -ii, n., shrine donatio, -onis, /., giving; gift Donatistae, -arum, m. pi., Donatists donatus, -us, m., gift donee, until; while donum, -i, n., gift, present Dorestadium, -ii, n., Dorestadt dormire, to sleep, lie down to rest dormitare, to slumber dormitatio, -onis, /., slumber dormitio, -onis, /., sleep, repose Dorothea, -ae, /., Dorothy dorsum, -i, n., back dos, dotis, /., gift dotare, to endow drachma, -ae, /., drachma draco, -onis, m., dragon dromedarius, -ii, m., dromedary dubietas, -atis, /., doubt dubitanter, hesitantly dubitire, to hesitate, waver, doubt; non — , to firmly believe ducitus, -us, m., leadership, guidance; rank ducentesimus, -a, -um, two hundredth ducenti, -ae, -a, two hundred ducere, duxi, ductus, to lead, bring; marry; launch out; hold, consider; derive diictilis, -e, beaten out (of metal), drawn ductor, -oris, m., leader dudum, adv., a little while ago, even now duelmm, -i, n., conflict dulcedo, -inis, /., sweetness, goodness LATIN GRAMMAR 237 dulcescere (dulcessit), to become sweet dulcis, -c, sweet, fresh; kind dulcisonus, -a, -urn, sweet sounding, harmonious dulciter, sweetly dulcor, -oris, m., sweetness dum, while dummodo, provided that dumtaxat, adv., in so far as, only Dunclinum, -i, n., Durham duo, -ae, -o, two duodecim, twelve duodecimus, -a, -um, twelfth duodenarius, -a, -um, twelve duodeni, -ae, -a, twelve duodeviginti, eighteen duplex, -icis, double, twofold; dupli- cibus, with double garments duplicare, to double duplicatus, -a, -um, double duplicitas, -atis, /., deceit duplum, -i, n., the double duritia, -ae, /., hardness durities, -ei, /., hardness durus, -a, -um, stiff, hard; obstinate; dura, n. pi., hardships dux, ducis, m. and /., leader, captain, guide; duke, earl dyscolus, -a, -um, bold, impudent e, ex, prep., from, out of, of eatenus, adv., so far ebiberc, -bibi, -bitus, to drink up, drink in Ebionitae, -arum, m. pi., Ebionites Eboracum, -i, n., York ebrietas, -atis, /., drunkenness ebriosus, -i, m„ drunkard ebrius, -a, -um, drunk, drunken; as a noun, drunken man ebullire, to break forth; bubble ebur, -oris, n., ivory eburneus, -a, -um, of ivory ecce, inter]., behold ecclesia, -ae, /., church; assembly ecclesiasticus, -a, -um, of or for the church Echinadae, /. pi. (Echinades, -um, /. pi.), the Urchin Islands (Lepanto) ecstasis, -is, /., ecstasy, trance edere, -didi, -ditus, to bring forth, pro- duce, publish edere, edi, esus, to eat Edessenus, -a, -um, of Edessa edictum, -i, n., decree ediscere, -didici, to learn thoroughly edisserere, -serui, -sertus, to expound, explain, set forth editio, -onis, /., birth, a bringing forth; a statement edocere, -ui, -doctus, to teach com- pletely edolare, to hew, plane edomarc, -domui, -domitus, to tame thoroughly, subdue entirely Eduardus, -i, m., Edward educare, to bring up, nourish educator, -oris, m., tutor ediicere, -duxi, -ductus, to bring forth, produce; take away edulis, -e, edible; edulia, n. pi., food effari, -fatus sum, dep. 1 , to utter efTatu (supine), to express effector, -oris, m., maker effectus, -us, m., effect, work; reward; answer effeminatus, -a, -um, effeminate efferatus, -a, -um, wild, raging effere, extuli, elatus, to bring or carry out; bear, lift up effervescerc, -ferbui and -fervi, to boil up, rage efficacia, -ae, /., accomplishment efficaciter, effectually efficax -acis, powerful, effectual; zeal- ous 2 3 8 LATIN GRAMMAR efficere, -feci, -fectus, (io), to make, render; make ready; become (in the passive) effigies, -ei, /., figure, image efflagitare, to entreat efflare, to breathe out, give forth efflorere, -ui, to flourish effliiere, -fluxi, to flow forth effodere, -fodi, -fossus, (io), to break through efformare, to form, shape effrons, -tis, bold, brazen, shameless, insulting effugare, to drive away from effugatio, -onis, /., driving away effiigere, -fugi, -fugitus, (io), to escape effulgere, -fulsi, -fulsus, 2, to shine upon effiindere, fudi, -fusus, to shed, pour out or forth; bring out; slip effiisus, -a, -urn, pouring, excessive egens, -entis, needy egenus, -a, -urn, needy, poor egere, -ui, to be in want, have need of egestas, -atis, /., want, poverty, need ego, I egrcdi, -gressus sum, dep. 3, (io), to come out, go out or forth egregius, -a, -um, illustrious egressio, -onis, /., going forth, depar- ture egressus, -us, m., going forth eheu, inter]., ah eia (eja), inter]., quick! come then! well! ejectio, -onis, /., banishment ejectus, -us, m., casting out; exile ejicere, -jeci, -jectus, (io), to cast out; bring forth ejulatus, -us, m., lamenting, cry ejurare, to refuse; abandon; deny ejus, genitive of is, of him, his Elamitae, -arum, m. pi., Elamites clanguens, -entis, growing weak elapsus, -us, m., lapse elata, -ae, /., spray elatio, -onis, /., elevation; breaker, bil- low Elcesaeus, -i, m., Elcesitc Eleazarus, -i, m., Eleazar electio, -onis, /., election electrum, -i, n., amber electus, -a, um, chosen, elect; bright; electa, n. pi., chosen bits, dainties eleemosyna, -ae, /., alms elegans, -antis, elegant eleison (Greek), have mercy on us elementum, -i, n., element; the letters of the alphabet elevare, to lift up, elevate elevatio, -onis, /., lifting up, elevation elicere, -licui, -licitus, (io), to bring forth, produce, elicit Elici, -orum, m. pi., Elicians elidere, -list, -lisus, to throw down eligere, -legi, -lectus, to choose, elect eliminare, to eradicate Elisabeth, Elizabeth, Isabel Eliseus, -i, m., Eliseus elongare, to be or go or remove far off eloquentia, -ae, /., eloquence, oratory eloquium, -ii, n., word Elpedianum, -i, n., Heldelfs Elpidiensis, -c, of Helfta Elpidius, -ii, m., Elpidius elucidare, to explain eluscescere, to begin to be light emanirc, to flow out emarcere, to wither, decay emendare, to amend; chastise emendicare, to beg emendatio, -onis, /., correction ementiri, dep. 4, to falsify, pretend emere, emi, emptus, to buy Emericus, -i, m., Emeric emeritus, -a, -um, deserving; veteran emeritus, -i, m., one who has served his time LATIN GRAMMAR 239 emicare, -micui, -micatus, /, to shine forth; pour forth Emigdius (Emygdius), -ii, m., Emidius emigrare, to depart eminens, -entis, excellent eminere, -niinui, to be above, stand out, project eminus, adv., at a distance emissio, -onis, /., periumc emittere, -misi, -missus, to send out, emit; yield up; cast out emporium, -ii, n., market emptio, -onis, /., buying, purchase emundare, to cleanse emundatio, -onis, /., cleansing emolumentum, -i, n., gain, advantage en, inter')., lo, behold enarrare, to tell, relate, show forth enavigare, to sail away; swim Encaenia, -orum, n. pi., Feast of the Dedication encaeniare, to put on something new, to consecrate enchiridium, -ii, n., handbook, manual encrviter, weakly cnim, con]., for enimvero, adv., to be sure, certainly cniti, -nisus or -nixus sum, dcp. $, to bring forth cnodare, to make clear ensis, -is, m., sword enucleate, plainly enumeratio, -onis, /., enumeration enuntiare, to announce, declare enutrire, to sustain, nourish Eobanus, -i, m., Eoban Eous, -a, -um, eastern, from the East; morning coiisque, adv., to that point ephebia, -orum, n. pi., place for youth, youth center ephebus, -i, m., page Ephesii, -orum, m. pi., Ephcsians Ephesinus, -a, -um, of Ephesus ephod, tndecl., ephod, amice Ephrathaeus, -i, m., Ephrathitc Epiphania, -ae, /., Epiphany, appear- ance episcopalis, -e, episcopal episcopatus, -us, m., episcopacy, bish- opric; office of bishop episcopus, -i, m., bishop; patriarch epistola, -ae, /., epistle, letter epistolium, -ii, n., letter epithalamium, -ii, n., marriage song epulae, -arum, /. pi., feast, feasts epulari {dcp.), to feast eques, -itis, m., horseman equester, -tris, -tre, equestrian equidem, adv., truly equuleus, -i, m., rack equus, -i, m., horse eradere, -rasi, -rasus, to strike or cut off, destroy eradicare, to root up Ercus, -i, m., Ere erectio, -onis, /., lifting up erectus, -a, -um, attentive eremita, -ae, m., hermit eremiticus, -a, -um, eremitical eremus, -i, m. and /., desert, wilderness erga, prep., toward; with ergastulum, -i, n., house of correction for slaves; prison ergo, therefore, then erigere, -rexi, -rectus, to raise up, lift up, erect cripere, -ripui, -reptus, (io), to rescue, deliver from Ermemberga, -ae, /., Ermenburga erogare, to distribute, disperse abroad errare, to wander, go astray, err erro, -onis, m., wanderer, night- prowler error, -oris, m., error crubescere, -rubui, to be ashamed enica, -ae, /., palmer worm eructare, to utter, publish; overflow 240 LATIN GRAMMAR erudire, to teach, instruct; discipline cruditio, -onis, /., learning eriiere, -ui, -utus, to deliver erumpere, -rupi, -ruptus, to break, break forth, break up, crush esca, -ae, /., food, meat esse (sum), fui, futurus, to be essentia, -ae, /., essence esurire, to be hungry esus, -us, m., food, bread; eating et, and, also Etchenus, -i, m., Etchen etenirn, con)., for, but Ethelbertus, -i, m., Ethelbert ethnici, -orum, m. pi., heathen etiam, adv., also; certainly; yes etiamnum, adv., still, yet Etruria, -ae, /., Tuscany Etruscus, -a, -urn, Tuscan etsi, adv., yet etymologiae, -arum, /. pi., Etymologiae (of St. Isidore) euge, inter)., well doncl Eugenius, -ii, m., Eugene Eugubinus, -a, -urn, of Gubbio Eugubium, -ii, n., Gubbio eunuchus, -i, m., eunuch Europa, -ae, /., Europe Eustachius, -ii, m., Eustace Euthychianus, -a, -urn, of Eutyches Eva, -ae, /., Eve evacuare, to make void; do away with; put away evadere, -vasi, -vasus, to escape, evade evagare, to wander, stray away evaginare, to unsheathe evanescere, -vanui, to vanish evangelicus, -a, urn, of the Gospel evangelista, -ae, m., evangelist Evangelium, -ii, n., Gospel evangelizare, to preach the Gospel, evangelize evehere, -vexi, -vectus, to raise evellere, -velli, -vulsus, to pluck evenire, -veni, -ventus, to come forth eventus, -us, m., occurrence everrere, -verri, -versus, to sweep out eversio, -onis, /., overthrow, destruc- tion evertere, -verti, -versus, to turn away, pervert; overturn, overthrow evidenter, manifestly evidentia, -ae, /., evidence evigilare, to awaken cvincere, -vici, -victus, to bring it about that evocare, to call forth evolare, to take flight evulgare, to make known, publish e^, of, from, out of exacerbare, to provoke, embitter exacerbatio, -onis, f., bitterness, exas- peration exactio, -onis, /., exaction or levying of tribute exactor, -oris, m., one who demands, oppressor, tax collector exacuere, -ui, -utus, to sharpen exacutus, -a, -um, sharpened exaedificare, to build exaequare, to equal, make equal exaestuare, to burn; surge or boil up exaggerare, to increase, grow worse exagitare, to drive out; attack exaltare, to lift up, exalt, extol exaltatio, -onis, /., exaltation; high praise examinare, to try, test exantlare, to suffer, endure; exhaust exarare, to write on wax tablets exarchus, -i, m., exarch exardere, -arsi, -arus, to kindle exardescere, -arsi, -arsus, to take fire, flame out, be inflamed exarmare, to disarm exasperare, to provoke exasperatrix, -icis, provoking exaudire, to hear favorably LATIN GRAMMAR 241 exauditor, -oris, m., one who listens favorably to a prayer excaecare, to blind excalceatus, -a, -um, discalced, bare- footed excandescere, -candui, to become hot; become violently angry excarnificare, to tear to pieces excedere, -cessi, -cessus, to exceed excellens, -ends, excellent, distin- guished excellere, -cellui, to excel cxcelsitas, -atis, /., pre-eminence excelsus, -a, -um, high, lofty; most high; excelsa, n. pL, high places; in excelso, on high; in excelsis, in the highest exceptus, -a, -um, except, only excessus, -us, m., excess; ecstasy excidere, -cidi, to fall away excidere, -cedi, -cisus, to cut down, hew out excidium, -ii, n., destruction excipere, -cepi, -ceptus, (io), to take out, except excisus, -us, m., piece, cut; slip excitare, to stir up, raise up, awaken excitator, -oris, m., awakener exclamare, to cry out, exclaim excludere, -clusi, -clusus, to keep from, drive away excogitatio, -onis, /., invention, devis- ing excolere, -colui, -cultus, to tend care- fully; work for; cultivate excommunicare, to excommunicate excommunicato, -onis, /., excommuni- cation excoquere, -coxi, -coctus, to boil down, refine excrescere, -crevi, -cretus, to grow excubare, -ui, -itus, to keep watch excubiae, -arum, /. pi., a keeping watch or guard excusare, to excuse; ad excusandas ex- cusationes, to seek excuses excusatio, -onis, /., excuse exciissus, -a, um, cast out excutere, -cussi, -cussus, (10), to shake, shake off, drive out exemplar, -aris, n., model exemplum, -i, n., example exenterare, to disembowel extenteratus, -a, -um, disemboweled exercere, to exercise; use, employ exercitare, to occupy; to ponder (in the passive) exercitatio, -onis, /., exercise exercitus, -us, m., army, host exfornicatus, -a, -um, given to fornica- tion exhaustus, -a, -um, exhausted exhibere, to present, exhibit; return exhibitio, -onis, /., example; display; performance exhilare, to gladden, make cheerful exhonorare, to disgrace, dishonor exhonoratio, -onis, /., shame exhorre're, to shrink, shudder exhorrescere, -horrui, to shudder exhortare (-ari), to exhort exhortatio, -onis, /., exhortation, an encouraging exiguus, -a, -um, little exilitas, -atis, /., shrillness eximere, -emi, -emptus, to take or draw out eximius, -a, -um, priceless; wonderful exinanire, to empty, pour forth exinanitio, -onis, /., emptiness exinde, adv., henceforth exire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to go out; come forth or from existimare, to deem, reckon, think, take account of existimatio, -onis /., esteem, estima- tion exitialis, -e, destructive 242 LATIN GRAMMAR exitium, -ii, n., destruction exitus, -us, tn., departure end, result; exitus viaruin, highways exoptare, to hope or desire eagerly exorare, to plead, beseech, pray exorcista, -ae, m., exorcist exorcisms, -i, m.. exorcist exorcismus, -L m., exorcism exorcizare, to exorcize exordium, -ii, n., beginning, institution exorirk -ortus sum, dep. 5 and 4, to rise or spring up exornare, to provide with, adorn exornitus, -a, -um, embellished exosculare, to kiss exosus, -a, -um, In ted expandere, -pansi, -pansus and -passus, to spread, stretch out expavescere, -pavi, to be terrified, be affrighted, tremble cxpedire, to deliver; detach; be expe- dient expeditus, -a, -um, well appointed, light armed expellere, -puli, -pulsus, to drive away, expel expendere, -pendi, -pensus, to weigh expergisci, -perrectus sum, dep. 3, to awake experiri, -pertus sum, dep. 4, to expe- rience expers, -ertis, destitute of, lacking expertus, -a, -um, tested, experienced expetere, -ivi, -itus, to desire expiare, to cleanse, purify; atone, ex- piate expiatio, -onis, f., atonement, expia- tion explanare, to expound, explain explanatio, -onis, /., explanation explantare, to cast out explere, -plevi, -pletus, to fill, fulfill expletio, -onis, /., expiration explicare, to unfold, extend; explain explorare, to implore; investigate expolire, to polish; redecorate exponere, -posui, -positus, to set be- fore, make manifest exporrigere, -rexi, -rectus, to expand, stretch out cxposcere, -poposci, to plead exprimere, -pressi, -pressus, to repre- sent, express exprobnire, to reproach, upbraid expugriare, to light against; overthrow expurgatus, -a, -um, expurgated Exquiliae, -arum, /. pi., the Esquiiine Hill Exquilinus, -a, -um, Ksquiline exquirere, -sivi, -situs, to seek after, inquire diligently exqusitor, -oris, m., searcher exquisitus, -a, -um, exquisite; painful exsanguis, -e, bloodless exsaturare, to satisfy, satiate exsaturatus, -a, -um, filled, having enough exsecrabilis, -e, abhorrent exsecrari, dep., to curse exsecratio, -onis, /., abomination; curse exsequi, -seciitus sum, dep. 3, to per- form; follow; secure exserere, -serui, -sertus, to dirust forth, exert exsiccare, to dry up exsilire, -silui, -sultus, 4, to leap, leap out exsilium, -ii, n., exile exsistere, -stiti, -stitus, to come forth, appear exsolvere, -solvi, -soliitus, to present; pay back exsors, -sortis, deprived of expectare, to look for, wait for, long for, expect exspectatio, -onis, /., hope, expectation exspirare, to die, expire cxspoliare, to despoil, rob LATIN GRAMMAR *43 cxspuere, -spui, -sputus, to spit exsiare, -stiti, to stand forth, come forth, appear cxstinctio, -onis, /., annihilation, dis- solution; slaughter exstingucre., -stinxi, -stmctus, to extin- guish cxstnic. e, -struix, -structus, to build exsurTLire, to blow away cxsui, -sulis, banished; (as a noun), an exile exsulare, to be banished exsultabilis, -e, joyful exsultare, to rejoice, exult exsultatio, -onis, /., joy, gladness, exul- tation exsuperare, to excel, surpass exsurgere, -surrexi, -surrectus, to arise, awaken extasis, -is, /., amazement extendere, -tendi, -tensus or -tentus, to stretch out, spread, extend extenuare, to weaken, reduce; chasten, punish extergere, -tersi, -tersus, to wipe exterior, -ius, outward, exterior exterminate, to cut off; disfigure; lay waste exterminator, -oris, m., destroyer exterminium, -ii, n., utter destruction externus, -a, -urn, belonging to another exterre're, -terrui, -territus, to frighten exterus, -a, -um, foreign exterus, -i, m., foreigner extimescere, -timui, to fear extollentia, -ae, /., insolence, haughti- ness extollere, -tuli, to lift up, raise up, ex- alt; be insolent (in the passive) extorquere, -torsi, -tortus, to wring forth extorris, -e, exiled extra, prep., beside, beyond, except, outside of, without, out of extrahere, -traxi, -tractus, to draw out extraneus, -i, m., stranger, foreigner extremum, -i, /?., end, tip; farthest part extre'mus, -a, -um, last; latter extricare, to extricate extrinsecus, adv., without, on the out- side, outwardly extrudere, -trusi, -trusus, to thrust out exturbare, to drive away exuberare, to abound exuere, -ui, -utus, to take off, strip; free from, deliver exundare, to abound, overflow exurere, -ussi, -ustus, to burn up, con- sume exuviae, -arum, /. pi., remains Ezecias, -ae, m., Ezechias faber, -bri, m., worker, artificer; car- penter Fabianus, -i, m., Fabian fabrefacere, -feci, -f actus, (io), to make, manufacture Fabrianum, -i, n., Fabriano fabrica, -ae, /., building fabricare, to make, build; work fabricator, -oris, m., creator; forger fabrilis, -e, of a carpenter; fabrilia, n. pi., carpenter work fabula, -ae, /., byword fabulare, to talk fabulatio, -onis, /., fable; lie fabulator, -oris, m., a teller of fables facere, feci, f actus, (io), to make, cause; grant; yield or bring forth (fruit); commit facessere, -cessi, to depart fades, -ei, /., face, appearance; pres- ence; a facie, because of; from be- fore; facie ad faciem, face to face facilius, more easily facinus, -oris, n., sin, crime 244 LATIN GRAMMAR factio, -onis, /., faction factiosus, -a, -um, quarrelsome factor, -oris, m., doer, maker factum, -i, n., deed, act, fact factura, -ae, /., creation facultas, -atis, /., ability; strength; au- thority; means, goods, possessions, resources (usually in plural) faeculentus, -a, -um, pertaining to dregs; worthless faenerare, to lend money at interest faenerator, -oris, m., creditor faex, faecis, /., dregs; mire, ooze Falco, -onis, m., Faucon fallacia, -ae, /., deceit, falsehood fallaciter, falsely fallax, -acis, deceitful; unreliable fallere, fefelli, falsus, to deceive; make a slip, make ineffective; be mis- taken (in the passive) falsus, -a, -um, false falx, -falcis, /., sickle fama, -ae, /., fame, good report famelicus, -a, -um, hungry, famished fames, -is, /., hunger, famine familia, -ae, /., family, household familiaris, -e, intimate, friendly familiaritas, -atis, /., intimacy famosus, -a, -um, renowned famula, -ae, /., servant famulari, dep., to serve famulatus, -us, m., service, obedience famulus, -i, m., servant fanum, -i, n., temple Fanum, -i, n., Fano farina, -ae, /., meal farinula, -ae, /., meal fascia, -ae, /., band, bandage fasciculus, -i, m., bundle, little bundle; sheaf fascinatio, -onis, /., bewitching, fasci- nation fastidiosus, -a, -um, fastidious, dis- dainful fastidium, -ii, n., weariness fastigium, -ii, n., summit, height; dig- nity fastus, -us, m., pride, arrogance fateri, fessus sum, dep. 2, to admit, confess, avow fatigatio, -onis, /., toil fatigatus, -a, -um, wearied fatiscere, to crack fatue, foolishly fatuitas, -atis, /., folly fatuus, -a, -um, foolish fatuus, -i, m., a fool fauces, -ium, /. pi., jaws, throat, palate faustitas, -atis, /., prosperity fautor, -oris, m., adviser, patron, pro- tector, favorer favilla, -ae, /., ashes Faventia, -ae, /., Faenza Faventini, -orum, m. pi., citizens of Faenza favor, -oris, m., favor, approval; care favus, -i, m., honey comb fax, facis, /., torch; flame febris, -is, /., fever Februarius, -ii, m., February fecundus, -a, -um, fruitful fel, fellis, n., gall Felicianus, -i, m., Felician felicitas, -atis, /., felicity feliciter, happily felix, -icis, happy, blessed femina, -ae, /., woman, female femininus, -a, -um, female femoralia, -orum, n. pi., breeches femur, -oris, n., thigh fenestra, -ae, /., window fera, -ae, /., beast feralis, -e, deadly ferculum, -i, n. t tray, dish; course, food, bread Ferdinandus, -i, m., Ferdinand fere, adv., almost feretrum, -i, n., bier LATIN GRAMMAR 245 feria, -ae, /., day of the week; — sec- unda, Monday, — tertia, Tuesday; — quarta, Wednesday; — quinta, Thursday; — sexta, Friday ferialis, -e, week day, ferial ferire, to strike, slay; make; make a treaty feritas. -atis, /., fierceness, savagery ferme, adv., almost fermentare, to leaven fermentum, -i, n., leaven ferratus, -a, -urn, sharp ferre, tuli, latus, to carry; bring; prac se ferre, to display Ferrerius, -ii, m., Ferrer ferreus, -a, -urn, of iron, iron ferrum, -i, n., iron; sword fertilis, -e, fertile ferus, -i, m., wild beast fervens, -entis, hot; fervent; fervente die, in the heat of the day ferventius, more fervently fervere, -vui, to glow fervor, -oris, m., fervor fessus, -a, -urn, weary festinanter, adv., in haste festinare, to be quick, hasten festinatio, -onis, /., haste, hurry festinato, adv., speedily festivitas, -atis, /., festival, festivity festuca, -ae, /., stalk; rod; mote festus, -a, -urn, festal, festival festum, -i, n., feast, festival; festa, n. pi., festival Fesulanus, -a, -um, of Fiesole fibra, -ae, /., fiber, filament; vocal chord, voice ficte, adv., falsely, with pretense fictilis, -e, made of clay, earthen fictio, -onis, /., guile fictor, -oris, m., maker fictus, -a, -um, feigned, deceitful ficulnea, -ae, /., fig tree ficus, -i and -us, /., fig, fig tree fidelis, -e, faithful, believing fideliter, faithfully, confidently fidenter, confidently, courageously fides, -ei, /., faith, faithfulness fiducia, -ae, /., confidence; cum fiducia, boldly fiducialiter, boldly, with confidence fiducialius, more confidently fieri, f actus sum, to become, be made; happen, fulfill; factum est, it came to pass figere, fixi, fixus, to pierce: make firm figmentum, -i, n., creation; formation; frame; workmanship; pillar figulus, -i, m., potter figiira, -ae, /., figure, fashion figuraliter, figuratively figurare, to symbolize filia, -ae, /., daughter filialis, -e, filial filiatio, -onis, /., sonship filiolus, -i, m., little child filius, -ii, m., son, child; foal fimbria, -ae, /., hem, fringe fimus, -i, m., dung finalis, -e, final fingere, fixi, fictus, to feign; make Finianus, -i, m., Finnian finire, to end, make an end of finis, -is, m. and /. end, boundary; fines, pi., territory, country; sine fine, continually fiiiitimus, -a, -um, neighboring firmamentum, -i, n., firmament; strength firmare, to make strong, strengthen; fix, establish firmitas, -atis, /., steadfastness firmiter, firmly, strongly firmus, -a, -um, firm fistula, -ae, /., reed, sweet cane, flute; ulcer, hemorrhoids fixura, -ae, /., print flaccidus, -a, -um, weak, drooping 246 LATIN GRAMMAR flagellare, to scourge flagellatio, -onis, /., scourging flagellum, -i, n., scourge flagitare, to beseech flagitiosus, -a, -um, disgraceful flagitium, -ii, n., shameful crime flagrare, to burn; be eager or zealous flamen, -inis, n., a blowing; wind; breath flamen, -inis, m., divine breath or spirit; Holy Ghost flarnrna, -ae, /., flame flammans, -antis, flaming flammescere, to become inflamed flammeus, -a, -um, fiery, flaming flammifer, -fera, -ferum, flaming flare, to blow flatus, -us, m., blowing; breath flebilis, -e, weeping, sorrowing, wretched flecterc, flexi, flexus, to bend, bow; move flere, flevi, fletus, to weep, lament fletus, -us, m., weeping flexibilis, -e, supple flexus, -a, -um, bent; genu flexo, kneel- ing florens, -ends, in flower Florentia, -ae, /., Florence Florentinus, -a, -um, of Florence florere, -ui, to flower, bloom; flourish, prosper floridus, -a, -um, flourishing, plentiful flos, floris, m., flower flosculus, -i, m., little flower fluctuare, to toss about; be tossed to and fro; vacillate fluctuatio, -onis, /., a being tossed to and fro; insecurity fluctus, -us, m., wave fluentum, -i, n., stream, river fluere, fluxi, fluxus, to flow flumen, -inis, n., river fliivius, -ii, m., stream, river fluxus, -a, -um, transitory fluxus, -us, m., flowing, issue focaria, -ae, /., cook fodere, fodi, fossus, (io), to dig; pierce foecundare, to make fruitful foecundus, -a, -um, fruitful, abundant foedare, to disfigure foederatus, -a, -um, united foedus, -eris, n., covenant foedus, -a, -um, detestable foeditas, -atis, /., filth foenerator, -oris, m., money lender foenum, -i, n., grass; dry herb foenus (faenus), -eris, n., loan foetans, -antis, /., milch-ewe foetere, to stink foetidus, -a, -um, stinking foetosus, -a, -um, prolific foetus, -us, m,, offspring, increase folium, -ii, n., leaf, foliage f omentum, -i, n., poultice fomes, -itis, m., tinder; fire; nourish- ment fons, fontis, m., fount, fountain; well, spring; source; baptistery Fons Avellana (Fontis Avellanac), /., Font-Avellano Fonscoopertus, -i, m., Fontcouverte Fonsiberus, -i, m., Fontibere, Fuenter- ravia Fontani, -orum, m. pL, Fontaines Fontisplanus, -i, m., Fuenlana foramen, -inis, n., hole, cleft foras, adv., out, forth, out of doors forceps, -ipis, m. and /., tongs Forensis, -e, of Forez forensis, -e, forensic; legal forent, a form of the imperf. subj. of esse, for essent forinsecus, adv., from without foris, adv., outwardly, without, outside foris, foris, /., door forma, -ae, /., pattern; form formare, to form, train, guide, fashion LATIN GRAMMAR 247 Formiae, -arum, /. pi., Mola di Gaeta formidare, to be afraid, be in awe formido, -inis, /., dread, terror formidolosus, -a, -um, fearful formosus, -a, -um, beautiful fornax, -acis, /., furnace, oven fornicari (dep.)> to commit fornica- tion fornicaria, -ae, /., fornicatress fornicatio, -onis, /., fornication fornicator, -oris, m., fornicator forsitan, adv., perhaps fortasse (fortassis), adv., perhaps forte, adv., perhaps fortis, -e, strong, mighty, valiant; grievous fortiter, mightily, valiantly, firmly fortitudo, -inis, /., strength, power fortuito (fortuitu), by chance forum, -i, n., open space, market place, forum Forum Cornelii, -i, n., Imola fossa, -ae, /., ditch Fossa Nova, -ae -ae, )., Fossa-Nuova fovea, -ae, /., pit, ditch fovere, fovi, fotus, to warm, keep warm; foment; cherish fractio, -onis, /., breaking fractura, -ae, /., breaking fraenare, to bridle, restrain fragilis, -e, frail, weak, poor fragilitas, -atis, /., frailty f ragmen, -inis, n., piece fragmentum, -i, n., fragment fragrantia, -ae, /., fragrant smell framea, -ae, f., sword Franci, -orum, m. pi., Franks Francisca, -ae, /., Frances Francisca de Nigro, -ae, /., Francesca di Negro Franciscanus, -a, -um, Franciscan Franciscus, -i, m., Francis Franciscus Borgia, -i, -ae, m., Francis Borgia Franciscus Salesrus, -i, -ii, m., Francis de Sales frangere, fregi, fractus, to break; deal f rater, -tris, m., brother; friar fraternitas, -atis, /., brotherhood fraudare, to defraud; withhold fraudulenter, falsely, deceitfully fraus, fraudis, /., wile; error fremere, -ui, -itus, to murmur; groan; rage, roar fremitus, -us, m., fury, anger frendere, -ui, fresus, or fressus, to gnash frenum, -i, n., bridle, curb frequens, -entis, frequent; much frequentare, to frequent; have recourse to; celebrate frequentatio, -onis, /., frequentation frequenter, often frequentia, -ae, /., number, frequency f return, -i, n., the sea fretus, -a, -um, strengthened; relying on Friburgus, -i, m., Freiburg Fridericus, -i, m., Frederick frigescere, frixi, to become cold frigus, -oris, n., cold Frisacum, -i, n., Friesach Frisia, -ae, /., Friesland Frisones, -um, m. pi., Frieslanders frixorium, -ii, n., frying pan frondere, to be leafy; flourish frondescere, -ui, to blossom, to be- come leafy frons, frondis, /., leaf; leafy branch or twig frons, frontis, /., forehead; van, fr(Wit line in battle fructifer, -fera, -ferum, fruitful fructificare, to be fruitful fructificatio, -onis, f., production of fruit fructuosus, -a, -um, fruitful fructus, -us, m., fruit 248 frugalitas, -atis, /., frugality, simplicity frugifer, -fera, -fcrum, fruitful fruitio, -onis, /., enjoyment frumentum, -i, n., corn frustra, adv., in vain frustrari, dep., to make void frutetum, -i, n., branch frutex, -icis, m., shrub, plant; shoot £rux, -gis, /., fruit fucare, to paint, disguise fucus, -i, red or purple color; rouge fuga, -ae, /., refuge; flight fugare, to put to flight Fugatius, -ii, m., Ffagan fiigere, fugi, fugitus, (io), to flee fulcimentum, -i, n., prop fulcfre, fulsi, fultus, 4, to prop up, stay, support, strengthen Fuldensis, -e, of Fulda fulgere, fulsi, to shine, glow fiilgidus, -a, -um, shining fulgor, -oris, m., brightness fulgur, -uris, n., lightning fulgurare, to flash forth fullo, -onis, m., fuller fulmen, -inis, n., lightning, thunder- bolt fultus, -a, -urn, supported by, charged with fulvus, -a, -um, gold colored fumare, to smoke fumigabundus, -a, -um, smoking furnigare, to smoke fumus, -i, m., smoke funda, -ae, /., sling fundamentum, -i, n., foundation fundare, to found, establish fundator, -oris, m., founder fiindere, fudi, fusus, to shed, pour out, pour forth Fundi, -orum, m. pi., Fondi fundibularius, -ii, m., slinger fiinditus, adv., completely fundus, -i, m., base, foundation LATIN GRAMMAR fungi, functus sum, dep. 3, to perform, exercise funiculus, -i, m., little cord; inher- itance funis, -is, m., line, cord, rope, band funus, -eris, n., funeral, interment fur, furis, m. and /., thief furari, dep., to steal furia, -ae, /., fury furor, -oris, m., wrath, indignation furtum, -i, n., theft; — facere, to steal fuscare, to darken fuscinula, -ae, /., flesh hook, fork fuscus, -a, -um, black fusius, adv., more fully fustis, -is, m., club fusus, -i, m., spindle futurus, -a, -um, future; — esse, to be about to be Galaaditis, -is, m., Galaadite Galatae, -arum, m. pi., Galatians galbanum, -i, n., galbanum galea, -ae, /., helmet galeatus, -i, m., man wearing a helmet galeo, -onis, m., galleon Galgala, -ae, /., Galgal Galilaea, -ae, /., Galilee Galilaeus, -a, -um, Galilean Gallia, -ae, /., Gaul; France Gallicanus, -a, -um, Gallican, French gallina, -ae, /., hen gallus, -i, m., cock, rooster Gallus, -i, m., Frenchman Garganus, -i, m., Monte di San Angelo gaudere, gavisus sum, semi dep. 2, to rejoice, be glad gaudium, -ii, n., joy Gavus, -i, m., Gave gaza, -ae, /., treasure, riches gazophylacium, -ii, n., treasure-house; treasury; treasure LATIN GRAMMAR 249 gehenna, -ae, /., hell gelu, -us, n., frost gemebundus, -a, -urn, groaning gemere, -ui, -itus, to groan; sigh; mourn geminatus, -a, -urn, twofold; doubled geminus, -a, -urn, double, twin gemitus, -us, m., moan, groan; sigh- ing; sorrow gemma, -ae, /., jewel gemmula, -ae, /., gem gena, -ae, /., cheek genealogia, -ae, /., genealogy generalis, -is, m., general generalitas, -atis, /., generality generare, to engender generatio, -onis, /., generation; pedi- gree; fruit generator, -oris, m., first author genere, -ui, -itus, to beget, bear Genestanum, -i, n., Genazzano Genestanus, -a, -um, of Genazzano Genevensis, -e, of Geneva genimen, -inis, n., fruit, offspring genitale, -is, n., womb genitalis, -c, pertaining to birth genitor, -oris, m., father genitrix, -icis, /., mother genitus, -a, -um, begotten; new born Genovefa, -ae, /., Guinevere gens, gentis, /., nation, family, gens; gentes, Gentiles Gensericus, -i, m., Genseric gentilis, -c, gentile, heathen gentilitas, -atis, f., the gentile or hea- then world, paganism, heathendom genu, -us, n., knee; Hectare genua, to kneel; genu flexo, kneeling Genuensis, -e, of Genoa genuflectere, -flexi, -flexus, to genuflect genus, -eris, n., kind, race; nation; ex genere, from my own nation Georgius, -ii, m. t George Geraseni, -orum, m. pi., Gergescnes gerere, gessi, gestus, to bear; reign; do; celebrate Germania, -ae, /., Germany Germanicus, -a, -um, German germanitas, -atis, /., relationship be- tween brothers and sisters germanus, -i, m., brother Germanus, -i, m., German germen, -inis, n., bud, sprout germinare, to bud forth, blossom; bring forth; to spring (of seed) Gertrudis, -is, /., Gertrude Gervasius, -ii, m., Gervasc gestare, to carry, wear gestatorium, -ii, n., litter gestatus, -us, m., bearing gestirc, to desire passionately, long for Gethaei, -orum, m. pi., Gethites, peo- ple of Gath Gethsemani, Gethsemane ghimel, the third letter of the Hebrew alphabet, corresponding to English g (hard) Ghisella, -ae, /., Gisela Ghislerii, -orum, m. pi., Ghisleri Giennensis, -e, of Jaen Giennium, -ii, n., Jaen gigas, -antis, m., giant, strong man; hero gignere, genui, genitus, to bring forth, beget Girvensis, -c, of Jarrow Girvum, -i, n., Jarrow glacies, -ei, /., ice gladius, -ii, m., sword gleba, -ae, /., clod or lump of earth gliscere, to swell; blaze up, rage globulus, -i, m., ball, shot globus, -i, m., ball gloria, -ae, /., glory; boasting glorianter, exultingly gloriari, dep., to glory in, boast of gloriatio, -onis, /., glory; boasting glorificare, to glorify 250 LATIN GRAMMAR glorificatio, -onis, f. f glory gloriose, gloriously gloriosus, -a, -um, glorious gluten, -inis, n., glue glutire, to swallow gnarus, -a, -um, knowing Gordianus, -ii, m., Gordian Gothi, -orum, m. pi., Goths grabatus, -i, m., bed, cot Gradensis, -e, of Grado gradi, gressus sum, (io), dep. 3, to walk; follow graduate, -is, n., gradual gradus, -us, m., step; degree; place, position graece, adv., in Greek Graeci, -orum, m. pi., Greeks Graecia, -ae, /., Greece Graecus, -a, -um, Greek gramen, -inis, n., grass grammatica, -ae, /., grammar Granatensis, -e, of Granada grandaevus, -a, -um, of great age grandiloquus, -a, -um, eloquent grandis, -e, great grandiusculus, -a, -um, somewhat grown up, a little older grando, -inis, /., hail, hail storm Granerius, -ii, m., Granier granulum, -i, n., pip, seed granum, -i, n., grain grassari, dep., to proceed violently, rage grates, /. pi., thanks gratia, -ae, /., grace; thankfulness, thanks; sake; gratias agere, to give thanks; gratis, free, without recom- pense; verbi gratia, for example Gratianopolitanus, -a, -um, of Gre- noble Gratianus, -i, m., Gratian gratificare, to grace gratificari, dep., to oblige, gratify gratiosus, -a, -um, favored gratiiitus, -a, -um, free, voluntary gratulabundus, -a, -um, joyful gratulari, dep., to rejoice gratus, -a, -um, gracious; thankful, agreeable gravare, to burden, grieve, be burden- some to, be chargeable to; be heavy gravatus, -a, -um, heavy gravidari, dep., to grow heavy; be- come pregnant gravidus, -a, -um, heavy gravis, -e, heavy; grievous graviter, seriously Gregorius, -i, m., Gregory Gregorius Nazianzenus, -i, -i, m., Gregory of Nazianzus gressus, -us, m., step; going grex, gregis, m., flock grossus, -i, m., green fig Guadalupensis, -e, of Guadalupe Gualbertus, -i, m., Gualbert gubernaculum, -i, n., helm; govern- ment gubernare, to govern gubernatio, -onis, /., government Guiscardus, -i, m., Guiscard gula, -ae, /., gullet; gluttony Gulielmus, -i, m., William Gundulphus, -i, m., Gundulf gurges, -itis, m., eddy; stream; waters; sea; raging abyss gustare, to taste gustatus, -us, m., taste; tasting gustus, -us, m., taste; tasting, partak- ing gutta, -ae, /., drop; myrrh oil, aloes guttur, -uris, n., throat; palate; taste; mouth gymnasium, -ii, n., place of exercise, gymnasium gyrus, -i, m., circle; compass LATIN GRAMMAR 251 H habere, to have, hold, consider; bene — , to be well, recover; (se) male — , to be ill habitaculum, -i, n., dwelling, house; apartment habitans, -antis, m., dweller habitare, to dwell habitatio, -onis, /., dwelling, habita- tion habitator, -oris, m., dweller, inhab- itant habitus, -us, m., dress, habit, clothing, garments hac iliac, adv., here and there hactenus, adv., so far, up to this point Hadrianus, -i, m., Hadrian; Adrian hae'ccine (haec + ci + ne), is this? are these the things? haedus, -i, m., young goat, kid haemorrhoissus, -a, -um, having a flow of blood haerere, haesi, haesus, to stick fast haeresiarcha, -ae, m., arch heretic haeresis, -is, /., heresy haereticus, -i, m., heretic haereticus, -a, -um, heretical haesitare, to waver, hesitate; stagger haesitatio, -onis, /., hesitation Hagulstadensis, -e, of Hexham halitus, -us, m., breath hamus, -i, m., fish hook hariolus, -i, m., soothsayer Hassi, -orum, m. pi., Hessians Hassia, -ae, /., Hesse hasta, -ae, /., spear hastlle, -is, n., shaft; staff haud, adv., not at all, by no means haudquaquam, adv., not at all haurire, hausi, haustus, to draw out; drink up haustus, -us, m., draught, drink he, the fifth letter of the Hebrew al- phabet, corresponding to English h hebdomada, -ae, /., week hebdomadarius, -ii, m., hebdomadary hebdomas, -adis, /., week hebes, -itis, stupefied hebetare, to blunt hebetudo, -inis, /., dulness, confusion Hebraeus, -i, m., Hebrew hebraice, adv., in Hebrew Hebraicis, -e, Hebrew hebraicus, -a, -um, Hebrew hedera, -ae, /., ivy Hedwigis, -is, /., Hedwig hei! inter)., woe! alas! Helena, -ae, /., Helen Helvetii, -orum, m. pi., the Swiss Helvii, -orum, m. pi., Helvii, ancient inhabitants of Vivarais Henricus, -i, m., Henry herba, -ae, /., grass; herb; blade (of wheat) hereditare, to inherit, to cause to in- herit hereditarius, -a, -um, hereditary; orig- inal hereditas, -atis, /., generation; inher- itance heres, -edis, m. and {., heir heri, adv., yesterday herinacius, -ii, m., hedgehog Herluinus, -i, m., Herluin Hermenegildus, -i, m., Hermenegild Hermoniim, plural of Hcrmon, moun- tain range in Palestine Herodes, -is, m., Herod Herodiani, -orum, m. pi., Herodians Herodianus, -a, -um, of Herod herodius, -ii, m., heron hesternus, -a, -um, of or relating to yesterday; dies hesterna, yesterday heth, the eighth letter of the Hebrew alphabet, corresponding to German ch. Hethacus, -i, m., Hethite 252 LATIN GRAMMAR hcu! inter j., oh! alas! woe! Hcva, -ae, /., Eve Hevaeus, -i, m., Hevite hiare, to gape Hiberni, -orum, m. pi., the Irish Hibernia, -ae, /., Ireland Hiberniensis -e, of Ireland hie, haec, hoc, this; he, she, it hie, adv., here hiemalis, -e, pertaining to winter; win- try hiems, -emis, /., winter hierarchia, -ae, /., hierarchy Hieronymus, -i, m., Jerome Hierosolyma, -orum, n. pi., Jerusalem hilarescere, to become joyful Hilario, -onis, m., Hilarion hilaris, -e, cheerful, smiling hilaritas, -atis, /., cheerfulness Hilarius, -ii, m., Hilary Hildebrandus, -i, m., Hildebrand hinc, adv., fro, hence, away from here; hinc et hinc, one on each side hinnire, to neigh; make a joyful noise hinnulus, -i, m., young hart Hipponensis, -e, of Hippo hircus, -i, m., goat hirundo, -inis, /., a swallow Hispalis, -is, /., Seville Hispalensis, -e, of Seville Hispania, -ae, /., Spain Hispania Baetica, -ae, -ae, /., Andalusia Hispania citerior, -ae, -is, /., Granada Hispanus, -i, m., Spaniard Hispanus, -i, m., river in Spain; prob- ably the Guadalquivir hispidus, -a, -um, rough, coarse historia, -ae, /., history hodic, adv., today, this day hodiernus, -a, -um, relating to today; this day's; hodierna die, on this day hoedinus, -a, -um, of a young goat hoed us (haedus), -i, m., kid, young goat holocaustum, -i, n., holocaust, burnt offering holosericum, -i, n., silk homicidium, -ii, n., murder homilia, -ae, /., homily homo, -inis, m., man; husband honestare, to make honorable honestas, -atis, /., honor, riches honeste, honorably honestus, -a, -um, honest honor, -oris, m., honor honorabilis, -e, honorable honorare, to honor honorarius, -a, -um, of honor honoratus, -a, -um, honorable honorificare, to honor, glorify honorificatus, -a, -um, honorable honorificentia, -ae, /., honor honos, -oris, m., honor hora, -ae, /., hour hordeaceus, -a, -um, of barley hordeum, -i, n., barley horologium, -ii, n., dial horrendus, -a, -um, dreadful horrere, -ii, to abhor horrescere, -ui, to spurn horreum, -i, n., barn horribilis, -e, dreadful horridus, -a, -um, dreadful horror, -oris, m., horror hortamentum, -i, n., exhortation hortari, dep., to exhort hortator, -oris, m., encourager, com- forter hortulanus, -i, m., gardener hortus, -i, m., garden Hosanna, Hosanna, a Hebrew excla- mation of praise to the Lord, or an invocation of blessings hospes, -his, m. and /., host, guest hospitale, -is, n., guest-house, hospital hospitalis, -e, relating to a guest; hos- pitable; hospitali domo, in a guest- house or hospital LATIN GRAMMAR 2 53 hospitalitas, -atis, /., hospitality; fratres Hospitalitatis, Hospital brethren, Hospitallers hospitium, -ii, n., hospice, asylum; hospitality hostia, -ae, /., host, sacrifice, victim, of- fering hosticus, -a, -urn, hostile hostilis, -e, hostile hostilitas, -atis, /., enmity; enemy hostis, -is, m. and /., enemy hue, adv., hither; — et illuc, to and fro huccine, adv., so far? as far as this? Hugo, -onis, m., Hugh hujuscemodi, (of) any such hujusmodi, of such, such a one, such a kind humanitas, -atis, /., humanity, kind- ness; human nature; culture, good breeding humanus, -a, -um, human humerus, -i, m., shoulder humicubatio, -onis, /., lying on the ground humiliare, to bring low, humble, hu- miliate; afflict; bow down humiliatio, -onis, /., humiliation humilis, -e, humble, lowly humilitas, -atis, /., humility, abjection, lowness, misery humiliter, humbly, lowly humor, -oris, m., moisture; fluid; de- sire humus, -i, /., soil, earth, land Hungaria, -ae, /., Hungary Hunni, -orum, m. pi., Huns Hussiti, -orum, m. pi., Hussites hyacinthinus, -a, -um, violet hyacinthus, -i, /., jacinth Hyacinthus, -i, m., Hyacinth Hyblaeus, -a, -urn, Hyblaean hydria, -ae, /., water jar or pot hydropisis, -is, /., dropsy hydropsicus, -a, -um, afflicted with dropsy, dropsical hyems (hiems), -emis, /., winter hyetos, Greek word meaning rain hymnodia, -ae, /., singing of hymns hymnus, -i, m., hymn hyperbolice, adv., hyperbolically, with exaggeration hypocrisis, -is, /., hypocrisy hypocrita, -ae, m., hypocrite Hyrcani, -orum, m. pi., Hyrcanians hyssopus, -i, f., hyssop ibi, adv., there ibidem, adv., in the same place Iconomachi, -orum, m. pi., Iconoclasts ictus, -us, m., blow; stream; twinkling idcirco, adv., therefore idem, eadem, idem, same identidem, adv., repeatedly ideo, adv., therefore idioma, -matis, n., language idipsum, together; forthwith idololatra, -ae, m., idolater idololatria, -ae, /., idolatry idolum, -i, n., idol idoneus, -a, -um, fit, suitable Idumaea, -ae, /., Edom Idumaeus, -a, -um, of Edom; Edomite idus, -uum, /. pi., Ides, the middle of the Roman month igitur, adv., therefore, accordingly ignarus, -a, -um, ignorant of ignavus, -a, -um, idle, slothful ignescere, to burn igneus, -a, -um, fiery ignis, -is, m., fire ignitus, -a, -um, burning, fiery; refined ignobilis, -e, base ignobilitas, -atis, /., dishonor ignominia, -ae, /., shame ignoranter, adv., through ignorance 254 LATIN GRAMMAR ignorantia, -ae, /., ignorance ignorarc, to be ignorant ignoscerc, -novi, -notus, not to take notice of; forgive ilex, -icis, /., holm oak Ilkusiensis, -e, of Olkusz illabi, -lapsus sum, dep. 3, to fall, sink down, descend illaesus, -a, -urn, unharmed illamentatus, -a, -um, unlamented ille, ilia, illud, that; ilium et ilium lo- cum, such and such a place illecebra, -ae, /., allurement, blandish- ment illibatus, -a, -um, unblemished illic, adv., there illicere, -lexi, -lectus, (io), to allure illicite, adv., illegally illicitus, -a, -um, forbidden illico, adv., on the spot, immediately illigare, to fetter illinere, -levi, -litus, to smear, bedaub illo, adv., thither illuc, adv., there, thither illucescere, -luxi, to shine upon illudere, -lusi, -lusus, to mock, delude, deceive; play illuminare, to make or cause to shine, illuminate; enlighten illuminatio, -onis, /., light illiisio, -onis, /., mockery, illusion illustrare, to illuminate; enlighten; make illustrious illustratio, -onis, /., brightness imaginatio, -onis, /., imagination imago, -inis, /., image, picture imbecillitas, -atis, /., weakness imbecillus, -a, -um, weak, feeble imbellis, -e, un warlike, cowardly imber, -bris, m., rain, shower imbuere, -ui, -utus, to fill; nourish; in- struct imitari, dep., to imitate imitatio, -onis, /., example imitator, -oris, m., follower imitatrix, -icis, /., follower, imitator immaculatus, -a, -um, spotless, unde- nted, immaculate imminis, -e, brutal, savage immanitas, -atis, /., fierceness immaniter, cruelly immarcescibilis, -e, that cannot fade or wither, unwithering, imperishable immediate, immediately immedicabilis, -e, incurable immemor, -oris, unmindful immensitas, -atis, /., infinity immensus, -a, -um, immense, infinite immerito, adv., undeservedly; unfidy immeritus, -a, -um, unworthy imminens, -entis, threatening imminuere, -ui, -utus, to diminish, abate immisericors, -dis, unmerciful, merci- less immisio, -onis, /., a letting loose, send- ing forth; infusion immitis, -e, harsh; immitia, n. pi., harsh things, cruel sights immittere, -misi, -missus, send; put into: encamp immobilis, -e, immovable immoderantia, -ae, /., excess immoderatus, -a, -um, excessive, im- moderate immodicus, -a, -um, excessive, immod- erate immolare, to sacrifice, immolate immolatio, -onis, /., offering immorari, dep., to stay immortalis, -e, immortal immortalitas, -atis, /., immortality immotus, -a, -um, unmoved, steadfast immunditia, -ae, /., uncleanness immiindus, -a, -um, unclean immunitas, -atis, /., immunity im munis, -e, free from, preserved, immune LATIN GRAMMAR 255 immutare, to change, alter; do some- thing new or different immutari, dep., to change imparilitas, -atis, /., inequality impartire, to impart impassibilis, -c, not susceptible to pain impedimentum, -i, m., impediment impedire, to bring low, prostrate impellere, -puli, -pulsus, to push impendere, -pendi, -pensus, to spend, expend; grant, extend; ensure impendium, -ii, n., charge, expense impense, adv., urgently; at great cost imperare, to command imperator, -oris, m., emperor imperfectio, -onis, /., imperfection imperfectum, -i, n., something imper- fect imperitia, -ae, /., ignorance imperium, -ii, n., reign, dominion, empire; precept, command; pride impertire, to bestow impervius, -a, -um, impassable impetere, to attack impetrare, to gain, obtain impetus, -us, m., force, violence; im- pulse, rapid motion impie, wickedly impietas, -atis, /., wickedness, ungod- liness, transgression impiger, -gra, -gram, diligent impingere, -pegi, -pactus, to put or push back; strike impinguare, to grow fat or thick; anoint impius, -a, -um, wicked, godless implere, -plevi, -pletus, to fill, accom- plish; celebrate implicare, to entangle implorare, to implore impollutus, -a, -um, undeflled imponere, -posui, -positus, to lay or put upon importabilis, -e, insupportable importune, adv., out of season impositio, -onis, /., a laying on; im- position impossibilis, -e, impossible impressio, -onis, /., impression imprimere, -pressi, -pressus, to print, imprint; press or thrust into improbare, to blame improbitas, -atis, /., importunity improbus, -a, -um, troublesome improperare, to reproach improperium, -ii, n., reproach impriidens, -entis, foolish impudentia, -ae, /., shamelessness impudicitia, -ae, /., immodesty, im- purity impugnare, to beset, fight against impugnatio, -onis, /., assault impugnator, -oris, m., enemy imputare, to impute imus, -a, -um, lowest in, in, into, unto, upon, for, at, to, against, among, toward inaccesibilis, -e, inaccessible inaccessus, -a, -um, inaccessible inacuere, -ui, -utus, to sharpen; in- flame inaestimabilis, -e, inestimable, price- less inambulare, to walk inamissibilis, -e, unable to be lost inanis, -e, vain, empty, void; inania, n. pi., vain things inanitas, -atis, /., emptiness inaniter, vainly inaquosum, -i, n., desert inaquosus, -a, -um, without water, dry inaratus, -a, -um, unplowed inauris, -is, /., earring incalescere, -calui, to grow warm incanescere, -canui, to be gray-headed incantare, to charm incarnare, to make incarnate incarnatio, -onis, /., incarnation 256 LATIN GRAMMAR incarnatus, -a, -um, incarnate incedere, -cessi, -ccssus, to go, walk incendere, -cendi, -census, to heat, burn; kindle, set fire to incendium, -ii, n. t fire, flame incensum, -i, n., incense incensus, -a, -um, incensed incentivum, -i, n., incentive incentor, -oris, m., promoter incertum, -i, n., uncertainty; uncertain thing incertus, -a, -um, hidden, uncertain incessabilis, -e, unceasing incessanter, continually inchoare, to begin inchoatio, -onis, /., beginning incidere, -cidi, to fall into incipere, -cepi, -ceptus, (io), to begin incircumcisus, -a, -um, uncircumcised incircumscriptus, -a, -um, incompre- hensible incisus, -a, -um, not cut incitare, to provoke, blaspheme incitator, -oris, m., instigator inclamare, to cry out loudly inclinare, to bow, bend, incline includere, -clusi, -clusus, to include inclusive, adv., inclusive inclytus, -a, -um, renowned, glorious incoenatus, -a, -um, without supper incola, -ae, m. and /., stranger, so- journer, exile; dweller incolatus, -us, m., sojourn, residence incolumitas, -atis, /., safety incombustus, -a, -um, not burnt incommutabilis, -e, unchanging, un- changeable, immutable incomparabilis, -e, incomparable incomprehensibilis, -e, incomprehensi- ble inconciibius, -a, -um, relating to the dead of night incongruus, -a, -um, unfitting, incon- gruous inconstantia, -ae, /., wandering inconsiitilis, -e, not sewed together, made in one piece; without a seam incontaminatus, -a, -um, undefiled incorporari, dep., to enter into a body, be incorporated incorporeus, -a, -um, without a body, incorporeal incorruptibilis, -e, incorruptible incorruptio, -onis, /., incorruption incorruptus, -a, -um, incorruptible incrassare, to grow fat increatus, -a, -um, uncreated incredibilis, -e, incredulous incrediilitas, -atis, /., unbelief, incredu- lity incredulus, -a, -um, faithless, incredu- lous incrementum, -i, n., increase increpare, to reprove, rebuke increpatio, -onis, /., rebuke increpatorius, -a, -um, rebuking incubare, -cubui, -cubitus, to lie upon inciimbere, -cubui, -cubitus, to lie upon incunabula, -orum, n. pi., swaddling clothes; beginning incunctanter, not slowly, readily incurabilis, -e, incurable inciiria, -ae, /., indifference inciirrere, -curri (cucurri), -cursus. to come into inciirsio, -onis, /., attack inciirsus, -us, m., assault incurvare, to bend incurvari, dep., to bow down inciitere, -cussi, -cussus, (io), to strike indagare, to investigate, inquire into inde, adv., hence; thereafter indeclinabilis, -e, unwavering indefessus, -a, -um, unwearied indeficiens, -entis, unfailing, never failing indere, -didi, -ditus, to give to; put in or into LATIN GRAMMAR 257 indesinenter, unceasingly index, -icis, c, sign, token Indi, -orum, m. pi., natives of India Indiae, -arum, /. pi., Indies indicare, to tell; bespeak, indicate, show indicibilis, -c, unable to be told in words indicium, -ii, n., sign, evidence Indicus, -a, -um, Indian indirTerenter, not differently indigens, -entis, needy indigere, -ui, to need, stand in need of indignans, -antis, indignant, angry indignari, dep., to be indignant, be angry indignatio, -onis, /., indignation indigne, indignantly; — ferre, to have indignation indignus, -a, -um, unworthy indisciplinatus, -a, -um, unskillful indissoliibilis, -e, imperishable inditus, -a, -um, given or imposed (as a name) individuus, -a, -um, undivided indivisus, -a, -um, undivided indoles, -is, /., talent, genius indubitanter, indubitably indubitatus, -a, -um, unwavering indiicere, -duxi, -ductus, to lead; bring into indiiciae, -arum, /. pi., extension of time, truce induere, -ui, -utus, to put on; clothe indulgentia, -ae, /., pardon, forgive- ness, indulgence indulgere, -dulsi, -dultus, to grant; forgive indumentum, -i, n., apparel indurare, to harden; dry up indusium, -ii, n., shirt industrial de — , on purpose industrius, -a, -um, industrious inebriare, to water, soak; make drunk inedia, -ae, /., fasting, abstinence, hun- ger ineffabilis, -e, ineffable ineifabiliter, in an unspeakable man- ner inenarrabilis, -e, unspeakable ineptus, -a, -um, stupid inermis, -e, unarmed, defenseless ineruditio, -onis, /., ignorance in esse, -fui, to be on or in inexcusabilis, -e, inexcusable inexhaustus, -a, -um, inexhaustible inexpectatus, -a, -um, unexpected inexplebilis, -c, insatiable; extraordi- nary inexplebiliter, insatiably inexpugnabilis, -e, invincible inextinguibilis, -c, inextinguishable inextricabilis, -e, inextricable infallibilis, -e, infallible infamia, -ae, /., evil report infans, -antis, m. and /., infant, child, babe; infantes expositi, foundlings infantia, -ae, /., childhood, infancy infantula, -ae, /., babe infantulus, -i, m., infant infatigabiliter, indefatigably infatuatus, -a, -um, tasteless infeciindus, -a, -um, sterile infelicitas, -atis, f. t unhappiness, wretchedness infelix, -icis, unhappy infensus, -a, -um, hostile, dangerous inferior, -ius, lower, below infernus, -a, -um, of hell, infernal infernus, -i, m., grave, the underworld inferre, -tuli, illatus, to bring, bear, carry in inferus, -a, -um, below; of hell inferus, -i, m., nether world, grave infestatio, -onis, /., assault infestus, -a, -um, hostile inficere, -feci, -fecrus, (io), to infect, stain; pollute 2 5 8 LATIN GRAMMAR infidelis, -c, unfaithful, unbelieving infigere, -fixi, -flxus, to fasten in, stick fast infinitus, -a, -urn, infinite. infirmare, to weaken infirmari, dep., to be weak, sick, dis- eased infirmitas, -atis, /., sickness, infirmity, disease inffrmus, -a, -um, weak, sick, n firm inflammare, to kindle; inflame inflare, to puff up inflectere, -flexi, -flectus, to bend informare, to fashion informatio, -onis, /., information infra, prep, and adv., under, beneath infremere, -fremui, to groan infringere, -fregi, -fractus, to break; infringe upon infructuosus, -a, -um, barren infrumtus, -a, -um, bold infiindere, -fudi, -fusus, to pour; water; infuse infiisio, -onis, /., outpouring; infusion ingeminare, to repeat ingemiscere, -gemui, to groan, sigh ingenitus, -a, -um, unbegotten ingenium, -i, n., natural character ingens, -entis, great, vast ingerere, -gesse, -gestus, to pour into, infuse ingravare, to aggravate ingravescerc, to become serious ingredi, -gressus sum, dep. 3 (io), to walk along; come in ingressus, -us, m., procession ingniere, -ui, to assault inguen, -inis, n., groin inhabitabilis, -e, not inhabited; unin- habitable inhabitare, to dwell inhaerere, -haesi, -haesus, to adhere to inhiarc, to gape after; long for inhoneste, adv., with dishonor inhonorare, to dishonor inhonoratio, -onis, /., dishonor inhumanus, -a, -um, brutal inhumatus, -a, -um, unburied inibi, adv., in that place inimicitia, -ae, /., enmity inimicus, -a, -um, hostile inimicus, -i, m., enemy ininterpretabilis, -e, difficult to explain inique, wickedly, unjustly iniquitas, -atis, /., iniquity iniquus, -a, -um, unjust inire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to enter; enter upon, undertake initiare, to initiate initium, -ii, n., beginning; corner initus, -a, -um, begun, entered upon injicere, -jeci, -jectus, (io), to lay upon injungere, -junxi, -junctus, to enjoin, impose injuria, -ae, /., wrong, injury injuste, unjustly injustitia, -ae, /., iniquity, injustice injustus, -a, -um, unjust innatus, -a, -um, inborn, innate inniti, -nixus sum, dep. 3, to lean upon; rely upon innocens, -entis, innocent, clean, pure Innocentius, -ii, m., Innocent innocenter, adv., innocently innocuus, -a, -um, innocent, blameless innotescere, -notui, to become known innovare, to renew innoxius, -a, -um, harmless, innocent innuere, -ui, to make a sign or signal to innumerabilis, -e, innumerable inniimerus, -a, -um, without number, countless innuptus, -a, -um, unmarried inobedientia, -ae, /., disobedience inoffensus, -a, -um, unhurt; inoffenso pede, without tripping inolescere, -evi, -itus, to grow in or o« LATIN GRAMMAR 259 inolitus, -a, -urn, ingrown inopia, -ae, /., poverty, want inopinatus, -a, -urn, unexpected inops, -opis, needy, destitute, afflicted inordinate, adv., unequally inquam, deject, verb, I say inquietare, to disquiet inquietus, -a, -urn, unquiet inquinamentum, -i, n., stain, filthiness inquinare, to stain, defile inquinatus, -a, -um, defiled inquirere, -sivi, -situs, to seek, search for, desire inquisitio, -onis, /., inquiry; search; speculation Inquisitio, -onis, /., Inquisition inquisitor, -oris, m., inquisitor inquit, deject, verb, he says insanabilis, -e, incurable insania, -ae, f., madness, insanity insanire, to be mad, be outrageous insanus, -i, m., madman insatiabilis, -e, insatiable; ambitious inscitia, -ac, /., lack of knowledge, ig- norance inscribere, -scripsi, -scriptus, to write over inscrutabilis, -e, unsearchable, inscruta- ble insculpere, -sculpsi, -sculptus, to brand, carve, engrave insecutor, -oris, m., pursuer, persecu- tor; tyrant foe insensatus, -i, m., fool insensibilis, -e, insensible inseparabilis, -e, inseparable insepiiltus, -a, -um, unburicd inserere, -serui, -sertus, to enroll; en- tangle inserere, -sevi, -situs, to implant insertus, -a, -um, fixed, rooted inservire, to serve insidere, -sedi, -sessus, to rest upon insidia, -ae, /., deceit insidiae, -arum, /. pi., snare, snares, ambush insidiare, to lay snares insidiari, dep., to lie in wait insidiator, -oris, m., traitor insignire, to distinguish, honor, adorn, endow insignis, -e, noted, notable; notorious insigniter, remarkably insignitus, -a, -um, signed; known insinuare, to insinuate insipiens, -entis, unwise, foolish insipientia, -ae, f., folly, foolishness; in insipientia, foolishly insitus, -a, -um, ingrafted insolescere, to become insolent, behave extravagantly insolubilis, -e, insoluble; that cannot be unlocked insomnis, -e, sleepless insonarc, to resound insons, -ontis, innocent insperatus, -a, -um, unhoped for, un- expected inspergerc, -spcrsi, -spcrsus, to sprinkle inspicere, -spexi, -spectus, to stare upon inspirare, to breathe into inspiratio, -onis, /., inspiration; breath, blast instabilis, -e, unstable, inconstant, hav- ing no fixed abode instans, -antis, present; instant instantia, -ae, /., instance instar, indecl., n., image, likeness instare, -stiti, -statiirus, to insist; await; threaten instaurare, to renew; strengthen; com- prise instauratio, -onis, /., renewal instaurator, -oris, m., restorer instinctus, -us, m., inspiration instita, -ae, f., winding band institor, -oris, m. t merchant 260 LATIN GRAMMAR instituerc, -ui, -utus, to institute, or- dain institutio, -onis, /., institution; manner of life institutor, -oris, m., tutor; founder; creator institiitrix, -icis, /., foundress institutum, -i, n., institute; institution instructus, -a, -um, drawn up in order of battle instriiere, -struxi, -structus, to draw up; instruct Insiibria, -ae, /., Lombardy insudare, to sweat at or in insiiere, -sui, -sutus, to sew up insufflare, to blow; breathe upon insufflatio, -onis, /., a breathing upon or into insula, -ae, /., island; insulae Oceani, Oceanic Islands insulanus, -i, in., islander insultare, to scoff at insiimere, -sumpsi, -sumptus, to con- sume insuper, adv., in addition, moreover insurgere, -surrexi, -surrectus, to rise U P intactus, -a, -um, inviolate intaminatus, -a, -um, unspotted integer, -gra, -grum, whole integerrime, adv., most rigidly integritas, -atis, /., wholeness; health; integrity intellectualis, -e, spiritual intellectus, -us, m., sense, meaning; understanding, insight intelligentia, -ae, /., knowledge, un- derstanding, intelligence intelligere, -lexi, -lectus, to perceive, understand; heed, attend to intemeratus, -a, -um, spotless intempestivus, -a, -um, untimely intempestus, -a, -um, unseasonable; intempesta nox, the dead of night intendere, -tendi, -tentus or -tensus, to mark, hearken, be attentive; di- rect; look steadfastly; look down mercifully upon; go forth; arcum — , to bend a bow intentator, -oris, m., one who wars against, threatener; tempter intentio, -onis, /., intention intentus, -a, -um, intent, anxious inter, prep., between, among intercedere, -cessi, -cessus, to intercede intercessio, -onis, /., intercession intercessor, -oris, m., intercessor intercidere, -cidi, -cisus, to divide, cleave interdictum, -i, n., interdict interdiu, adv., by day interea, adv., in the meantime interere, -trivi, -tritus, to break, crum- ble interesse, -fui, to be between; be dif- ferent; take part in interfector, -oris, m., slayer interficere, -feci, -fectus, (io), to kill, slay, put to death, destroy interim, adv., meanwhile interimere, -emi, -emptus, to slay interior, -ius, inward; interiora, n. pi., entrails interire, -ivi or -ii, -itus, (eo), to per- ish, die interitio, -onis, /., destruction interims, -us, m., destruction; over- throw interius, adv., inwardly interminatus, -a, -um, endless interminus, -a, -um, endless, infinite intermissio, -onis, /., ceasing intermittere, -misi, -missus, to leave, let pass internecio, -onis, /., massacre, carnage interpellate, to make intercession interpositio, -onis, /., a bringing for- ward, introducing LATIN GRAMMAR 261 interpres, -pretis, c, interpreter, ex- pounder interpretare, to interpret interpreted, dep., to expound interpretatio, -onis, /., interpretation interrogate, to ask questions, inquire interrogatio, -onis, /., question, argu- ment, inquisition; pledge interrumpere, -rupi, -niptus, to break into; divide, cleave interserere, -serui, -sertus, to place be- tween or among interserere, -sevi, -situs, to sow or plant between intervallum, -i, n., space interventio, -onis, /., intercession interventor, -oris, m., intercessor interventus, -us, m., intercession intestinum, -i, n., en trail; intestina, n. pi., bowels intimare, to tell, intimate intimus, -a, -um, inmost; intima, n. pi., bowels intingerc, -tinxi, -tinctus, to dip in or steep intolerabilis, -c, overwhelming, un- bearable intonare, -tonui, -tonatus, to thunder intra, prep., among, within intrare, to enter intrinsecus, adv., within intro, adv., in, within introducere, -duxi, -ductus, to bring into introgredi, -gressus sum, dep. 3 (io), to go or come in intro ire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to go in or into, enter introitus, -us, m., going in, entering, entrance, introit intromittere, -misi, -missus, to send into; cast within or into introspicerc, -spexi, -spectus, (io), to look iz intueri, -tiiitus sum, dep. 2, to look at, consider, behold earnestly intuitus, -us, m. t mind intumescere, -tumui, to swell intus, adv., inwardly, within inultus, -a, -um, unpunished, un- avenged inundantia, -ae, /., inundation inundare, to overflow inundatio, -onis, /., flood, multitude inungere, -unxi, -unctus, to anoint inutilis, -e, useless, profitless inutiliter, uselessly invadere, -vasi, -vasus, to invade, usurp invalescere, -valui, to become strong, be more earnest, prevail invehere, -vexi, -vectus, to attack in venire, -veni, -ventus, to come upon, find, obtain; to bring about, effect inventio, -onis, /., finding inventor, -oris, m., inventor inverecundia, -ae, /., impudence investigabilis, -e, unsearchable, unac- countable investigate, to seek after, search out; trace inveterare, to grow old inveteratus, -a, -um, old, decrepit invicem, adv., by turns, alternately; ad — , reciprocally, among them- selves invictus, -a, -um, invincible, uncon- querable invidere, -vidi, -visus, to envy invidia, -ae, /., envy invidus, -i, m., envious one invigilare, to watch over inviolabiliter, inviolably inviolatus, -a, -um, pure invisare, to go and see, visit invisibilis, -e, invisible invisibiliter, invisibly invitamentum, -i, n., invitation invitare, to invite 262 LATIN GRAMMAR invitator, -oris, m., one who invites invitatorium, -ii, n., invitatory invitus, -a, -urn, unwilling invium, -ii, n., trackless region, waste land invius, -a, -urn, trackless, pathless, im- passable, desert invocare, to call upon, invoke invocatio, -onis, /., invocation involumenta, -orum, n. pi., swaddling clothes involvere, -volvi, -voliitus, to wrap up ; shut up iota, in d eel., n., iota, jot ipse, -a, -um, intensive pron., he (him- self), etc. ipsissimus, -a, -um, one's very self; ipsissima verba, the very words ira, -ae, /., anger, wrath iraciindia, -ae, /., anger, wrath iraciindus, -a, -um, angry irasci, iratus sum, dep. 3, to be angry; be kindled (of wrath) iratus, -a, -um, angry ire, ivi and ii, itus, (eo), to go iris, -idis, /., rainbow irradiare, to shine, illumine irrationabilis, -e, irrational; irratio- nabilia, n. pi., irrational creatures, animals irrationabiliter, senselessly irrepere, -repsi, -reptus, to creep into irreprehensibilis, -e, blameless, un- spotted irrevocabilis, -e, not to be turned back, irrevocable irridere, -risi, -risus, to laugh at irrigatio, -onis, /., watering, moisten- ing irriguus, -a, -um, watered irrisor, -oris, m., one who scorns, de- rider irritare, to provoke irritatio, -onis, /., provocation irritator, -onis, m., provoker of anger irritus, -a, -um, vain, void, unheard irrogare, to inflict, impose irruere, -ui, to rush or fall upon, be- set, rush in, press upon irrugire, to roar out irrumpere, -rupi, -ruptus, to extirpate is, ea, id, demons, pron., that; he, she, etc. Isaacus, -i, m., Isaac Isauricus, -i, m., Isaurian Iscariota, -ae, m., Iscariot Iscariotes, -is, m., Iscariot Isidorus, -i, m., Isidore Islebium, -ii, n., Eisleben Ismaelitae, -arum, m. pi., Ismaelites Ismahelita, -ae, m., Ismaelite Israelita, -ae, m., Israelite Israeliticus, -a, -um, Israelitish iste, -a, -ud, demons, pron., this, that istinc, adv., hence, from the place ita, adv., so, even Itali, -orum, m. pi., Italians Italia, -ae, /., Italy itaque, adv., therefore item, adv., likewise iter, itineris, n., journey; departure; way, wayside iteratio, -onis, /., renewal, repetition iterum, adv., again itidem, adv., in like manner, likewise Iturae'a, -ae, /., Iturea j jacere, to lie, sleep jacere, jeci, jactus, (io), to throw, cast Jacobus, -i, m., James Jacobus de Flisco, -i, m., Jacopo Fi- eschi jactantia, -ae, /., vainglory jactare, to cast jactiira, -ae, /., loss jactus, -us, m., cast, throw LATIN GRAMMAR 263 jaculum, -i, n., dart, arrow jam, adv., now; (with negative) no longer, no more jamdudum, adv., now for a long time jamjam, adv., on the point of jampridem, adv., now for a long time janitor, -oris, m., gate keeper, porter janua, -ae, j., door, gate Januarius, -ii, m., January; Januarius Japon, -is, m., Japan Japonia, -ae, /., Japan Jarlathus, -i, m., Jarlath jaspis, -idis, /., jasper Jebusaeus, -i, m., Jebusitc jecur, jecoris (jecinoris), n., liver jejunare, to fast, abstain jejunium, -ii, n., fast, fasting jejiinus, -a, -urn, fasting Jerosolyma, -orum, n. pi., Jerusalem Jerosolymi, -orum, m. pi., people of Jerusalem Jerosolymitanus, -a, -urn, of Jerusalem Jesus Nave, Josue the son of Nun Jezrahelites, -is, /., Jezrahelitess Joanna, -ae, /., Johanna, Jane, Joan Joannes, -is, m., John Joannes Baptlsta, -is, -ae, m., John the Baptist Joannes Cantius, -is, -ii, m., John Cantius Jobus, -i, m., Job jocari, dep., to jest jod, the tenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet, corresponding to Eng- lish y Jojada, -ae, m., Joiada Jonathas, -ae, m., Jonathan Jordanis, -is, m., the Jordan Josaphat (us) Kuncewitius, -i, -ii, m., Jehoshaphat Kuncewicz Jo vis, -is, rn., Jove jubar, -aris, n., a beaming light, radi- ance jubere, jussi, jussus, to command; ask jubilaeus, -i, m., jubilee jubilare, to shout, sing joyfully jubilatio, -onis, /., jubilee; gladness; festival cry jubilum, -i, n., jubilee, joy jucundare, to shout for joy jucundari, dep., to have joy, be glad jucunde, merrily jucunditas, -atis, /., cheerfulness, joy jucundus, -a, -um, pleasing Judaea, -ae, /., Judea Judaeus, -i, m., Jew Judaicus, -a, -um, Jewish judaizare, to Judaize, convert to the doctrines or methods of the Jews Judas, -ae, m., Judas; Judc judex, -icis, m., judge judicare, to judge judicialis, -e, judicial judicium, -ii, n., judgment, matter of judgment jugalis, -e, pertaining to a yoke; con- necting jugare, to bind together; marry, es- pouse jugerum, -i, n., acre jugis, -e, perpetual, continual jugiter, adv., ever, forever, always jugulare, to cut the throat, slay jiigulum, -i, n., throat jugum, -i, n., yoke, bond, fetter Juliana de Falconnerii, -ae, /., Juliana Falconieri Julianus, -i, m., Julian Julianus Adiirnus, -i, -i, m., Giuliano Adorno Julianus Apostata, -i, -ae, m., Julian the Apostate Julius, -ii, rn., July jumentum, -i, n., beast; (pi.) cattle junctura, -ae, /., joint juncus, -i, m., bulrush jungere, junxi, junctus, to join, bind, unite 264 LATIN GRAMMAR junior, -oris, young; younger juniperus, -i, /., juniper tree Junius, -ii, m., June; Junius juramentum, -i, n., oath jurare, to swear jurgare, to contend in words, quarrel jurgari, dep., to quarrel jiirgum, -ii, n., quarrel jurisprudentia, -ae, /., law jus, juris, n., law jusjurandum, jurisjurandi, n., oath jussio, -onis, /., command jussus, m., used only in ablative, jussu, by command juste, righteously, justly justificare, to justify; do justice to justificatio, -onis, /., statute, ordi- nance; justification Justiniani, -orum, m. pL, Giustiniani Justinianus, -i, m., Justinian Justinus, -i, m., Justin; Justinian justitia, -ae, /., justice Justus, -a, -urn, right, righteous, just juvamen, -inis, n., help Juvenilis, -is, m., Juvenal juvencula, -ae, /., maiden juvenculus, -i, m., bullock juvenescere, -ui, to be young, to reach the age of youth juvenis, -e, young; (as a noun) young man juventa, -ae, /., youth juventus, -utis, /., youth juxta, prep, and adv., near, close to, by, at hand; according to K Kalendae, -arum, /. pi., calends, the first day of the Roman month Kalendarius, -ii, m., calendar Kerriensis, -e, of Kerry Killeedy, Killadysert Kiowensis, -e, of Kieff Kyrie (Greek), Lord labare, to totter, waver labascere, to begin to fall, totter labes, -is, /., stain, blemish labi, lapsus sum, dep. 3, to fall labium, -ii, n., lip labor, -oris, m., labor; mischief laborare, to labor laboriosus, -a, -um, toilsome, laborious labrusca, -ae, /., wild grape labrum, -i, n., lip lac, lactis, n., milk lacer, -a, -um, torn, ragged lacerare, to rend lacrima, -ae, /., tear lacrimabilis, -e, woeful, worthy of tears lacrimari, dep., to weep lacrimosus, -a, -um, tearful lactare, to give suck lactens, -entis, /., suckling lactiica, -ae, lettuce lacus, -us, m., lake; pit; den laedere, laesi, laesus, to do harm, in- jure laetabiindus, -a, -um, full of joy laetari, dep., to rejoice laetificire, to give joy laetitia, -ae, /., gladness laetus, -a, -um, joyful laeva, -ae, /., the left; left hand; ad laevam, on the left hand or arm laevigatus, -a, -um, smooth, polished lagena, -ae, /., pitcher Lagenia, -ae, /., Leinster laicalis, -e, lay laicus, -a, -um, lay, common laicus, -i, m., layman Lalovescum, -i, n., La Louvesc LATIN GRAMMAR 265 lambere, Iambi, lambitus, to lick lamed, the twelfth letter of the He- brew alphabet, corresponding to English / lamentare, to lament lamentari, dep., to lament lamentatio, -onis, /., lamentation lamentum, -i, n., wailing, lamentation lamia, -ae, /., sea monster lamina, -ae, /., metal plate lampas, -adis, /., lamp, torch; flame Lampertus, -i, m., Lampert lana, -ae, /., wool lancea, -ae, /., spear, lance Lancellotus, -i, m., Lancelot lancinare, to mangle lancis, -is, /., event; aequa lance, like- wise Landulfus, -i, m., Landulf Landunum, -i, n. , Laon laneus, -a, -um, woolen Lanfrancus, -i, m., Lanfranc languens, -entis, sick languere, -ui, to be faint or weak, swoon languidus, -a, -um, infirm languor, -oris, m., disease, sickness, in- firmity laniare, to mangle laniatus, m. t mangling lanterna, -ae, /., lantern lantgravius, -ii, m., landgrave lapidare, to stone lapideus, -a, -um, of stone; stony lapillus, -i, m., gem lapis, -idis, m., stone lapsus, -us, m., slipping, falling laquear, -aris, n., panel, rafter, ceiling laqueus, -i, m., snare, halter largiens, -entis, bountiful largiri, dep. 4, to grant, bestow largitas, -atis, /., bounty largitor, -oris, m., one who grants largius, adv., more abundantly largus, -a, -um, abundant larva, -ae, /., ghost lassitiido, -inis, /., weariness lassus, -a, -um, faint, tired latebra, -ae, /., concealment, subter- fuge latenter, secretly later, -eris, m., brick Lateranensis, -e, Lateran, of the Lat- eran latere, -ui, to be hidden laterna, -ae, /., lantern latex, -icis, m., liquid; water latibulum, -i, n., hiding place, covert latine, adv., in Latin latinus, -a, -um, Latin latitare, to lie hidden, be concealed latitudo, -inis, /., breadth; a large place; in latitudine, at liberty latrare, to bark latria, -ae, /., worship latro, -onis, m., thief, robber latrunculus, -i, m., robber, bandit; rover latus, -eris, n., side latus, -a, -um, broad laudabilis, -e, praiseworthy, laudable; glorious laudabiliter, laudably laudare, to praise laudatio, -onis, /., praise laudator, -oris, m., one who praises laudes, -um, /. pi., lauds laura, -ae, /., a kind of monastery laurea, -ae, /., laurel; laurel crown; tri- umph, victory laureatus, -a, -um, crowned with laurel Laurentius, -ii, m., Lawrence Lauretanus, -a, -um, of Loreto laus, laudis, /., praise lavacrum, -i, n., laver; bath; water of baptism 266 LATIN GRAMMAR lavare (lavcrc), lavi, lautus (lotus), to wash Lavicinus, -a, -urn, Lavican laxare, to let down, relax laxus, -a, -urn, loose leaena, -ae, /., lioness lebes, -etis, m., wash basin; kettle lectio, -onis, /., reading; lesson lector, -oris, m., reader, lector lectulus, -i, m., small bed; couch lectus, -a, -urn, choice, eminent lectus, -i, m., bed lecythus, -i, m., flask legalis, -e, legal legatio, -onis, /., duty of a legate; lega- tion, embassage legatus, -i, m., legate, ambassador legere, legi, lectus, to read legifer, -i, m., lawgiver legio, -onis, /., band; legion Legio, -onis, /., Leon legislator, -oris, m., lawgiver; master legisperitus, -i, m., lawyer legitime, lawfully legitimum, -i, n., ordinance legitimus, -a, -urn, legal legumen, -inis, n., pulse; bean; vege- table lenire, to mitigate, relieve lenis, -e, smooth; mild, easy lenitas, -atis, /., meekness leniter, gently lentescere, to relax lenticula, -ae, /., little bottle; vial leo, -onis, m., lion Leo, -onis, m., Leo Leonardus, -i, m., Leonard leopardus, -i, m., leopard Leopolis, -is, /., Lemberg Leovigildus, -i, m., Leovigild lepra, -ae, /., leprosy leprosus, -a, -um, leprous leprosus, -i, m., leper Leptinensis, -e, of Lessines lethalis, -e, lethal levamen, -inis, n., consolation, allevi- ation levamentum, -i, n., mitigation, rest levare, to lift up, raise leunculus, -i, m., young lion levigare, to polish, furbish levis, -e, light Levita, -ae, m., Levite lex, legis, /., law; legem facere, to keep the law libamen, -inis, n., libation, drink offer- f ing libanus, -i, m., frankincense libare, to celebrate a religious rite libatio, -onis, /., libation; partaking libatorium, -ii, n., pouring vessel libellus, -i, m., a. writing, a bill libenter, gladly liber, -a, -um, free; fearless; aban- doned Liber, -i, m. Bacchus liber, -bri, m., book libera, -ae, /., free woman liberare, to free, deliver liberator, -oris, m., deliverer libere, adv., freely; steadfastly liberi, -orum, m. pi., children Liberianus, -a, -um, Liberian libertas, -atis, /., freedom Libertini, -orum, m. pi., Libertines libet (lubet), -buit, -bitum est, impcrs., it pleases, is agreeable libido, -inis, /., lust libra, -ae, /., pound librare, to weigh, poise, balance librarius, -ii, m., copyist libum, -i, n., a cake offered to the gods; an offering licet, licuit, licitum est, impers., it is allowed or lawful; one may or can; licet, although liciatorium, -ii, n., beam Licinianus, -a, -um, Licinian LATIN GRAMMAR 267 ligare, to bind ligneus, -a, -urn, wooden lignum, -i, n., wood; stick; staff; tree ligo, -onis, m., spade Ligorius, -ii, m., Liguori Ligiiria, -ae, /., Liguria; Piedmont liliatus, -a, urn, decorated with lilies; lily white lilium, -ii, n., lily Limanus, -a, -urn, of Lima linatus, -a, -um, polished, furbished limen, -inis, n., threshold Limericensis, -e, of Limerick limes, -itis, m., boundary, limit limpidissimus, -a, -um, very smooth limus, -i, m., mud, mire, dirt linea, -ae, /., line lineamentum, -i, n., feature, delinea- tion linere, livi and levi, litus, (io), to anoint lineus, -a, -um, of flax; linen lingere, linxi, linctus, to lick lingua, -ae, /., tongue; language linguosus, -a, -um, evil tongued linire, to smear, besmear, spread; anoint linostemus, -a, -um, linen linquere, liqui, to leave linteamen, -inis, n., linen cloth linteum, -i, n., towel; linen cloth linum, -i, n., flax Liparitanus, -a, -um, of Lipari liquare, to melt iiquefacere, -feci, -factus, (io), to melt liquefactivus, -a, -um, melting liquefactus, -a, -um, melted liquere, liqui or licui, to be evident liquescere, licui, to melt liquor, -oris, m., liquid lis, litis, /., debate, contention litania, -ae, f., litany litare, to offer Lithuani, -orum, m. pi., Lithuanians litigare, to quarrel, strive, wrangle litigiosus, -a, -um, quarrelsome littera, -ae, /., letter of the alphabet, litterae, pi., a letter; bill litteratura, -ae, /., learning; writing littus, -oris, n. f shore litura, -ae, /., daubing liturgia, -ae, f., liturgy lividus, -a, -um, envious livor, -oris, m., bruise locare, to place; let out, rent, hire out loculus, -i, m., coffin, bier; tomb; purse locuples, -etis, rich locupletare, to enrich locus, -i, m. {pi. loca, -orum, n.), place; position, station; room lociista, -ae, /., locust lociitio, -onis, /., word Londinensis, -e, of London Londinium, -ii, n., London longaevus, -a, -um, long-lived longanimis, -e, longsuffering longanimitas, -atis, /., longsuffering longe, adv., afar; a longe, afar ofT; longe lateque, far and wide longinquus, -a, -um, far, distant, afar off; de longinquo, from afar longitudo, -inis, /., length longiturnitas, -atis, /., length Longobardi, -orum, m. pi., Lombards loquela, -ae, /., saying; speech loqui, locutus sum, dep. 3, to speak, converse; profess lorica, -ae, /., coat of mail; breastplate lorum, -i, n., leather strap, thong;' scourge, whip Lotharingia, -ae, /., Lorraine lotus, -a, -um, washed lubricum, -i, n., slipperiness liibricus, -a, -um, slippery; dangerous, impure Lucas, -ae, m., Luke lucere, -luxi, to shine lucerna, -ae, /., candle, lamp 268 LATIN GRAMMAR lucescere, luxi, to begin to dawn Lucia, -ae, /., Lucy liicidus, -a, -um, bright lucifer, -i, m., day star, morning star Lucilla, -ae, /., Lucille lucrari, dcp., to gain lucrativus, -a, -um, profitable lucrifacere, -feci, -f actus, (io), to win lucrum, -i, n., lucre; gain luctamen, -inis, n., struggling, wres- tling luctator, -oris, m., wrestler luctuosus, -a, -um, sorrowful luctus, -us, m., mourning lucubratio, -onis, /., laborious study luculente, admirably luculenter, excellently luculentus, -a, -um, bright lucus, -i, m., grove; sacred grove ludere, lusi, lusus, to play ludibrium, -ii, n., mockery, scorn Ludovicus, -i, m., Louis Ludiilphus, -i, m., Ludolph ludus, -i, m., game lues, -is, /., disease Lugdunensis, -e, of Lyons Lugdiinum, -i, n., Lyons lugere, luxi, luctus, to bewail, lament Luitprandus, -i, m., Luitprand lumbus, -i, m.; (pi.) loins lumen, -inis, n., light Lumilla, -ae, /., Ludmilla luminare, -aris, n., light luna, -ae, /., moon lunaticus, -i, m., lunatic lupanar, -aris, n., brothel lupinus, -i, m., lupine lupinus, -a, -um, wolfish lupus, -i, m., wolf Lusitania, -ae, /., Portugal lustralis, -e, holy, blessed lustrare, to purify lustrum, -i, n., a period of five years, a luster lusus, -us, m., game Lutetia Parisiorum, -ae, /., Paris luteus, -a, -um, of clay Lutherus, -i, m., Luther lutum, -i, n., clay, dirt lux, lucis, /., light, dawn luxiiria, -ae, /., dissipation, lust; luxury luxuriari, dep., to live riotously luxuriose, riotously luxus, -us, m., lust lychnus, -i, m., lamp lympha, -ae, /., water lyra, -ae, /., lute Lystrae, -arum, /. pL, Lystra M Macedo, -onis, m., Macedonian Macedonia, -ae, /., Macedonia macerare, to afflict, mortify maceratio, -onis, /., mortification maceria, -ae, /., wall; fence Machabaei, -orum, m. pi., Machabees Machaea, -ae, m., Ma hew machaera, -ae, /., sword machina, -ae, /., machine; device; fabric, frame macies, -ei, /., thinness, emaciation macilentus, -a, -um, thin, lean mactare, to ofTer as a sacrifice, kill; punish macula, -ae, /., stain, blemish maculare, to accuse maculosus, -a, -um, spotted madefacere, -feci, -f actus, (io), to make wet, soak madere, madui, to drink too much, be drunk madescere, madui, to become wet Madianiti, -orum, m. pi., Madianites maerere, to be sorrowful maestus, -ae, -um, sad Magdeburgensis, -e, of Magdeburg Magdeburgus, -i, m., Magdeburg LATIN GRAMMAR 269 Magdalena (Magdalene), -ae, /., Mag- dalen magicus, -a, -um, magic magis, adv., rather; plus magis, far more magister, -tri, m., master; teacher magisterium, -ii, n., office, power magistra, -ae, /., teacher; mistress magistratus, -us, m., magistrate magnalia, -ium, n. pi., wonderful works, wonders magnatus, -i, m., great man magnes, -etis, m., magnet, loadstone Magnesiani, -orum, m. pi., Magnesians magnificare, to enlarge, magnify; glorify, exalt magnifice, nobly, generously magnificentia, -ae, /., magnificence, majesty magnificus, -a, -um, glorious magniloquus, -a, -um, boastful magnitude -inis, /., greatness magnopere, adv., greatly magnus, -a, -um, great; magna, n.pl., great things magus, -i, m., wise or learned man; magician, sorcerer Mahometani (Mahumetani) -orum, m. pL, Mohammedans majestas, -atis, /., majesty major, majus, greater; elder Majorga, -ae, /., Mayorga Majus, -i, m., May Malaca, -ae, /., Malacca malagma, -atis, n., plaster Malcolmus, -i, m., Malcolm male, adv., badly, ill; grievously maledicere, -dixi, -dictus, to speak evil, revile, curse maledictio, -onis, /., curse maledictum, -i, n., abusive language, railing maledicus, -a, -um, evil speaking maledicus, -i, m., railer malefactor, -oris, m., malefactor, evil- doer malevolus, -a, -um, malicious malignans, -antis, malicious, wicked malignare (-ari), to do wickedly malignitas, -atis, /., evil, malice malignus, -a, -um, malignant; (as a noun), evildoer malitia, -ae, /., malice; naughtiness; evil malitiose, maliciously malle, malui, to prefer malleator, -oris, m., hammerer malleus, -i, m., hammer, mallet malum, -i, n., evil malum, -i, n., apple, — punicum, pomegranate malus, -a, -um, bad, evil, wicked Mamertinus, -a, -um, Mamertine mamilla, -ae, /., breast, pap mamma, -ae, /., breast, pap mammona, -ae, m., mammon manare, to flow, pour forth mancipare, to deliver up mancipium, -ii, n., slave mandare, to command, give charge over mandere, mandi, mansus, to eat mandatum, -i, n., command, com- mandment mandragora, -ae, /., mandrake manducare, to eat manducatio, -onis, /., eating mane, adv., in the morning, early morning; primo — , early in the morning; sumo — , valde — , very early in the morning manere, mansi, mansus, to remain, abide, tarry, wait Manettus Antellensis, -i, -is, m., Ma- netto Antalli manica, -ae, /., manicle Manichaei, -orum, m. pi., Manichae- ans 270 LATIN GRAMMAR manifestare, to make manifest, dis- cover, reveal manifestatio, -onis, /., manifestation manifeste, openly, plainly, manifestly mariipulus, -i, m., handful; sheaf; maniple manna, -ae, /., manna mansio, -onis, /., abode, dwelling manshincula, -ae, /., little room mansuetiido, -inis, /., meekness mansuetus, -a, -um, meek, mild, hum- ble mansiims, -a, -um, enduring mantellum, -i, n., cloak manufactus, -a, -um, made with hands manus, us, /., hand; power marcere, to wither marcescere, to fade away, to wither, to decay marchio, -onis, m., marquis marcidus, -a, -um, withered; delicate Marcio, -onis, /., Marcion Marcus, -i, m., Mark Mardochaeus, -i, m., Mardochai mare, maris, n., sea margarita, -ae, /., pearl Margarita, -ae, /., Margaret Maria, -ae, /., Mary Marialis, -e, of Mary marinus, -a, -um, sea, of the sea maritalis, -e, of wedlock, marital maritare, to marry, give in marriage maritima, -orum, n. pi., seacoast maritus, -i, m., husband marmoreus, -a, -um, marble, of marble Marochius (Marrochius), -ii, m., Mo- rocco marsupium, -ii, n., purse Martialis, -is, m., Martial Martinianus, -i, m., Martinian Martinus, -i, m., Martin Martius, -ii, m., March martyr, -is, m., martyr martyrium, -ii, n., martyrdom martyrologium, -ii, n., martyrology masculinus, -a, -um, masculine masculus, -a, -um, male massa, -ae, /., lump Massilia, -ae, /., Marseilles Massiliensis, -e, of Marseilles mater, -tris, /., mother materfamilias, matrisfamilias, /., mis- tress of the house materia, -ae, /., substance maternitas, -atis, /., maternity materialiter, materially maternus, -a, -um, maternal matertera, -ae, /., mothei's sister, ma- ternal aunt Matritum, -i, n., Madrid matrona, -ae, /., matron, lady Matthaeus, -i, m., Matthew mature, early maturescere, -ui, to ripen matiiritas, -atis, /., fullness; early morning, dawn matutinum, -i, n., mattins; night watch matutinus, -a, -um, morning, early Mauri, -orum, m. pi., Moors Mauricus, -a, -um, Moorish Mauritius, -ii, m., Maurice maxilla, -ae, /., jaw; cheek maxime, adv., especially, chiefly Maximianus, -i, m., Maximian Maximinus, -i, m., Maximin maximopere, adv., exceedingly maximus, -a, -um, greatest; very great; most grievous medela, -ae, /., healing remedy mederi, dep. 2, to heal mediare, to be in the middle; festo mediante, about the midst of the feast mediator, -oris, m., mediator mediatrix, -icis, /., mediatrix medicamen, -inis, n., medicine medicatio, -onis, /., remedy, healing power LATIN GRAMMAR 271 medicina, -ae, /., remedy medicinalis, -e, salutary, healing medicus, -i, m., physician medietas, -atis, /., the half Mediolanensis, -e, of Milan, Milanese Mediolanum, -i, n., Milan meditare (-ari), to meditate, devise meditatio, -onis, /., thought, medita- tion medium, -ii, n., the midst, middle medius, -a, -um, middle, midst medius, adv., in the midst medulla, -ae, /., marrow medullatus ,-a, -um, full of marrow mediillitus, adv., in the very marrow Medus, -i, m., Mede meipsum, me 4- ipsum, myself mel, mellis, n., honey Meldensis, -e, of Meaux Meletianus, -a, -um, Meletian melior, -ius, better; in melius, for the better mellifluus, -a, -um, dripping with honey or sweetness melos, -i, n., song, hymn, melody melota, -ae, /., sheepskin melote, -is, /., sheepskin coat mem, the thirteenth letter of the He- brew alphabet, corresponding to English m membrana, -ae, /., parchment membratim, adv., limb from limb membrum, -i, n., member, limb meminisse, defect, verb, to be mindful memor, -oris, mindful memorare, to recall; remember memorari, dep., to remember memoratus, -us, m., mention memoria, -ae, /., remembrance memoriale, -is, n., memorial, remem- brance memorialis, -c, memorial mendacium, -ii, n., lie, lying, false- hood mendax, -acis, false mendax, -acis, m., liar mendicare, to beg mendicitas, -atis, j., want, poverty mendicus, -a, -um, poor, needy mendicus, -i, m., beggar mens, mentis, /., mind; mente capti, lunatics mensa, -ae, /., table; banquet; bank mensis, -is, m., month mensor, -oris, m., measurer menstruata, -ae, /., menstruous woman menstruatus, -a, -um, menstruous menstruus, -a, -um, monthly mensura, -ae, /., measure mensurabilis, -e, measurable; short mentio, -onis, /., mention mentiri, dep. 4, to lie mentum, -i, n., chin; throat meracus, -a, -um, pure merciri, dep. 4, to buy mercatura, -ae, /., trade; mercaturam facere, to engage in trade mercatus, -us, m., traffic mercenarius, -ii, m., hired servant; hireling merces, -edis, /., reward, ransom; hire, pay, wages; Virgo de Mercede, Our Lady of Ransom Mercurius, -ii, m., Mercury mereri, dep. 2., to be worthy, merit, deserve meretrix, -icis, /., harlot mergere, mersi, mersus, to sink meridianus, -a, -um, noonday; of the south, southern meridies, -ei, m., midday, noon; south; per meridiem, at noon meridionalis, -e, south merito, adv., deservedly meritum, -i, n., merit Merulanus, -a, -um, Merulan merum, -i, n., wine (unmixed with water) 272 LATIN GRAMMAR Messana, -ae, /., Messina messis, -is, /., harvest messor, -oris, m., reaper meta, -ae, /., goal metallum, -i, n., mine metaphora, -ae, /., metaphor metere, messui, messus, to reap methodus, -i, /., method metiri, mensus sum, dep. 4, to measure metreta, -ae, /., a Greek liquid measure containing about nine English gal- lons metricus, -a, -urn, metrical metropolis, -is, /., chief or capital city metropolitanus, -a, -urn, metropolitan metropolitanus, -i, m., metropolitan metropolitus, -i, m., metropolitan metrum, -i, n., meter, verse metiiere, -ui, -utus, to be afraid metus, -us, m., fear Metymna Campi, -ae, /., Medina del Campo meus, -a, -um, my, mine Mexicanus, -a, -um, Mexican mi, voc. of meus; fill mi, my son mica, -ac, /., crumb, morsel micans, -antis, shining, radiant micare, -ui, to shine Michaeas, -ae, m., Micheas migrare, to depart migratio, -onis, /., departure miles, -itis, m., soldier militans, -antis, militant; as a noun, soldier militare, to serve as a soldier; to war militia, -ae, /., army; soldiers mille, one thousand; pi., milia millesimus, -a, -um, thousandth milliarium, -ii, n., mile; milestone millies, a thousand times milvus, -i, m., stork minaciter, adv., threateningly; by threats minae, -arum, /. pi., threats minax, -acis, threatening Mincius, -ii, m., Mincio mingere, minxi, minctus, to urinate minimus, -a, -um, smallest, least; minimum, a very small thing minister, -tri, m., minister; servant; waiter; primarius sacrorum — , chaplain general ministerium, -ii, n., ministry ministra, -ae, /., servant ministrare, to serve, minister ministrator, -oris, m., one who serves, server minitari, dep., to threaten minorare, to decrease minor, minus, less, lesser; younger; least; Fratres Minores, Friars Minor mimiere, -ui, -utus, to abate, diminish, make less minus, adv., less; si quo — , if not; paulo — , adv., almost mimisculus, -a, -um, small mimitum, -i, n., mite mirabilis, -e, wonderful mirabiliter, wonderfully mirabiJium, -ii, n., wonder miraculum, -i, n., miracle Miramolinus, -i, m., Miramolin mirandus, -a, -um, extraordinary, strange mirari, dep., to wonder; mira, behold mirificare, to make wonderful, to show forth wonderfully mirus, -a, -um, wonderful miscere, -cui, mixtus, to mix Misenus, -ae, of Miseno miser, -a, -um, wretched miserari, dep., to have pity on miseratio, -onis, /., mercy miserator, -oris, merciful, compassion- ate; {as a noun) one who shows mercy misereri, miser tus sum, dep. 2, to have mercy on LATIN GRAMMAR 2 73 miseria, -ae, /., wretchedness; trouble misericordia, -ae, /., mercy, kindness misericorditer, mercifully misericors, -ordis, merciful missa, -ae, /., Mass missale, -is, n., missal missio, -onis, /., mission mistum (mixtum), -i, n., mixture mitescere, to grow mild, subside mitigare, to diminish, weaken, subdue, mitigate mitis, -e, tender, mild mittcre, misi, missus, to send; cast; put, lay mitra, -ae, /., bonnet; miter mixtura, -ae, /., mixture mixtus, -a, -um, mingled mna, -ae, /., a mina Moabitidae, -arum, /. pi., women of Moab mobilitas, -atis, /., changeability, fickle- ness moderari, dep., to govern, regulate moderator, -oris, m., moderator, di- rector, guide, adviser; confessor modestia, -ae, /., modesty modicum, -i, n., a little while modicus, -a, -um, little; modicum quid, a little something modius, -ii, m., bushel modo, adv., now, even now, presently, just modulatio, -onis, /., singing modulus, -i, m., melody, rhythm modus, -i, m., way, manner, fashion; measure; supra modum, above measure moecha, -ae, /., adulteress moechari, dep., to commit adultery moechus, -i, m., adulterer moenia, -ium, n. pi., ramparts moeror, -oris, m., grief, sorrow moestitia, -ae, /., sorrow moestitudo, -inis, /., sadness moestus, -a, -um, afflicted, sorrowful Mogrovejus, -a, -um, Mogrovejo Moguntia, -ae, /., Mainz Moguntinus, -a, -um, of Mainz mola, -ae, /., jaw tooth, molar; — asinaria, millstone molaris, -is, m., cheek tooth, molar Moldava, -ae, /., Moldau molendinum, -i, n., mill molere, -ui, -itus, to grind moles, -is, f., mass, bulk molestari, dep., to molest molestia, -ae, /., trouble; harm molestus, -a, -um, grievous, trouble- some molimen, -inis, n., effort; working Molini, -orum, m. pi., Moulins moliri, dep. 4, to plot; practice molitio, -onis, /., demolition mollire, to make smooth, soften mollis, -e, soft molliter, gently mollities, -ei, /., softness mollitus, -a, -um, soft momentaneus, -a, -um, fleeting momentum, -i, n., movement, motion; change; weight; importance; mo- ment monacha, -ae, /., nun monachus, -i, m., monk monasterium, -ii, n., monastery monasticus, -a, -um, monasdc monere, to warn; teach monialis, -is, /., nun monile, -is, n., necklace; jewel monitio, -onis, /., warning monitor, -oris, m., adviser monitum, -i, n., precept; admonition monitus, -us, m., warning Monothelitae, -arum, m. pi., Monothe- lites mons, montis, m., hill, mount, moun- tain Mons Major, -tis, -is, m., Montemor 2 74 LATIN GRAMMAR Mons Oliveti, -tis, m., Mount of Olives Mons Regalis in Subalpinis, -tis, -is, m., Mondovi monstrare, to show; command montana, -orum, n. pi., hill country Montanista, -ae, m., Montanist Montereyensis, -e, of Monterey Montilia, -ae, /., Montilla monumentum, -i, n., monument; sep- ulcher, grave mora, -ae, /., delay; hindrance moralis, -e, moral morari, dep., to delay; abide Morasthites, -is, m., Morasthite Moravi, -orum, m. pi., Moravians morbidus, -a, -urn, diseased, depraved morbus, -i, m., disease mordax, -acis, stinging, piercing mordere, momordi, morsus, to bite; take hold upon mori, mortuus sum, dep. -?, (io), to die morigerus, -a, -urn, compliant, accom- modating mors, mortis, /., death morsus, -us, m., bite, eating mortalis, -e, mortal mortariolum, -i, m., little mortar morticinum, -i, n., corpse mortifer, -a, -um, deadly mortificare, to mortify; kill mortuus, -a, -um, dead; (as a noun) the dead moms, -i, /., mulberry tree mos, moris, m., custom, manner; ac- tion Mosaicus, -a, -um, Mosaic Moscovia, -ae, /., Moscow motabilis, -e, moving motio, -onis, /., movement, motion motus, -us, m., motion, moving; emo- tion; tempest; tumult movere, movi, motus, to move; affect, influence; quake moveri, motus sum, dep. 2, to move Moyses, -i, m., Moses mucro, -onis, m., sharp edge or point mugire, to low mula, -ae, /., mule mulcere, mulsi, mulsus, to charm mulcta, -ae, /., fine mulgere, mulsi, mulctus, to milk (out); to pour out as milk muliebris, -e, feminine mulier, -eris, /., woman muliercula, -ae, /., a disgraceful woman mulsum, -i, n., sweet wine multifariam, adv., at sundry times multiformis, -e, multiform, manifold multiformiter, adv., in divers ways multiplex, -icis, manifold multiplicare, to multiply multiplicatio, -onis, /., multiplicity multipliciter, greatly; in many ways multisonus, -a, -um, many sounding, loud multitudo, -inis, /., multitude multo, adv., many multum, adv., much; long; very multus, -a, -um, much, many; boun- tiful mulus, -i, m., mule mundanus, -a, -um, of the world mundare, to cleanse munditia, -ae, /., cleanliness mundus, -i, m., world; ornament mundus, -a, -um, clean, pure, clear munerare, to bestow a gift upon munerari, dep., to present munia, -ium, n. pi., services, gifts munificens, -entis, munificent munimen, -inis, n., protection munire, to defend, strengthen, pre- serve, fortify munitio, -onis, /., fort munitiuncula, -ae, /., little fortress munus, -eris, n., gift, offering, bounty; office; bribe LATIN GRAMMAR 275 munusculum, -i, n., little gift murenula, -ae, /., necklace murmur, -uris, n., murmuring murmurare, to murmur murmuratio, -onis, /., murmur Murtia, -ae, /., Murcia murus, -i, m., wall mus, rm ris, c, mouse musica, -ae, /., music miisica, -orum, n. pi., music musicus, -i, m., musician musivum, -i, n., mosaic mustum, -i, n., new wine mutabilitas, -atis, /., change mutare, to change mutatio, -onis, /., change mutatorium, -ii, n., change mutuari, dep., to borrow mutuo, adv., mutually, to one another mutus, -a, -um, dumb mutuus, -a, -um, mutual Myrensis, -e, of Myra myrica, -ae, /., tamaric myrrha, -ae, /., myrrh myrrhats, -a, -um, mingled with myrrh myrrheus, -a, -um, of myrrh myrtetum, -i, n., a grove or thicket of myrtle trees mysterium, -ii, n., mystery, secret mystice, adv., mystically mysticus, -a, -um, of deep meaning, mystical N N. (nomen), name Nabuthaei, -orum, m. pL, Nabutheans nam, con]., for nancisci, nactus or nanctus sum, dep. 3, to get, obtain Narbonensis, -e, of Narbonne nardus, -i, /., and nardum, -i, n., spike- nard; — spicatum, spikenard nares, -ium, /. pi., nostrils, nose Narniensis, -e, of Narni narrare, to tell, relate narrator, -oris, m., narrator nasci, natus sum, dep. 3, to be born; spring up natalis, -e, natal natalis, -is, m., birthday natalitium, -ii, n., feast, birthday; nata- litia, 72. pi., birthday festival natatoria, -orum, n. pi., pool natio, -onis, f., nation; nationes, heathen nativitas, -atis, /., birth, nativity natura, -ae, /., nature naturaliter, adv., according to nature natus, -i, m., son natus, -us, m., birth; majores natu, elders, ancients naufragium, -ii, n., shipwreck naufragus, -a, -um, shipwrecked naulum, -i, n., fare nausea, -ae, /., nausea, squeamishncss nauseare, to vomit nauta, -ae, m., sailor, mariner nauticus, -a, -um, of a ship, nautical navare, to do anything zealously navicula, -ae, /., boat navigare, to sail, be at sea navigium, -ii, n., ship navis, -is, /., ship Naxus, -i, /., Naxos Nazara, -ae, /., Nazareth Nazaraeus, -i, m., Nazarene, Nazarite Nazarenus, -a, -um, of Nazareth, Naz- arene Nazarethanus, -a, -um, of Nazareth Nazianzenus, -a, -um, of Nazianzus ne, adv. and con]., and not; neither, nor; that not; lest Neapolis, -is, /., Naples nebula, -ae, /., cloud, mist nee, neither; — non, and also, nor less necare, to kill, slay necessario, adv., necessarily 276 LATIN GRAMMAR necessarius, -a, -urn, needful necesse, adj. and n., necessary necessitas, -atis, /., necessity; distress nectar, -aris, n., nectar nectere, nexui and nexi, nexus, to weave nedum, adv., to say nothing of, much less nefarius, -a, -urn, shameful negare, to deny negatio, -onis, /., denial neglegere, -lexi, -lectus, to neglect negligentia, -ae, /., negligence negotiari, dep., to trade negotiatio, -onis, /., traffic; merchan- dise negotiator, -oris, m., merchant negotium, -ii, n., business; pestilence nemo, -inis, m. and /., no one, nobody nemorensis, -e, of a grove or wood nempe, adv., namely; truly nemus, -oris, n., wood, forest, grove Neocaesaraca, -ae, /., Neocaesarea Neocaesariensis, -e, of Neocaesarea neomenia, -ae, /., new moon neophytus, -i, m., novice, neophyte Nepesinus, -a, -um, of Nepi Nepomucenus, -a, -um, of Nepomuk Nepomucum, -i, n., Nepomuk Nepotianus, -i, m., Nepotian neptis, -is, /., granddaughter nepos, -otis, m. and /., grandchild; nephew, niece, posterity nequam, indecl. adj., wicked, evil nequando, conj., lest, lest at any time nequaquam, adv., no, not, by no means neque, adv. and conj., and not, neither, nor nequior, -ius, more wicked nequire, -ivi and -ii, -tus, (eo), to be unable nequissmus, -i, m., most wicked one nequitia, -ae, /., evil, malice nere, nevi, netus, to spin Neritonensis, -e, of Nardo nervus, -i, m., nerve, sinew nescire, not to know, not to take no- tice Nestorius, -ii, m., Nestor, Nestorius neuter, -tra, -trum, neither nex, necis, /., violent death nexus, -us, m., bond ni, conj., if not, unless Nicaenus, -a, -um, of Nicaea, Nicene Nicolaus, -i, m., Nicholas Nicolaitae, -orum, m. pi., Nicolaites Nicomediensis, -e, of Nicomedia nidificare, to build a nest nidulus, -i, m., little nest nidus, -i, m., nest nigrita, -ae, m. and /., negro Nigritae, -arum, m. pi., Negroes nihil (nil), n., indecl., nothing nihilominus, adv., yet, nevertheless nihilum, -i, n., nothing nknietas, -atis, /., excess, superfluity, redundancy nimirum, adv., certainly, truly nimis, adv., beyond measure, exceed- ingly; most diligently nimius, -a, -um, excessive Ninivita, -ae, /., Ninive Ninivitae, -arum, m. pi., Ninivites Niniviti, -orum, m. pi., Ninivites nisi, conj., if not, unless, except, but Nisibenus, -a, -um, of Nisibis nisus, -us, m., striving, strength nitens, -entis, shining niti, nisus or nixus sum, dcp. 3, to strive, endeavor nitidus, -a, -um, smooth nitor, -oris, m., brightness, splendor. shining light nitrum, -i, n., natural soda; niter niveus, -a, -um, snowy white nix, nivis, /., snow nobilis, -e, noble LATIN GRAMMAR 277 nobilitare, to ennoble, make known or illustrious, glorify nocere, to hurt noctiirnus, -a, -urn, of the night, noc- turnal nodosus, -a, -urn, knotted Nolanus, -a, -um, of Nola Nolascus, -i, m., Nolasco nolle, nolui, to be unwilling, refuse nomen, -inis, n., name Nomentanus, -a, -um, of Nomentum nominare, to name nominatim, adv., by name nominatus, -a, -um, renowned non, adv., not; no nona, -ae, /., none nonagenarius, -a, -um, being ninety years of age nonagesimus, -a, -um, ninetieth nonagesimus quintus, -a, -a, -um, -um, ninety-fifth nonagintanovem, ninety-nine nondum, adv., not yet nongentesimus, -a, -um, nine hun- dredth Nonnatus, -i, m., Nonnatus (not born) nonne, interrog. adv., introduces a question to which an affirmative answer is expected nonnullus, -a, -um, some nonnumquam, adv., sometimes nonus, -a, -um, ninth Norbertus, -i, m., Norbert norma, -ae, /., rule, way of life Normannia, -ae, /., Normandy Northmannus, -i, m., Norman noscere, novi, notus, to know (how) nosocomium, -ii, n., hospital nosse, contraction of novisse, perfect infinitive of noscere noster, -tra, -trum, our, ours nota, -ae, /., note, sign notamen, -inis, n., sign, token notare, to mark; denote; prepare notarius, -ii, m., scribe notitia, -ae, /., knowledge; news notus, -a, -um, known; nota facere, to show notus, -i, m., friend, acquaintance novacula, -ae, /., razor Novatianus, -a, -um, Novatian novella, -orum, n. pi., young shoots novellus, -a, -um, young, new novem, nine novendialis, -e, lasting nine days; nine days' funeral rites novies, nine times novennis, at the age of nine novissime, adv., last of all novissimus, -a, -um, latest, last; most abject; novissima, n. pi., last state; in novissimo die, at the last day noviter, adv., newly novitas, -atis, /., newness, freshness; new thing, work, condition, or life Novocomum, -i, n., Como novus, -a, -um, new nox, noctis, /., night noxa, -ae, /., crime, sin; harm, offense noxialis, -e, evil noxius, -a, -um, harmful, hurtful; sin- ful, guilty nubere, nupsi, nuptus, to marry nubes, -is, f., cloud nubila, -orum, n. pi., clouds Nuceria Paganorum, -ae, /., Nocera dei Pagani nucleus, -i, m., kernel nudare, to lay bare, uncover niidipes, -pedis, barefooted nuditas, -atis, /., nakedness nudiustertius, adv., day before yester- day nudus, -a, -um, naked, bare nugacitas, -atis, /., trifling, frivolity, vanity nullatenus, adv., not at all nullibi, adv., nowhere, in no part 278 LATIN GRAMMAR nullus, -a, -urn, not any num, interr. adv., used when a nega- tive answer is expected numella, -ae, /., a kind of torture rack numen, -inis, n., divine power numerare, to number numerositas, -atis, /., number, num- bers niimerus, -i, m., number numisma, -atis, n., coin, medal nummularius, -ii, m., money changer nummulus, -i, m., small coin; paltry sum minimus, -i, m., coin numquid, interrog. adv., used when a negative answer is expected nun, the fourteenth letter of the He- brew alphabet, corresponding to English n nunc, adv., now nuncupare, to name, call nuncupatio, -onis, /., public offering or pronouncing of a vow nuncupative, adv., in name, nominally nundinae, -arum, /. pi., market day or place nunquam (numquam), adv., never niintia, -ae, /., herald nuntiare, to proclaim, announce, de- clare nuntium, -ii, n., message, news niintius, -ii, m., messenger, herald; nuncio nuper, adv., recently, newly niiptiae, -arum, /. pi., marriage, mar- riage feast nuptialis, -e, wedding, nuptial nuptus, -us, m., marriage, wedlock nuptus, -i, m., married person, hus- band nurus, -us, /., daughter-in-law nusquam, adv., nowhere; in nothing; on no occasion nutans, -antis, feeble, inconstant nutare, to waver, fail; wander nutrire, to nourish, sustain nutritius (nutricius), -ii, m., foster fa- ther; guardian nutrix, -icis, /., nurse nutus, -us, m., nod; command; will nux, nucis, /., nut nycticorax, -acis, m., a night raven Nymphe, -es, /., Santa Ninfa Nyssenus, -a, -urn, of Nyssa O ob, prep., for, on account of, in con- sideration of obarmatus, -a, -um, armed obaudire, to make or cause to be heard obcaecatio, -onis, /., blindness obcaecatus, -a, -um, blinded obdormire, to sleep, fall asleep obducere, -duxi, -ductus, to produce obductio, -onis, /., covering; cloudi- ness; doubt obdurare, to harden obduratio, -onis, j., stubbornness obedientia, -ae, /., obedience obedire, to obey obeditio, -onis, /., obedience oberrare, to wander about obesse, -fui, to impede; be prejudicial to; injure obferre, -tuli, -latus, to put to obire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to die obitus, -us, m., death objectus, -us, m., obstacle objicere, -jeci, -jectus, (io), to drive away; charge against, lay to the charge of objurgatio, -onis, /., injury Oblatae, -arum, m. pi., Oblates oblatio, -onis, /., oblation, offering oblectamentum, -i, n., pleasure, amuse- ment, allurement oblectatio, -onis, /., pleasure LATIN GRAMMAR 279 obligare, to entangle obligatio, -onis, /., binding, entangling oblitterare, to blot out oblivio, -onis, /., forgetfulness; oblivion obliviosus, -a, -urn, forgetful oblivisci, -litus sum, dep. 3, to forget oblongus, -a, -urn, long obloqui, -locutus sum, dep. 3, to re- vile obmutescere, -mutui, to be dumb obnixe, adv., earnestly obnoxius, -a, -um, subject to obnubilare, to darken obolus, -i, m.,2, coin worth about four cents obrepere, -repsi, -reptus, to crawl to; take by surprise obrigescere, -rigui, to become stiff obrizus, -a, -um, finest (referring to gold) obruere, -rui, -rutus, to bury; drown; overwhelm obscoenus, -a, -um, foul obscurare, to darken, obscure obscure, adv., obscurely obscurus, -a, -um, dark; in obsoirum, into darkness obsecrare, to implore, beseech obsecratio, -onis, /., entreaty, supplica- tion, prayer obsecundare, to comply with obsequens, -entis, dutiful obsequi, -secutus sum, dep. 3, to obey obsequium, -ii, n., homage, worship, service obserere, -sevi, -situs, to sow Observans, -antis, m., Observant observantia, -ae, /., observance; absti- nence observare, to observe; mark; watch observatio, -onis, /., observance obses, -idis, c, hostage obsidere, -sedi, -sessus, to beset, in- close obsidio, -onis, f., siege obsignare, to seal obsistere, -stiti, to resist obsoletus, -a, -um, worn out, cast off obsonium, -ii, n., that which is eaten with bread; relish, sweetmeats obstringere, -strinxi, -strictus, to be in- debted to obstruere, -struxi, -structes, to close, stop up obstriisus, -a, -um, covered, concealed obstupefacere, -feci, -f actus, (io), to astonish obstupescere, -stiipui and -stipui, to be astonished; to be set on edge (of teeth) obtemperare, to obey obtenebrari, dep., to be obscured obtentus, -us, m., pleading, prayer obtestari, dep., to entreat, implore, supplicate; call to witness obtinere, -tinui, -tentus, to obtain; pre- vail obtingere, -tigi, to fall to the lot of obtrectatio, -onis, /., detraction obtundere, -tudi, -tusus, to make blunt, dull; weaken obturare, to stop up, close obumbrare, to overshadow obumbratio, -onis, /., shadow; over- shadowing obviam, adv., on the way obviare, to meet, go forth to meet obvius, -a, -um, in the way, meedng; obvia venire, to come to meet obvolvere, -volvi, -volutus, to wrap occasio, -onis, /., occasion occasus, -us, m., setting (of the sun) occidens, -entis, deathly occidens, -entis, m., the west; evening occidentals, -e, western occidere, -cidi, -casus, to set, go down (of the sun) occidere, -cidi, -cisus, to put to death 280 LATIN GRAMMAR occisio, -onis, /., slaughter occisor, -oris, m., killer, murderer occiibitus, -us, m., setting occiilere, -ciilui, -cultus, to conceal occultare, to hide occiilte, adv., privately occiiltum, -i, n., hidden thing; secret or hidden sin occiiltus, -a, -um, hidden occumbere, -cubui, -cubitus, to fall, fall down occupare, to occupy; reach unto; cum- ber occupatio, -onis, /., occupation occiirrens, -entis, of the day, current occiirrere, -curri, -cursus, to meet, go to meet, come to; occur occursus, -us, m., meeting; course; occurrence; vadere in occursum, to go to meet ocius, adv., quickly ocrea, -ae, /., greavc octava, -ae, /., octave octavus, -a, -um, eighth octennis, at the age of eight octingentesimus, -a, -um, eight hun- dredth octo, eight octodecim, eighteen octogenarius, -ii, m., octogenarian octogesimus quintus, -a, -a, -um, -um, eighty-fifth octoginta, eighty; four score ocularis, -e, ocular, eye oculatus, -a, -um, sharp-eyed; many- eyed oculus, -i, m., eye; ex oculis eorum, from their sight odibilis, -e, hateful odisse, defect, verb, to hate odium, -ii, n., hatred odor, -oris, m., smell, odor; savor odoramentum, -i, n., odor odorare, to smell odorari, dep., to smell odoratus, -us, m., smell; smelling oecumenicus, -a, -um, ecumenical ojffendere, -fendi, -fensus, to dash against; stumble; offend ojffendiculum, -i, n., stumbling block offensio, -onis, /., offense offerre, obtuli, oblatus, to offer offertorium, -ii, n., offertory oificium, -ii, n., favor, kindness; office; duty; fulfillment offusus, -a, -um, spread around, con- cealing olea, -ae, /., olive tree oleaster, -tri, m., wild olive tree olera, -orum, n. pL, herbs oleum, -i, n., oil olfacere, -feci, -f actus, (io), to smell olim, adv., formerly, once oliva, -ae, /., olive tree Olivetus, -i, m., Olivet olla, -ae, /., pot; caldron; ollas car- nium, flesh pots olus, -eris, n., herb, pot herb omega, omega, the last letter of the Greek alphabet omnimodus, -a, -um, entire, complete omnino, adv., at all omnipotens, -entis, almighty, omnipo- tent omnipotentia, -ae, f., might omnis, -e, all, every omophorion (Greek), bishop's pal- lium onager (onagrus), -i, m., wild ass oneratus, -a, -um, burdened onerus, -a, -um, burdensome onus, -eris, n., burden onustatus, -a, -um, burdened, laden onustus, -a, -um, burdened, laden operari, dep., to work; commit; trade operarius, -ii, m., laborer operatio, -onis, f., operation; work; working; virtue LATIN GRAMMAR 281 operator, -oris, m., worker operatorius, -a, -um, conducive to ac- tion, mightily working operimentum, -i, n., covering operire, -perui, -pertus, to cover; over- whelm operosus, -a, -um, hard, laborious opertorium, -ii, n., cover, vesture opifex, -ficis, c, worker opificium, -ii, n., aid opinio, -onis, /., rumor opitulare (-ari), to help opitulatio, -onis, /., help, assistance oportere, im per son. verb, 2, to be proper, behoove; ought; must oppetere, -ivi and -ii, -itus, to meet, meet with, encounter oppidanus, -i, m., townsman, citizen oppidulum, -i, n., little town, village oppidum, -i, n., town oppignorare, to pawn; pledge; give oppilare, to close up opportune, adv., conveniently; in sea- son opportiinitas, -atis, /., due time; want, need opportiinus, -a, -um, due opprimere, -pressi, -pressus, to oppress; lie upon; overlie; overwhelm opprobrium, -ii, n., reproach ops, opis, /., help optabilis, -e, desirable, desired optare, to desire optimas, -atis, m., chief, best or most important man, aristocrat optime, adv., very well optimus, -a, -um, best, perfect optio, -onis, /., choice opus, -eris, n., deed; work; wages; image; — esse, to need, be neces- sary; — habere, to have need opiisculum, -i, n., little work ora, -ae, /., coast; border oraculum, -i, n., oracle, revelation orare, to pray, beseech oratio, -onis, /., prayer; discourse oratorium, -ii, n., oratory oratus, -us, m., entreaty orbatus, -a, -um, bereaved orbis, -is, m., world, earth orcus, -i, m., infernal regions ordinare, to ordain; set in array or in order; set up ordinarium, -ii, n., ordinary ordinatio, -onis, /., ordination; ordi- nance ordinatus, -a, -um, orderly ordiri, orsus sum, dep. 4, to begin ordo, -inis, m., order, rank organum, -i, n., organ oriens, -entis, m., the orient; east; dawn orientalis, -e, oriental, east originalis, -e, original origo, -inis, /., beginning, origin Orionas, -ae, m., Orion Oriones, -um, m. pi., Orion oriri, ortus sum, dep. 4, to spring up, come forth, appear, rise ornamentum, -i, n., ornament ornare, to adorn, garnish ornatus, -us, m., adornment; furniture orphanus, -i, m., orphan orphanotrophium, -ii, n., orphanage orthodoxus, -a, -um, orthodox ortus, -us, m., rising (of the sun); the east os, oris, n., mouth; edge os, ossis, n., bone Osca, -ae, /., Huesca oscitare, to gape osculari, dep., to kiss osculum, -i, n., kiss Osea, -ae, /., Osee ostendere, -tendi, -tensus or tentus, to show, display, expose ostensio, -onis, /., show, showing, dis- play; evidence 282 LATIN GRAMMAR ostiaria, -ae, /., portress ostiarius, -ii, m., porter ostiatim, adv., from door to door Ostia Tiberina, -onim, m. pi., Ostia Ostiensis, -e, of Ostia ostium, -ii, n., door, gate Otho, -onis, m., Otto otiosus, -a, -um, idle otium, -ii, n., sloth ovare, to rejoice Ovetensis, -e, of Oviedo ovile, -is, n., fold, shcepfold ovinus, -a, -um, of a sheep ovis, -is, /., sheep ovum, -i, n., egg Oxomensis, -e, of Osma pabulum, -i, n., food pacitrix, -icis, /., peacemaker pacatus, -a, -um, peaceful pacifer, -a, -um, peace-bringing pacificare, to pacify, grant peace pacifice, adv., peaceably pacificum, -i, n., peace ofTering pacificus, -a, -um, of peace, peaceful pacisci, pactus sum, dep. 3, to cove- nant, make a bargain pactum, -i, n., covenant Padus, -i, m., Po River paean, -anis, n., paean, hymn paedagogus, -i, m., instructor paganus, -i, m., heathen, pagan pagina, -ae, /., page pagus, -i, m., village Palaestina, -ae, /., Palestine Palaestini, -orum, m. pi., Philistines palaestra, -ae, /., school, gymnasium palam, adv., openly palatium, -ii, n., palace palatum, -i, n., palate, taste palea, -ae, /., straw Palentia, -ae, f., Palencia palla, -ae, f., mantle; curtain pallere, -ui, to grow pale, fade palliare, to soften, relieve pallium, -ii, n., cloth; garment; mantle; pallium pallor, -oris, m., paleness, pallor palma, -ae, /., palm tree; palm of the hand palmes, -itis, m., branch palmus, -i, m., span palpare, to handle, feel palpebra, -ae, /., eyelid palpitare, to tremble; blink palus, -i, m., stake, post Pampelonensis, -e, of Pamplona Pancratius, -ii, m., Pancras pandere, pandi, pansus and passus, to lay bare, tell, announce pangere, panxi, panctus and pegi or pepigi, pactus, to make; compose; sing panifica, -ae, /., baker panis, -is, m., bread; loaf Pannonii, -orum, m. pi., Pannonians pannus, -i, m., cloth; pannis, in swad- dling clothes Panormitani, -orum, m. pi., people of Palermo Papa, -ae, m., Pope Paphus, -i, /., Paphos Papia, -ae, /., Pa via papilio, -onis, m., tent papilla, -ae, /., nipple; breast par, paris, equal, like par, paris, m., /., n., pair, couple parabola, -ae, /., parable; byword Paraclitus, -i, m., defender, comforter, Paraclete, Holy Ghost paradigma, -atis, n., model, example paradisus, -i, m., paradise paralyticus, -a, -um, paralyzed parare, to prepare, provide Parasceve, -es, /., day of preparation; Parasceve; Good Friday LATIN GRAMMAR 283 parce, adv., moderately, sparingly parcere, peperci, parcitus, to spare; forbear; keep parcimonia, -ae, /., self-denial pircitas, -atis, /., frugality; temper- ance, sparing use pardus, -i, m., leopard parens, -ends, m. and /., parent parere, to appear; obey parere, peperi, partus, (io), to bear, bring forth, be delivered of a child paries, -etis, m., wall Parisiensis, -e, of Paris Parisii, -orum, m. pi., Paris pariter, adv., at the same time, to- gether, with one accord parochia, -ae, /., parish parochus, -i, m., parish priest; benefice paroecia, -ae, /., parish paropsis, -idis, /., dish parricida, -ae, c, murderer, murderer of one's own parent, parricide pars, partis, /., part, portion; partes, quarters; ex parte, in part Parthi, -orum, m. pi., Parthians particeps, -ipis, m. and /., partaker; fellow, friend participatio, -onis, /., participation; a being compact particula, -ae, /., part; particle partim, adv., partly partiri, dep. 4, to divide, part parturire, to travail partus, -us, m., bringing forth, birth, childbirth parum, adv., little parvipendere, -pependi, -pensus, to esteem lightly parvitas, -atis, /., small quantity parvulus, -a, -urn, little; (as a noun) child parvus, -a, -um, little, small pascere, pavi, pastus, to feed, pasture; nourish Pascha, -ae, n„ Pasch, Passover; Easter paschalis, -e, paschal Paschalis, -is, m., Paschal pascua, -ae, /., pasture pascualis, -c, of the pasture pascuum, -i, n., pasture; pascua, n. pi., pasture, pastures pascuus, -a, -um, relating to a pasture, grazing passer, -eris, m., sparrow passibilis, -e, susceptible to pain passim, adv., up and down, here and there, far and wide Passiniinum, -i, n., Passignano passio, -onis, /., passion, suffering, martyrdom passus, -us, m., step, pace pastophorium, -ii, n., chamber adjoin- ing the temple pastor, -oris, m., shepherd; pastor pastoralis, -e, of a shepherd, shep- herd's; pastoral; watchful pastus, -us, m., food, sustenance Patavium, -ii, n., Padua patena, -ae, /., paten pater, -tris, m., father patere, -ui, to be open or extended paterfamilias, patrisfamilias, m., good- man of the house, householder, master of the house paternitas, -atis, f., paternity paternus, -a, -um, paternal patescere, -ui, to lie open or extended pati, passus sum, dcp. 3 (io), to suf- fer, to endure patibulum, -i, n., gibbet; yoke; ig- nominy patiens, -entis, patient, long-suffering patientia, -ae, /., patience Patrae, -arum, /. pi., Patras patrare, to perform, accomplish; com- mit patria, -ae, /., country, fatherland; home 284 LATIN GRAMMAR patriarcha, -ae, m., patriarch patriarchalis, -e, patriarchal Patricius; see vicus Patrici patricius, -a, -um, patrician Patricius, -ii, m., Patrick patrius, -a, -um, pertaining to a father, father's patrocinium, -ii, n., protection, patron- age patrona, -ae, /., patroness, protectress patronus, -i, m., defender, advocate, patron patruelis, -is, m., cousin patruus, -i, m., father's brother, uncle patulus, -a, -um, open, extended paucitas, -atis, /., fewness paucus, -a, -um, few, little paulatim, adv., little by little paulisper, adv., a little paulo minus, adv., almost paululum, adv., a very little Paulus, -i, m., Paul pauper, -eris, poor; paupercs, m. pi., the poor pauperculus, -a, -um, poor pauperies, -ei, /., poverty paupertas, -atis, /., poverty, wretched- ness pausa, -ae, /., pause pavere, pavi, to fear pavidus, -a, -um, fearful, terrified pavimentum, -i, n., floor; ground, dust pavire, to beat down pavor, -oris, m., fear, terror pax, pacis, /., peace; prosperity paxillus, -i, m., pin peccare, to sin peccator, -oris, m., sinner peccatrix, -icis, sinful peccatrix, -icis, /., sinner peccatum, -i, n., sin pecten, -inis, m., comb pectus, -oris, n., breast peculiaris, -e, peculiar peculium, -ii, n., property pecunia, -ae, /., money pecus, -oris, n., cattle, sheep pecus, -udis, /., cattle (a single head) pedaneus, -a, -um, pertaining to the foot; lignum pedaneum, altar step pedes, -itis, m., foot soldier, infantry- man Pedrosum, -i, n., Pedroso pejor, pejus, worse Pelagiani, -orum, m. pi., Pelagians pelagus, -i, n., sea Peligni, -orum, m. pL, Abruzzo Citeri- ore pellere, pe'puli, pulsus, to cast out pellicanus, -i, m. t pelican pellicere, -lexi, -lectus, (io), to seduce pelliceus, -a, -um, of leather pellicula, -ae, /., little skin pellis, -is, /., skin, hide; tent cloth, tent pelvis, -is, /., basin pendere, pependi, to hang; depend pendulus, -a, -um, hanging pene, adv., almost, well-nigh penes, prep., with; before penetrabilis, -e, sharp, piercing penetralia, -orum, n. pi., inmost re- cesses; inner chambers, closets; in- most self, spirit penetrare, to penetrate penitus, -a, -um, inward penitus, adv., wholly penna, -ae, /., feather; wing pennatus, -a, -um, feathered, winged pensitare, to weigh; pay pentacontarchus, -i, m., captain over fifty men Pentecoste, -es, /., Pentecost per, through, by pera, -ae, f., bag, wallet peragere, -egi, -actus, to finish, accom- plish; attain to; celebrate peragrare, to travel, wander or pass through; visit LATIN GRAMMAR 285 peramanter, adv., very lovingly perambulare, to walk about percellere, -culi, -culsus, to daunt, re- pel perceptio, -onis, /., partaking percipere, -cepi, -ceptus, (io), to take, partake, receive; attain; seize; ex- perience; give ear to percitus, -a, -um, aroused, driven percolare, -colui, -cultus, to honor, rev- erence percontari, dep., to inquire percrebrescere, -crebrui, to spread abroad, be well known percrescere, -crevi, -cretus, to increase greatly perciilsus, -a, -um, struck, smitten percupidus, -a, -um, very desirous percurrere, -curri, and -cucurri, -cur- sus, to run through; persevere to the end percussio, -onis, /., stroke, a beating, a striking percussor, -onis, m., striker; execu- tioner, headsman perciitere, -cussi, -cussus, (io), to strike, strike down, smite; kill perdere, -didi, -ditus, to lose; destroy perditio, -onis, /., waste; perdition; ruin, destruction perdolens, -ends, sorrowing perdiicere, -duxi, -ductus, to bring to, lead to or through peregre, adv., abroad, into a strange country peregrinans, -antis, m., traveler, pil- grim peregrinatio, -onis, /., travel, pilgrim- age ^ peregrinus, -a, -um, strange peregrinus, -i, m., stranger peremptor, -oris, m., slayer, destroyer perennis, -e, eternal perennitas, -atis, /., eternity perfecte, adv., perfectly perfectio, -onis, /., perfection perfectus, -a, -um, perfect perferre, -tuli, -latus, to bring, bear, carry through, carry up perficere, -feci, -fectus, (io), to finish; perform; make perfect, perfect; ac- complish; render; win perfidia, -ae, /., faithlessness perfidus, -a, -um, faithless perfodere, -fodi, -fossus, (io), to dig through, break open perforare, to pierce perfricatio, -onis, /., rubbing perfrui, -fractus sum, dep. 3, to enjoy perfuga, -ae, m., deserter, fugitive perfunctio, -onis, /., performance perfundere, -fudi, -fusus, to pour forth or over; overwhelm pergere, perrexi, perrectus, to go, go forward, continue Pergis, -is, /., Perga perhibere, to report, bear witness periclitari, dep., to be in danger, be imperiled periculosus, -a, -um, dangerous periculum, -i, n., danger, peril perillustris, -e, shining perimere, -emi, -emtus (-emptns), to slay, destroy perinde, adv., in a like manner peripsema, -atis, n., ofTscouring perire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to fail, be lost, perish peritia, -ae, /., skill peritiirus, -a, -um, perishable perizoma, -atis, n., apron perjurare, to swear falsely perliminaria, -orum, n. pi., lintels perlinere, -livi and -levi, -litus, to be- smear, anoint perlucidus, -a, -um, transparent permanere, -mansi, -mansus, to re- main, continue 286 LATIN GRAMMAR pcrmittere, -misi, -missus, to suffer, permit permixtus, -a, -urn, mingled permovere, -movi, -motus, to arouse, agitate permultus, -a, -urn, very much or many permutare, to change completely pernicies, -ei, /., disaster pernoctare, to spend the night perosus, -a, -urn, hating perperam, adv., perversely perpes, -etis, perpetual perpessio, -onis, /., suffering, endur- ance perpeti, -passus sum, dep. 3 (io), to suffer, endure, undergo perpetrare, to do perpetim, adv., continually pcrpetuare, to make perpetual, con- tinue perpetuitas, -atis, /., perpetuity, eter- nity perpetuo, adv. y permanently perpetuus, -a, -um, perpetual, everlast- ing, unfailing perpliires, -ium, very many perpiilcher, -chra, -chrum, very beau- tiful perquirere, -sivi, -situs, to seek Persa, -ae, m., Persian perscribere, -scripsi, -scriptus, to write down perscrutatio, -onis, /., scrutiny persecutio, -onis, /., persecution persecutor, -oris, m., persecutor persequi, -secutus sum, dep. 3, to persecute; pursue perseverare, to continue Persi, -orum, m. pi., Persians Persis, -idis, /., Persia persistere, to resist persolvere, -solvi, -solutus, to offer, render; discharge persona, -ae, /., person personare, -sonui, -sonitus, to pro- claim, shout; resound; sing; ring again personatus, -a, -um, masked, provided with a mask perspicere, -spexi, -spectus, (io), to have regard to; look into perspiciiitas, -atis, /., clearness perspicuus, -a, -um, evident persuadere, -suasi, -suasus, to persuade persuasibilis, -e, persuasive persuasio, -onis, /., doctrine perstringere, -strinxi, -strictus, to lay hold upon pertaesus, -a, -um, thoroughly wearied pertentare, to put to the test perterrefactus, -a, -um, exceedingly terrified perterritus, -a, -um, terrified pertimescere, -timui, to fear greatly pertinax, -acis, obstinate pertinere, -tinui, to pertain to pertingere, to come to, extend to pertractare, to busy oneself with; study; celebrate pertransire, to go away; pierce; pass through perturbatio, -onis, /., disturbance pertusus, -a, -um, with holes Peruanus, -a, -um, Peruvian periingere, -unxi, -unctus, to anoint penirere, -ussi, -ustus, to burn up, parch perurgere, -ursi, to urge forward Penisia, -ae, /., Perugia perutilis, -e, very useful pervagare, to wander through pervenire, -veni, -ventus, to come to, attain perventio, -onis, /., coming, arrival perventor, -oris, m., one who comes or arrives perverse, adv., perversely LATIN GRAMMAR 287 perversitas, -atis, /., perverse inclina- tion pervertere, -verti, -versus, to pervert pervetustus, -a, -urn, very old pervicacia, -ae, /., stubbornness pervigil, -ilis, ever watchful pervigilare, to watch pervigilium, -ii, n., watch; eve; vigil pervincere, -vici, -victus, to overcome pervius, -a, -um, accessible pervulgare, to make publicly known pes, pedis, m., foot pessimare, to oppress pessimus, -a, -um, worst; wicked, evil pestifer, -a, -um, pestilential pestilens, -entis, pestilential pestiientia, -ae, /., pestilence, plague petere, -ivi and -ii, -itus, to ask, re- quest, entreat, beseech petitio, -onis, /., petition, request petra, -ae, /., rock Petra Pertusa, -a, -ae, /., Pietra Pertusa Petrus, -i, m., Peter Petrus Canisius, -i, -ii, m. f Peter Cani- sius petulanter, adv., wantonly, boldly phalanga, -ae, /., band phalerare, to adorn (with medals) phantasia, -ae, /., delusion phantasma, -atis, n., apparition, phan- tom pharetra, -ae, /., quiver Pharisaeus, -i, m., Pharisee pharmacum, -i, n., remedy phase, -es, /., phase; rite Phase, 111 d eel. , Phase, Passover Pherezaeus, -i, m., Pherezite phiala, -ae, /., vial, phial Philadelphia -orum, m. pi., Phila- delphians Philippenses, -ium, m. pi., Philippians Philippensis, -e, of Philippi Philippinae, -arum, /. pi., Philippines Philippus, -i, m., Philip; Philippian Philippus Bcnitius, -i, -ii, m., Philip Benizi Philippus Nerius, -i, -ii, m., Philip Neri Philisthaeus, -i, m., Philistine Philisthini, -orum, m. pi., Philistines Philistiim, Philistia Philogonius, -ii, m., Philogonius philosophari, dep., to philosophize philosophia, -ae, /., philosophy philosophicus, -a, -um, philosophical philosophus, -i, m., philosopher Phoenice, -es and -is, /., Phoenicia phreneticus, -a, -um, frantic phthisicus, -a, -um, consumptive phur, Purim, Jewish Feast of Lots that celebrates the deliverance of the Jews from the machinations of Aman phylacterium, -ii, n., phylactery piacularis, -e, expiatory, purifying piaculum, -i, n., sin, crime Picardia, -ae, /., Picardy Pictavi, -orum, m. pi., Poitiers Pictaviensis, -e, of Poitiers Picti, -orum, m. pi., Picts pictor, -oris, m., painter pictura, -ae, /., picture pie, adv., mercifully, piously pientissimus, -a, -um, most dutiful pietas, -atis, /., goodness, godliness; pity; loving kindness piger, -gra, -grum, lazy, slothful pigere, impers. verb, 2, to cause annoy- ance, weary, disgust pignus, -oris and -eris, n., pledge pigrare, to be slothful pigritari, dep., to be slow or slothful Pilatus, -i, m., Pilate pileatus, -a, -um, wearing a felt cap pilosus, -a, -um, hairy pincerna, -ae, m., cupbearer pingere, pinxi, pictus, to paint; adorn pinguedo, -inis, /., fatness; richness 288 LATIN GRAMMAR pinguescere, to grow fat; grow fertile pinguis, -e, fat; strong; pinguia, n. pi., fat meats pinniculum, -i, n., pinnacle Pipinus, -i, m., Pepin pirata, -ae, m., pirate Pisae, -arum, /. pi., Pisa piscari, dep., to fish piscator, -oris, m., fisherman pisciculus, -i, m., little fish piscina, -ae, /., tank for bathing; pool, pond; fish market piscis, -is, m., fish Pisis, -e, of Pisa pisticus, -a, -urn, pure, genuine (of nard) pius, -a, -um, pious, holy; just; pity- ing; merciful, tender, loving pix, picis, /., pitch placabilis, -e, appeased placare, to appease placatio, -onis, /., a soothing, appeas- ing, propitiating, propitiation; ran- som Placentia, -ae, /., Piacenza placere, -ui or placatus sum, to please; placet, impers., it is pleasing placide, adv., peacefully placidus, -a, -um, favorable Placidus, -i, m., Placid placitus, -a, -um, acceptable plaga, -ae, /., blow, stripe, scourge, stroke; wound; plague plaga, -ae, /., fiat surface, tract of land, district, zone, plain, desert plagare, to wound plagatus, -a, -um, sore, wounded planare, to make plain planctus, -us, m., mourning plane, adv., surely plangere, planxi, planctus, to bewail planities, -ei, /., plain planta, -ae, /., sole of the foot plan tare, to plant; set in place; create plantarium, -ii, n., sole of the foot* foot plantatio, -onis, /., plant; — rosae, rose plant planum, -i, n., plain planus, -a, -um, plain, flat plasma, -atis, n., anything formed; creation plasmare, to form, fashion plastes, -is, m., maker platanus, -i, /., plane tree platea, -ae, /., street plaudere, plausi, plausus, to strike, clap plaustrum, -i, n., cart plausus, -us, m., applause plebejus, -a, -um, of the people, ple- beian plebs, -is, /., people plectere, to punish; capite plecti, to be beheaded plectere, plexi and plexui, plexus, to braid, plait pleniter, adv., fully, completely plenitudo, -inis, /., fullness; fulfilling; full assembly plenius, adv., more fully plenus, -a, -um, full; plentiful plorare, to bewail, lament, weep ploratus, -us, m., lamentation pluere, plui or pluvi, to rain plumbatum, -i, n., whip weighted with lead, plummet plumbum, -i, n., lead pluralis, -e, plural pluraliter, adv., in the plural pliiries, adv., frequently pliirimus, -a, -um, very many; very great plus, adj. and adv., more; — quam, more than plusculus, -a, -um, many pluvia, -ae, f., rain poculum, -i, n., goblet; drink LATIN GRAMMAR 289 Podium, -ii, n., Lc Puy poena, -ae, /., pain poenitens, -entis, penitent poenitentia, -ae, /., repentance; pen- ance poenitentiarius, -ii, m., penitentiary poenitere (paenitere), to repent; poe- nitet, impers., one repents or is dis- pleased poesis, -is or -cos, /., poetry poeta, -ae, m., poet politus, -a, -um, polite, polished pollere, to be strong polliceri, dep. 2, to promise pollicitatio, -onis, /., promise polliiere, -ui, -utus, to pollute, defile, profane pollutio, -onis, /., defilement Polocensis, -e, of Polotsk Polonia, -ae, /., Poland Polonus, -a, -um, Polish polus, -i, m., sky, heaven Polycarpus, -i, m., Polycarp Polychronis, -is, m., Polychron polymitus, -a, -um, of divers colors pomarium, -ii, n., orchard pomifer, -a, -um, fruit, fruit-bearing pompa, -ae, /., pomp Pompejus, -i, m., Pompey Pomposianus, -a, -um, of Pomposia pomum, -i, n., apple pomus, -i, /., fruit iree ponderare, to weigh ponderator, -oris, m., weigher pondus, -eris, n., load, weight, burden ponere, posui, positus, to put, set; lay down or aside; make Pontia, -ae, /., Ponza, I sola di Ponza Pontianis (de), de' Pontiani Pontianus, -i, m., Pontian Ponticus, -a, -um, Pontic; marc Ponti- cum, Black Sea pontifex, -icis, m., pontiff; bishop; high priest; — maximus, pope pontiflcalis, -e, pontifical pontificatus, -us, m., pontificate, reign pontificium, -ii, n., pontifical power pontiiicus, -a, -um, pontifical, papal Pontiniacensis, -e, of Pontigni Pontiniacum, -i, n., Pontigni Pontius Pilatus, -ii. -i, m. t Pontius Pilate pontus, -i, m. t the deep, the sea popina, -ae, /., food, fare populares, -ium, m. pi, the people populus, -i, m., people; in populis, among the nations porcinus, -a, -um, of swine porcus, -i, m., pig porosus, -a, -um, porous Porphyrius, -ii, m. t Porphyry porrectus, -a, -um, stretched out porrigere, -rexi, -rectus, to stretch forth porrigo, -inis, /., dandruff; itch; lice porro, adv., but porta, -ae, /., gate; — aquarum, water gate portire, to carry; uphold Portellus, -i, m., Portello portendere, -tendi, -tentus, to portend, presage portentum, -i, n., wonder, portent porticus, -i, m., porch portio, -onis, /., portion portitor, -oris, m., bearer, carrier Portuensis, -e, of Porto portus, -us, m., port, harbor p>6scere, poposci, to ask, beseech posse, potui, to be able, can possessio, -onis, /., possession possessor, -ris, m., possessor possibilis, -e, possible possibilitas, -atis, /., possibility; power post, prep., after postcommunio, -onis, /., postcommun- ion postea, adv., afterward, hereafter 290 LATIN GRAMMAR possidere, -sedi, -sessus, to possess, get possession of posteri, -oruni, m. pi., descendants, posterity posterior, -ius, later, posterior; postc- riora, n. pi., hinder parts posterius, adv., afterward, Id ~er posthabere, to esteem less posticum, -i, n., back door postis, -is, m., door post, side \\ st postliminium, -ii, n., a return h; me postmodum, adv., after, afterward postponerc, -posui, -positus, u» put after postquam, con]., after, as soon as postrcmo, adv., lastly postulare, to ask, pray for; require postulatio, -onis, /., entreaty, prayer; hope potabilis, -e, fit to drink potare, to drink, give to drink potatio, -onis, /., drink; drinking potens, -entis, mighty, powerful potentatus, -us, m., power, might potenter, adv., powerfully potentia, -ae, /., power potestas, -atis, /., power, authority, jurisdiction potior, -ius, better, greater, more ex- cellent; preferable potiri, dcp. 4, to get possession of, ob- tain potissimus, adv., chiefly, especially potius, adv., rather potus, -us, m., drink prae, prep., before; because of praeambulus, -a, -um, going before praebere, to grant, offer, furnish, af- ford praecedere, -cessi, -cessus, to go before, precede praecellere, to excel praeceps, -ipitis, headlong praeceptor, -oris, m., master praeceptum, -i, n., precept, command praecessor, -oris, m., leader praecidere, -cidi, -cisus, to cut, cut down or off praecinere, -cecini and -cinui, -centus, to sing; sing or play before praecingere, -cinxi, -cinctus, to gird praecipere, -cepi, -ceptus, (io), to teach, instruct; command praecipitare, to cast headlong praecipitatio, -onis, f., ruin praecipitium, -ii, //., precipice praecipuus, -a, -um, special praeclare, adv., excellently, with dis- tinction praeclarus, -a, -um, excellent, glori- ous; goodly; in praeclaris, in goodly places praeco, -onis, m., crier, herald praecognitus, -a, -um, known before- hand praeconium, -ii, n., praise; excellence praecordia, -orum, n.pi, hearts praeciirrere, -curri and -cucurri, -cur- sus, to run before; take precedence over praeciirsor, -oris, m., one who runs be- fore; precursor praeda, -ae, /., spoils of war, booty; prey ^ praedari, dep., to plunder praedatio, -onis, /., taking of spoils, robbery praedecessor, -oris, m., predecessor praedestinare, to ordain praedestinatio, -onis, /., predestination praedestinatus, -a, -um, predestinated praedicabiiis, -e, worthy of being spok- en of praedicans, -antis, m., preacher praedicare, to shout, proclaim; de- clare; preach praedicatio, -onis, /., preaching; praise LATIN GRAMMAR 291 praedicator, -oris, m., preacher praedicere, -dixi, -dictus, to say be- fore; foretell praedictus, -a, -urn, aforesaid praeditus, -a, -um, endowed praedium, -ii, n., farm, estate praedocere, -docui, -doctus, to teach beforehand praediilcis, -e, very sweet praeeligere, -legi, -lectus, to choose be- fore, forechoosc praeeminere, to excel, be remarkable praeesse, -fui, to rule praefatio, -onis, f., preface praefatus, -a, -urn, aforesaid, above mentioned praefectus, -i, m., prefect; overseer; governor praeferox, -oris, very cruel praefigurare, to prefigure praefinire, to appoint praefinitio, -onis, /., purpose praefocare, to suffocate ; drown praegnans, -antis, being with child praegrandis, -e, very great praegravare, to weigh upon, op- press praegustare, to taste beforehand praeintonatio, -onis, /., intoning be- forehand praeire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to go before praelatio, -onis, /., bearing forward, guidance; preferment; dignity praeliare, to fight praeliator, -oris, warring; (as a noun) warrior praelibatio, -onis, /., oblation praelium (proelium), -ii, n., battle; war praelucerc, -luxi, to outshine, surpass praeludium, -ii, n., eve praematurus, -a, -um, premature; eager praemeditare (-ari), to meditate be- fore, premeditate praemium, -ii, n., gift, reward, prize praemonstrare, to mark out, point out, indicate Praemonstratensis, -e, Premonstraten- sian Praemonstratus, -i, m., Premontre Praeneste, -is, n. and /., Palestrina Praenestinus, -a, -um, of Palestrina praenobilis, -e, distinguished praenoscere, -novi, -notus, to know beforehand, foreknow praenotare, to indicate, mark praenuntiare, to show before praenuntius, -ii, m., forerunner praeoccupare, to come before; over- take; take by surprise praeordinatus, -a, -um, preordained praeparare, to prepare praeparatio, -onis, /., preparation praepedire, to fetter, shackle, obstruct praepinguis, -e, very rich praeponere, -posui, -positus, to prefer praepositiira, -ae, /., archdeaconry praepositus, -i, m., overseer, head, gov- ernor; prelate; Praepositus Genera- lis, general praeposterus, -a, -um, inverted, re- versed praepotens, -entis, mighty praeproperus, -a, -um, overhasty praeputium, -ii, n., prepuce, foreskin, uncircumcision praeripere, -ripui, -reptus, (io), to carry off praerogativa, -ae, /., privilege, preroga- tive praesagire, to foretell praesagus, -a, -um, predicting praescie'ntia, -ae, /., foreknowledge praescire, -scivi, -scitus, to foresee praescius, -a, -um, having a forebod- ing 292 LATIN GRAMMAR praeseferre (prac sc ferre), -tuli, -latus, to display; praeseferente, bearing before himself, displaying praesens, -entis, present praesentare, to present praesentia, -ae, /., presence praesepe, -is, n., manger praesepium, -ii, n., stall; manger praesertim, adv., especially praeses, -idis, m. and /., president; governor; abbess praesidere, -sedi, to aid, protect praesidium, -ii, n., defense praesignare, to foreshadow, represent praestabilis, -e, remarkable, pre-emi- nent, powerful praestans, -antis, gracious praestantia, -ae, /., superiority, excel- lence praestare, -stiti, -stitus, to give, grant, bestow; accomplish praestigiator, -oris, m., juggler; de- ceiver praesto, adv., here; ready praestolari, dep., to wait for; perform praestringere, -strinxi, -strictus, to bind up praesul, -is, c, protector praesiimere, -sumpsi, -sumptus, to take before; presume praetendere, -tendi, -tentus, to stretch out before, extend; present to, grant praeter, prep., besides, except, but praeterea, adv., besides, further, and praetergredi, -gressus sum, dep. 3 (io), to go beyond, transgress; pass by praeterire, -ivi and -itus, (eo), to pass by or away; transgress praeteritus, -a, -urn, past praetermittere, -misi, -missus, to neg- lect, omit praetervehi, -vectus sum, dep. 3, to be carried past; sail past praetor, -oris, m., praetor praetorium, -ii, n., governor's hall; hall; palace praetorius, -a, -um, pretorian praevalere, to prevail praevaricari, dep., to rebel, transgress; be guilty of collusion; prevaricate praevaricatio, -onis, /., transgression; prevarication praevaricator, -oris, m., transgressor praeveniens, -entis, prevenient, preced- ing praevenire, -veni, -ventus, to prevent, anticipate; guide; direct; look for- ward to; precede, go before praevidere, -vidi, -visus, to foresee praevius, -a, -um, going before, pre- ceding Praga, -ae, /., Prague Pragensis, -e, of Prague prandere, prandi, pransus, 2, to eat prandium, -ii, n., dinner pratum, -i, n. t meadow pravitas, -atis, /., evil, wickedness, guilt pravus, -a, -um, crooked; perverse, evil precari, dep., to pray, beseech precatio, -onis, /., prayer precator, -oris, m., one who prays or entreats precatus, -us, m., prayer, entreaty predicator, -oris, m., preacher premere, pressi, pressus, to press, press upon; oppress prendere, prendi and prendidi, prcn- sus, to catch presbyter, -i, m., priest presbyteratus, -us, m., priesthood presentitio, -onis, /., presentation pressare, to press; distress pressura, -ae, /., distress, anguish, op- pression pretiosus, -a, -um, of great price, pre- cious LATIN GRAMMAR 2 93 prex, precis, /., prayer; preces, pi., prayer, prayers pretium, -ii, n., price, money; ransom money pridie, adv., on the day before prima, -ae, m., primate prima, -ae, /., prime primaevus, -a, -um, youthful primatus, -us, m., chief place, primacy primitiae, -arum, /. pi., first fruits primitivus, -a, -um, first, first-born primitus, adv., first, for the first time primogenitum, -i, n., first birthright primogenitiira, -ae, /., primogeniture primogenitus, -a, -um, first-born primordium, -ii, n., the first begin- ning, origin primum, adv., first, at first; in the first place primus, -a, -um, first; in primis, in the first place primus, -i, m., chief man princeps, -ipis, m., prince, chief, gen- eral, ruler; principes sacerdotum, chief priests principalis, -e, perfect; free principalitas, -atis, /., principality principaliter, adv., in the first place, from the beginning principari, dep., to begin principalis, -us, m., principality; mar- quisate; rule principium, -ii, n., beginning, source, foundation; sovereignty; principal- is prinus, -i, /., holm tree prior, -ius, first, former, previous Priscillianistae, -arum, m. pi., Priscil- lianists priscus, -a, -um, original, ancient pristinus, -a, -um, former prius, adv., before priusquam, con]., before privare, to deprive, withhold privatus, -a, -um, private privilegiatus, -a, -um, privileged privilegium, -ii, n., privilege pro, prep., for; through; in behalf of; as a result of; instead of probabilius, adv., more probably probare, to prove; approve probaticus, -a, -um, sheep cleansing; probatic probatio, -onis, /., proof, test, trial probrum, -i, n., shame, disgrace, re- proach, sin probus, -a, -um, happy procedere, -cessi, -cessus, to come or go forth; proceed (from); — in diebus multis, to be far advanced in years procella, -ae, /., tempest, storm procer, -eris, m., noble, prince procidere, -cidi, to fall down procinctus, -us, m., preparation to set forth (a state of being girded) procreare, to beget proconsul, -is, m., proconsul proconsularis, -e, proconsular procul, adv., afar off proculdiibio, adv., without doubt procurare, to govern, administer procurator, -oris, m., steward procus, -i, in., wooer, suitor prodere, -didi, -ditus, to bring forth; become profitable; betray prodesse (prosum), profui, to avail, profit, benefit, be advantageous prodigium, -ii, n., wonder prodigus, -a, -um, prodigal prodire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to come out or forth proditor, -oris, m., traitor, betrayer producere, -duxi, -ductus, to shoot forth, produce; make grow proelium (praelium), -ii, n., battle; war profanare, to profane 294 LATIN GRAMMAR profari, dcp., to speak in behalf of profectio, -onis, /., journey; departure profecto, adv., truly, really, certainly, doubtless profcctus, -us, m., source proferre, -tuli, -Iatus, to bring out or forth; lay before, display professio, -onis, /., profession professor, -oris, m., professor proficere, -feci, -fectus, (io), to avail; advance, increase, contribute to; go forth; prevail proficuus, -a, -um, profitable profiscici, -fectus sum, dep. 3, to go, set out or forth profited, -fessus sum, dep. 2, to pro- fess; be enrolled profligare, to scatter; overthrow; abol- ish profliiere, -fluxi, -fluxus, to flow forth profliivium, -ii, n., flowing, flowing forth profugns, -a, -um, fugitive profiindum, -i, n., depth profundus, -a, -um, deep profiisio, -onis, /., pouring out, profu- sion profutiirus, -a, -um, profitable progenerator, -oris, m., progenitor, an- cestor progenies, -ei, /., progeny, offspring, generation; a generatione et proge- nie, from generation to generation progredi, -gressus sum, dep. 3 (io), to go further proh!, interj., oh! ahl prohibere, to restrain, forbid proinde, adv., hence projicere, -jeci, -jectus, (io), to cast away, down or upon prolatio, -onis, /., pronouncement proles, -is, /., offspring prolixe, adv., freely, abundantly prolixitas, -atis, /., fullness prolixius, adv., the longer prolongate, to lengthen, prolong prolongatus, -a, -um, long proloqui, -lociitus sum, dep. 3, to speak out, declare proludere, -lusi, -lusus, to practice be- forehand proluere, -ui, -utus, to wash out. promanare, to emanate or derive from promere, prompsi, promptus, to bring forth, utter promerere (-eri), to merit, deserve; ob- tain promicare, to shine forth promissio, -onis, /., promise promissum, -i, n., promise promittere, -misi, -missus, to promise promotor, -oris, m., encourager, pro- moter, champion promotus, -a, -um, promoted, raised promptuarium, -ii, n., storehouse; pantry promptus, -a, -um, willing, ready promptus, -us, m., visibility, in promptu, manifest promulgate, to make known, publish pronuntiare, to speak, declare, pro- nounce; show; threaten pronus, -a, -um, flat, prone; inclined, bent forward; on his side Propaganda, -ae, /., abbr. for the phrase de propaganda fide propagare, to spread propagatio, -onis, /., spreading, propa- gation propagator, -oris, m., propagator propago, -inis, }., shoot, branch; gen- eration propalare, to make manifest prope, adv., near, at hand propemodum, adv., almost propensius, adv., mercifully; speedily propensus, -a, -um, disposed to properare, to hasten LATIN GRAMMAR 295 propheta, -ae, m., prophet prophetalis, -e, of a prophet, propheti- cal prophetare, to prophesy prophetes, -is, m., prophet prophetia, -ae, /., prophecy propheticus, -a, -urn, prophetic prophetissa, -ae, /., prophetess propinare, to offer a drink to propinquare, to approach; attain propinquitas, -atis, /., nearness; rela- tionship propinquus, -a, -um, near of kin; near, approaching propior, -ius, nearer propitiabilis, -e, propitious propitiare, (-ari), to be merciful or favorable propitiatio, -onis, /., forgiveness, clem- ency, favor; propitiation propitiatorium, -ii, n., propitiatory, mercy seat propitius, -a, -um, merciful, gracious, propitious proponere, -posui, -positus, to lay or set before propositio, -onis, /., setting forth, prop- osition; text; riddle propositum, -i, n., plan, design, pur- pose proprietas, -atis, /., peculiarity, distinc- tion proprium, -ii, n., proper proprius, -a, -um, one's own propter, prep., for, because of, by rea- son of propterea, adv., therefore propugnaculum, -i, n., rampart, bul- wark propugnator, -oris, m., defender propulsare, to repel proripere, -ripui, -reptus, (io), to rush forth, escape prorogare, to defer, put off prorsus, adv., turned toward; wholly; at all prosa, -ae, /., prose proselytus, -i, n., proselyte prosequi, -secutus sum, dep. 3, to fur- ther; honor, regard, hear; look down upon prosilire, -ui, to spring, leap forth prospector, -oris, m., provider, guard- ian prosperari, dep., to prosper prosp*re, adv., prosperously prosperitas, -atis, /., prosperity prosper, -a, -um, prosperous, well; prospera, n. pL, prosperous things, prosperity; good tidings prospicere, -spexi, -spectus, (io), to look; foresee prosternere, -stravi, -stratus, to strew or spread before; present; over- throw, prostrate, humble; (reflex- ive), to fall down, prostrate oneself prostibulum, -i, stews, brothel prostituere, -ui, -utus, to prostitute prostitutio, -onis, /., fornication prostratus, -a, -um, lying on the ground, humble, prostrate Protasius, -ii, m., Protase protectio, -onis, /., protection protector, -oris, m., protector protegere, -texti, -tectus, to cover; pro tect, help, defend protendere, -tendi, -tentus and -tensus, to hold up proterere, -trivi, -tritus, to trample un- der foot protervus, -a, -um, stubborn protinus, adv., constantly, immedi- ately protomartyr, -is, m., protomartyr protoplastus, -i, m. f the Rrst man, Adam protrahere, -traxi, -tractus, to draw out, extend; remain 296 LATIN GRAMMAR prout, con)., according as provectio, -onis, /., advancement, prog- ress provectus, -a, -um, advanced in age provehere, -vexi, -vectus, to lead on pro venire, -veni, -ventus, to come for; be granted proventus, -us, m., issue, result; crop; revenue proverbium, -ii, n., proverb providentia, -ae, /., providence providere, -vidi, -visus, to provide; set; sec, behold provincia, -ae, /., province Provincia, -ae, /., Provence provisor, -oris, m., provider provocare, to provoke provoliitus, -a, -um, lying prostrate provolvere, -volvi, -voliitus, to throw oneself down proximus, -a, -um, near, neighbor- ing; in proximo, near at hand proximus, -i, m., neighbor prudens, -entis, wise prudenter, adv., wisely prudentia, -ae, /., prudence, wisdom, understanding pruina, -ae, /., hoar frost pruna, -ae, /., live coal pruriens, -entis, itching psallere, to sing, give praise psalmista, -ae, m., psalmist psalmodia, -ae, /., singing of psalms, psalmody psalmus, -i, m., psalm psalterium, -ii, n., psalter; psaltery pseudochristus, -i, m., false Christ pseudopropheta, -ae, m., false prophet Ptolemaeus, -i, m., Ptolemee Ptolemensis, -c, of Ptolemais; inhab- itant of Ptolemais publicanus, -i, m., publican publicare, to publish; make a public example of publice, adv., openly; at public expense publicus, -a, -um, public pudere (usually impersonal), to be ashamed pudicitia, -ae, /., purity pudicus, -a, -um, chaste pudor, -oris, m., modesty, purity, shame; maidenhood puella, -ae, /., girl, maid, damsel puellus, -i, m., boy, child puer, -i, m., boy, child; young man; servant puerilis, -e, childish pueritia, -ae, /., childhood, boyhood, girlhood puerpera, -ae, /., child-bearer, mother puerperus, -a, -um, child-bearing pugillaris, -is, m., writing tablet pugillus, -i, m., handful pugio, -onis, /., dagger, sword pugna, -ae, /., battle pugnare, to fight, do battle pugnator, -oris, m., fighter, warrior pugnus, -i, m., fist pulcher, -chra, -chrum, fair, beaudful pulchritudo, -inis, ]., beauty pullulare, to sprout pullus, -i, m., young of animals; colt; chicken pulmentarium, -ii, n., anything to eat pulmentum, -i, n., savory meat; pot- tage pulsare, to knock; beset pulvinar, -aris, n., pillow pulvis, -eris, m., dust; ashes punctio, -onis, /., pricking punctum, -i, n., a very small space; moment pungere, piipugi, punctus, to pierce Punicus, -a, -um, Carthaginian, Punic punire, to punish pupilla, -ae, /., pupil of the eye pupillus, -i, m., orphan purgamentum, -i, n., refuse LATIN GRAMMAR 297 purgare, to purify, purge purgatio, -onis, /., purgation, expia- tion, purification purgatorium, -ii, n., purgatory purgatus, -a, -urn, cleansed purificare, to purify, cleanse purificatio, -onis, /., purification puritas, -atis, /., purity purpura, -ae, /., purple; regis purpura, royal purple purpuratus, -a, -um, empurpled; clad in purple purpdreus, -a, -um, purple purus, -a, -um, pure, clean pusillanimis, -e, fainthearted; feeble- minded pusillanimitas, -atis, faintheartedness pusillum, -i, n., a lit tie pusillus, -a, -um, little putare, to think; puta, for example, suppose putatio, -onis, /., pruning putative, adv., supposedly putativus, -a, -um, reputed Puteolanus, -a, -um, of Pozzuolo Puteoli, -orum, m. pi., Pozzuolo pilteus, -i, m., pit, well putredo, -inis, /., rottenness putrefactus, -a, -um, rotten putrescere, -ui, to become rotten putris, -e, rotten, mortifying pytho, -onis, m., spirit of a diviner qua . . . qua, adv., partly . . . partly quacumque, adv., whatsoever quadragenarius, -a, -um, of forty days quadrageni, -ae, -a, forty each quadragesima, -ae, /., Lent quadragesimalis, -e, of forty days; Lenten quadraginta, forty quadrare, to fit exactly, correspond to Quadratianus, -a, -um, Quadratian quadriga, -ae, /., chariot quadringenti, -ae, -a, four hundred quadrupes, -edis, m. and /., four-footed beast quadruplum, fourfold quaerere, -sivi or -sii, -situs, to seek; require; reason quaesere, -ivi and -ii, -itus, to beseech quaestio, -onis, /., question, inquiry quaestor, -oris, m., quaestor, pardoner quaestuosus, -a, -um, profitable quaestus, -us, m., gain qualis, -e, what manner? what sort? what kind?; as qualitas, -atis, /., quality qualiter, adv., how, in what manner; as, just as quam, adv., than, rather than; how! quamdiu, con]., as long as, while; un- til; how long? quamobrem, adv., wherefore quamplurimi, -ae, -a, as many as pos- sible quamvis, con]., although; adv., even quando, adv., when quandoquidem, con]., since, because, seeing that quantillus, -a, -um, how little quantocius, adv., sooner, more quickly quantum, adv., as much as quantus, -a, -um, what, how great, how much; quanto . . . tanto, the more . . . the more quantuslibet, -talibet, -tumlibet, how- ever great quapropter, adv., wherefore quare, adv., why quartus, -a, -um, fourth quartus decimus, -a, -a, -um, -um, fourteenth Quarum, -i, n., Quero quasi, adv., as if, like, as it were; about quassatio, -onis, ]., affliction, scourge 298 LATIN GRAMMAR quatenus, adv., how far, in so far as; so that quater, adv., four times quatere, quassi, quassus, (io), to shake quaternio, -onis, /., quaternion; a body of four soldiers quatriduanus, -a, -urn, of four days quatriduum, -i, n., space of four days quatuor, four quatuordecim, fourteen -que, conj., enclitic, and queis = quibus quemadrnodum, adv., as, just as quercus, -us, /., oak querela, -ae, /., complaint; blame querimonia, -ae, /., complaint questus, -us, m., complaint, lament qui, quae, quod, who, which, what quia, conj., for, because; that quid, what? why? ut quid, to what purpose quidam, quaedam, quoddam and subst. quiddam, a certain person or thing; some, some one, something quidem, adv., indeed quidnam, what then? quies, -etis, /., rest, quiet quiescens, -entis, of rest or quiet quiescere, -evi, -etus, to be still; cease quietus, -a, -um, quiet, peaceful quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet and subst. quidlibet, any, any one, any- thing whatsoever quin, con]., that not quinarius, -a, -um, five •quindecim, fifteen quingentesimus, -a, -um, five hun- dredth quingenti, -ae, -a, five hundred quinimmo (quinimo), adv., yea rather quinquagenarius, -a, -um, fifty in num- ber quinquagesima: dominica in — , Quin- quagesima Sunday quinquaginta, fifty quinque, five quinquennis, at the age of five quinquennium, -ii, n., a period of five years quinquies, five times quintus, -a, -um, fifth quintusdecimus, -a, -a, -um, -um, fif- teenth quippe, conj., for, certainly quippiam (quidpiam), anyone (any- thing) quire (queo), -ivi and -ii, -itus, to be able, can quis, quid, interrog. pron., who? what? quis, quid, tndef. pron., anyone, any- thing quisnam, quidnam, who then? what then? quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam and subst. quidpiam or quippiam, any one, anything, some one, something quisquam, quaequam, quidquam, any person, anybody, any one, anything quisque, quaeque, quidque and adj. quodque, each, every, every one, everybody, everything quisquis, quaequae, quidquid, and adj. quodquod, any, each, whoever, whatever quo, adv., whither; so that quoadusque, con]., until quocirca, adv., therefore, on that ac- count quociimque, adv., whithersoever, to whatever place quod, that, which, what; because quodammodo, adv., in a certain way; as it were quodcumque, whatsoever quomodo, adv., as, how? quomodocumque, adv., in any way quondam, adv., formerly, once LATIN GRAMMAR 299 quoniam, con]., for, because, since; that quoque, adv., also quot, how many; quotquot, however many quotannis, adv., yearly quotidianus, -a, -um, daily quotidie, adv., daily, every day quoties, adv., how often quotiescumque, adv., as often as quoiisque, adv., how long? quum (cum), conj., when, since, as often as rabbi, rabbi, master rabidus, -a, -um, mad rabies, -ei, /., ravening raca, silly person racemus, -i, m., cluster radere, rasi, rasus, to scrape away radicare, to strike root radicatus, -a, -um, rooted radicitus, adv., by the roots radius, -ii, m., ray radix, -icis, /., root; radices, pi., base; in radicibus, at the foot ramus, -L m., brancn, bough rana, -ae, /., frog rapax, -acis, ravening rapax, -acis, m., extortioner rapere, -ui, raptus, (io), to seize, catch, take by force, take or carry up; pluck rapiens, -entis, ravening rapina, -ae, /., robbery raptor, -oris, tn., extortioner; robber raptus, -a, -um, to be caught or carried up; rapt rarus, -a, -um, strange Rastislaus, -i, m., Rastislav ratis, -is, f., raft, float ratio, -onis, /., reckoning, retribution; account; rule, way; reasoning rationabilis, -e, reasonable, rational; rationabilia, n. pi., truths rationalis, -e, rational ratus, -a, -um, settled, ratified, valid raucitas, -atis, /., harshness raucus, -a, -urn, hoarse Ravennas, -atis, belonging to or an in habitant of Ravenna Ravennatensis, -e, of Ravenna Raymiindus, -i, m., Raymund Raymundus Nonnatus, -i, -i, tn., Ray- mund Nonnatus re-, prefix sometimes used for empha- sis; reipsa cum came, with the very flesh itself reaedificare, to rebuild realis, -e, real reamplecti, -plexus sum, dep. 5, to em- brace again reapse, adv., indeed, in truth reatus, -us, m., guilt, fault rebellare, to rebel rebellio, -onis, /., rebellion rebellis, -e, rebellious recalcitrare, to kick recapitulatio, -onis, /., repetition Reccaredus, -i, tn., Recarcd recedere, -cessi, -cessus, to fall away, depart or stray from recens, -entis, recent, new recensere, to review, recall, celebrate receptaculum, -i, n., vessel, receptacle receptibilis, -e, acceptable rece'ptor, -oris, tn., receiver recipere, -cepi, -ceptus, (io), to receive, recover recitare, to recite recitatio, -onis, /., recitation reclinare, to lay recogitare, to consider, reflect recognitio, -onis, /., recognition, ex- amination recolere, -colui, -cultus, to contem- plate, recollect 300 LATIN GRAMMAR reconciliare, to reconcile reconciliatio, -onis, /., reconciliation reconciliator, -oris, m., intermediary recondere, -didi, -ditus, to lay up recordari, dep., to remember recordatio, -onis, /., memory, remem- brance; record recreare, to refresh, treat recte, adv., rightly, well rectitudo, -inis, /., Tightness; right- eousness rector, -oris, m., ruler rectus, -a, -um, right, upright, right- eous, straight recubare, to recline recubitus, -us, m., seat reciimbere, -cubui, to lean; recline, sit down; be at table recuperare, to recover recurrere, -curri, -cursus, to occur recusare, to refuse redamare, to return love for love redargiitio, -onis, /., retort reddere, -didi, -ditus, to restore, ren- der, pay redditio, -onis, /., return, restoration redemptio, -onis, /., redemption, de- liverance redemptor, -oris, m., redeemer redigere, -egi, -actus, to bring down redimere, -emi, -emptus, to redeem redintegrare, to raise up, restore redire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to re- turn; pay reditus, -us, m., return; revenue redonare, to give back reducere, -duxi, -ductus, to bring back or again; draw back redundare, to overflow redux, -ucis, returned refectio, -onis, /., refreshment; refec- tory refellere, -felli, to refute, disprove referre, -tuli, -latus, to yield; tell, refer refertus, -a, -um, crowded reficere, -feci, -fectus, (io), to refresh; mend, repair reflexus, -a, -um, crooked reflorescere, -florui, to flourish or bloom again refluus, -a, -um, flowing back refocillare, to relieve reformare, to renew, reform reformatio, -onis, /., reformation reformidare, to dread refovere, -fovi, -fotus, to refresh, re- vive refraenare, to restrain refragari, dep., to oppose refrenare, to bridle refrigerare, to cool; refresh refrigerium, -ii, n., refreshment, recre- ation refrigescere, -frixi, to grow cold refuga, -ae, m., forsaker refugium, -ii, n., refuge refulgere, -fulsi, to shine brightly refundere, -fudi, -fusus, to pour back, restore regalis, -e, regal, royal regeneratio, -onis, f., regeneration regenerator, -oris, m., regenerator regere, rexi, rectus, to govern regimen, -inis, n. t government, direc- tion regina, -ae, /., queen regio, -onis, /., region, country regius, -a, -um, of a king, royal regnare, to reign regnum, -i, n., kingdom regredi, -gressus sum, (io), to go back, return regula, -ae, /., rule regularis, -e, regular regulus, -i, m., nobleman, ruler; basi- lisk reinvenire, -veni, -ventus, to find again LATIN GRAMMAR 301 rcipse, -a, -um, the very (re- is for emphasis) relatus, -us, m., narrative, recital rclaxarc, to loose, forgive relegare, to remove, banish rclegere, -legi, -lectus, to traverse again, collect rcligare, to fasten, hang religio, -onis, /., religion, reverence; a religious order religiositas, -atis, /., religiousness religiosus, -a, -um, religious relinquere, -liqui, -lictus, to leave be- hind reliquiae, -arum, /. pi., relics, remains; remnant reliquus, -a, -um, remaining; ct reli- qua, and so forth rcluctari, dep., to strive, contend or struggle against remanere, -mansi, -mansus, to be left, remain remeare, to go back remedium, -ii, n., remedy rememorari, dep., to remember; be remembered remetiri, -mensus sum, dep. 4, to measure again rcmex, -igis, m., rower remigare, to row reminisci, dep. 3, to remember remissio, -onis, f., remission, absolu- tion, forgiveness remissus, -a, -um, negligent, slothful, remiss rcmittere, -misi, -missus, to send back; remit; forgive remotus, -a, -um, far off removere, -movi, -motus, to remove, to take away remuneratio, -onis, /., reward remunerator, -oris, m., re warder renasci, -natus sum, dep. 3, to be re- generated rcnes, -um and -ium, m. pi., kidneys, loins, reins renidere, to shine reniti, dep. 3, to oppose renovare, to renew, build anew renovatio, -onis, /., renovation reniiere, -ui, to refuse renuntiare, to relate, bring word; ap- point; renounce reosculari, dep., to kiss again repagulum, -i, n., barrier; restraint reparare, to restore; anno reparatac salutis, in the year of Redemption reparatio, -onis, /., reparation; regen- eration; healing reparatrix, -icis, /., restorer repellere, -puli, -pulsus, to cast off; overcome rependere, -pendi, -pensus, to repay, return repentinus, -a, -um, sudden reperire, -peri, -pertus, to find, obtain repetere, -ivi and -ii, -itus, to exact of; repeat repente, adv., suddenly replere, -plevi, -pletus, to fill replesti = replevisti, perject tense of replere repletus, -a, -um, filled reponere, -posui, -positus, to lay reportare, to bring back; receive, gain repositus, -a, -um, laid up repraesentare, to show, present; lead reprehensio, -onis, /., censure reprimere, -pressi, -pressus, to curb, repress reprobare, to refuse, reject reprobus, -a, -um, good for nothing; reprehensible reprobus, -i, m., castaway repromissio, -onis, /., promise repromittere, -misi, -missus, to prom- ise in return reptare, to crawl, creep 302 LATIN GRAMMAR reptile, -is, n., creeping creature, rep- tile repudium, -ii, n., divorce repugnare, to disagree with; resist reputare, to repute, esteem requies, -etis and -ei, /., rest requiescere, -evi, -etus, to rest, be at rest requietio, -onis, /., rest requirere, -sivi, -situs, to seek; require; care for reri, ratus sum, dep. 2, to think, es- teem, suppose res, rei, /., thing; quern ab rem, where- fore; res familiaris, inheritance rescindere, -scidi, -scissus, to annul, re- peal resciscere, -scivi and -scii, -scitus, to find out resciibere, -scripsi, -scriptus, to write back or again rescriptum, -i, /;., copy of a writing resecare, to cut off; root out reserare, to open; reveal, make clear reservare, to save; preserve; reserve residcre, -sedi, -sessus, to sit up; re- main; reside residuum, -i, n., remainder residuus, -a, -um, remaining; left over resina, -ae, f., balm resipiscere, -sipui, -sipii, and -sipivi, to come to one's right mind, repent resistere, -stiti, to resist, withstand resoliitio, -onis, /., dissolution resolutus, -a, -um, careless resolvere, -solvi, -solutus, to loosen resonare, to resound respectio, -onis, /., esteem respectivus, -a, -um, respective respectus, -us, m., respect respergere, -spersi, -spersus, to sprin- kle; scatter; shed; stain respicere, -spexi, -spectus, (io), to look; receive one's sight respirare, to breathe; have life again; find relief resplendere, -ui, to shine, be bright, show forth respondere, -spondi, -sponsus, to an- swer, respond responsorium, -ii, n., responsory responsum, -i, n., answer, response respublica, reipublicae, /., republic, commonwealth respuere, -ui, to spit out; reject; de- spise restare, to remain restaurare, to restore restinguere, -stinxi, -stinctus, to quench, extinguish restitiiere, -ui, -utus, to set again; re- store restitutio, -onis, /., restitution, restora- tion restitutor, -oris, m., restorer restrictio, -onis, /., restriction, re- straint resultare, to resound, rebound resurgere, -surrexi, -surrectus, to rise again; awake resurrectio, -onis, /., rising up; resur- rection resuscitare, to raise up retardare, to stop, check rete, -is, n., net retexere, -texui, -tectus, to weave again; repeat retiaculum, -i, n., net reticere, -ui, to be silent (about) retinere, -tinui, -tentus, to keep, re- tain; remember; imitate retrahere, -traxi, -tractus, to restrain; withdraw retribuere, -ui, -utus, to render, repay; bring retributio, -onis, /., reward, recom- pense, benefit, favor retro, adv., behind; back LATIN GRAMMAR 303 retroactus, -a, -urn, past retrogradus, -a, -um, going backward retrorsum, adv., back, backwards retiindere, -tudi, -tusus, to blunt reus, -i, m. t defendant, criminal, guilty one revelare, to reveal, disclose, make known, show revelatio, -onis, /., revelation revera, adv., indeed, truly reverentia, -ae, /., fear, reverence reverenter, adv., reverently revereri, dep. 2, to be ashamed reverti, -versus sum, dep. 3, to return; depart revincire, -vinxi, -vinctus, to bind, bind fast revirescere, -virui, to become green again revivere, -vixi, -victus, to revive reviviscere, -vixi, to come to life again, live again, revive revocare, to call back or away rex, regis, in., king Reyi, -orum, m. pi., the Rev family Rhaeti, -orum, m. pi., Rhaetians Rhactia, -ae, /., Rhaetia, Tyrol rhamnus, -i, m., bramble, thornbush rheda, -ae, /., carriage with four wheels; chariot Rhegiensis, -e, of Reggio Rhemcnsis, -e, of Rheims Rhemi, -orum, m. pi., Rheims rhetorica, -ae, /., rhetoric rhetoricus, -i, m., rhetorician rhomphaea, -ae, /., sword rhythmus, -i, m., rhythm rictus, -us, m., open mouth, expanded jaws ridere, risi, risus, to laugh, laugh at rigare, to water, sprinkle, wash rigor, -oris, m., rigor, stirlness ripa, -ae, /., bank risus, -us, m., laughter rite, adv., fitly, with suitable religious ceremonies ritus, -us, m., rite rivulus, -i, m., brook, rivulet rivus, -i, m., river, brook rixa, -ae, /., quarrel rixari, dep., to quarrel Robertus, -i, m.. Robert roborare, to make strong, strengthen roborator, -oris, m., strengthener robur, -oris, n., strength robiistus, -a, -um, mighty Roccha Porrena, -ae, -ae, /., Rocca Porena Rodardensis, -e, of Roclersdorf Rodbodus, -i, m., Rodbod RofTensis, -e, of Rochester rogare, to beseech rogatio, -onis, /., rogation rogatus, -us, m., request Rogerius, -ii, m., Roger rogus, -i, m., funeral pile Roma, -ae, /., Rome Romanus, -a, -um, of Rome, Roman Romualdus, -i, m., Romuald Romuleus, -a, -um, of Romulus rorare, to cause dew to drop ros, roris, m., dew rosa, -ae, /., rose Rosa, -ae, f., Rose rosarium, -ii, n. t rosary roseus, -a, -um, roseate rostrum, -i, n., beak; prow rota, -ae, /., wheel ruber, -bra, -brum, red rubere, to redden rubescere, -ui, to become red rubeus, -a, -um, red rubicundus, -a, -um, ruddy rubigo, -inis, ]., rust; mildew rubor, -oris, m., shame nibrica, -ae, /., rubric rubus, -i, m., bush rudis, -e, ignorant, illiterate, rough 3o 4 LATIN GRAMMAR nidus, -a, -urn, brutish ruere, rui, rutus, to rush, hasten; fall down; fail, be ruined rufus, -a, -urn, ruddy, red ruga, -ae, /., wrinkle rugire, to roar rugitus, -us, m., roaring ruina, -ae, /., fall; invasion; breach; destruction rumor, -oris, m., fame riimpere, rupi, ruptus, to break rupes, -is, /., stony hill, sharp cliff, rock ruptio, -onis, /., breaking open, an in- juring ruricola, -ae, c, peasant rursum, adv., again, anew rus, ruris, n., the country Rutheni, -orum, m. pi., Ruthenians rutilare, to glow Sabaeus, -a, -um, Sabaean Sabaoth (Hebrew), armies, hosts Sabaudia, -ae, /., Savoy sabbatismus, -i, m., a day of rest; keep- ing of the Sabbath sabbatum, -i, n., Sabbath; Saturday; week; sabbata, n. pi., Sabbath; una sabbatorum (sabbati), the first day of the week sabulum, -i, n., sand sacculus, -i, m., purse saccus, -i, m., sackcloth sacellum, -i, n., chapel sacer, -era, -crum, sacred sacerdos, -otis, m., priest; principes sacerdotum, chief priests sacerdotalis, -e, sacerdotal, priestly sacerdotium, -ii, n., priestly funcdon, priesthood sacramentalis, -e, sacramental sacramentum, -i, n., sacrament, sacra- mental grace sacrare, to consecrate, hallow sacrificare, to sacrifice, offer up sacrificium, -ii, n., sacrifice sacrosanctus, -a, -um, most sacred sacrum, -i, n., holy thing; grace Sadducaei, -orum, m. pi., Sadducees saeclum = saeculum saecularis, -e, worldly; saecularia, 11. pi., feast, celebration saeculum, -i, n., time, period, age; world ; in saecula saeculorum, world without end; a saeculo, from the be- ginning, from everlasting; a saeculo et in saeculum, from eternity to eternity saepe, adv., often saeviens, -entis, fierce sacvire, to rage saevitia, -ae, /., fury, cruelty saevus, -a, -um, cruel sagena, -ae, /., net saginare, to feed saginatus, -a, -um, fatted sagitta, -ae, /., arrow sagittare, to shoot with arrows Sagittarius, -ii, m., archer Sahagunum, -i, n., Sahagun sal, -is, m. and n., salt Salarius, -a, -um, Salarian Salernitanus, -a, -um, of Salerno Salernum, -i, n., Salerno Salesium, -ii, n., Sales Salesius, -a, -um, of Sales Salicus, -a, -um, Salic salinae, -arum, /. pi., salt pits salire, salui, saltus, to spring up, leap saliva, -ae, /., spittle, saliva salix, -icis, f., willow Sallustianus, -a, -um, of Sallust Salmantica, -ae, /., Salamanca Salmanticensis, -e, of Salamanca Salomon, -onis, m., Solomon salsugo, -inis, /., saltness; salt desert saltare, to dance LATIN GRAMMAR 305 saltatio, -onis, /., dancing, dance saltatrix, -icis, /., dancing girl saltern, adv., at least saltus, -us, m., forest salubris, -e, or saluber, -bris, -bre, strong; good, wholesome; useful salubritas, -atis, /., health salubriter, adv., wholesomely; prof- itably salus, -utis, /., salvation, deliverance; health; greeting salutare, to greet, salute salutare, -is, n., health; salvation salutaris, -e, wholesome, saving, salu- tary salutariter, adv., beneficially salutatio, -onis, f., salutation salutifer, -a, -urn, of salvation, saving salvare, to save salvatio, -onis, /., salvation salvator, -oris, m., savior salve! (salvete, salveto), hail I salvere, to be well salvificare, to save Salvius, -ii, m., Salvi salvus, -a, -urn, saved, safe; whole Samaritanus, -a, -um, Samaritan Samaritanus, -i, m., Samaritan sambuca, -ae, /., sackbut, a kind of musical instrument samech, the fifteenth letter of the He- brew alphabet, corresponding to English s sanare, to heal Sancianus, -i, m., Sancian (a Chinese island) sancire, sanxi, sanctus, to make sacred; forbid sancta, -ae, /., saint Sancta Fides, -ae, -ei, /., Santa Fe sanctifkare, to sanctify, hallow sanctificatio, -onis, /., holiness; sacred mystery; blessing; sanctuary sanctificator, -oris, m., sanctifier sanctificium, -ii, n., shrine, sanctuary sanctimonia, -ae, /., holiness sanctimonialis, -e, pious sanctimonialis, -is, /., nun sanctio, -onis, /., sanction, rule sanctitas, -atis, /., sanctity sanctitudo, -inis, /., holiness sanctuarium, -ii, n., sanctuary sanctum, -i, n., holy place; sanctuary sanctus, -a, -um, holy, godly, saintly; sancta sanctorum, holy of holies sanctus, -i, m., saint Sanctus Facundus, -i, -i, m., San Fa- condo Sanctus Nicolaus de Portu, -i, -i, m., San Nicola del Porto sanguineus, -a, -um, of blood sanguis, -inis, m., blood sanies, -ei, /., matter, pus sanitas, -atis, /., health sanus, -a, -um, whole, healthy sapere, -ii, (io), to understand; be wise; idipsum sapere, to be of one mind sapiens, -cntis, wise sapientia, -ae, /., wisdom sapor, -oris, m., taste sapphirus, -i, /., sapphire Saraceni, -orum, m. pi., Saracens sarcina, -ae, /., pack, burden sarcire, sarsi, sartus, to repair, restore sarculum, -i, n., hoe, spade Sardicensis, -e, of Sard is sardinis, -e: lapis sardinis, sardine stone sardius, -ii, /., sard Sardus, -a, -um, Sardinian sardonychus, -a, -um, sardonyx sardonyx, -nychis, /., sardonyx Sarepta (Sarephta), Sarephta sartago, -inis, /., frying pan sartatecta, -orum, n. pi., repairs sartus, -a, -um, repaired Sasimi, -orum, m. pi., people of Sasima 3°6 LATIN GRAMMAR sat, adv., enough satagere, to be very busy; be in trouble satagitare, to be very busy or diligent satan, indecl., satan, adversary Satanas, -ae, m., Satan satelles, -itis, c, guard; companion; servant; officer of justice satiare, to nourish, satisfy, fill, sate, feed satis, adv., enough, sufficiently; greatly, exceedingly satisfacere, -feci, -f actus, (io), to sat- isfy satisf actio, -onis, /., satisfaction sator, -oris, m., sower; source; beget- ter, father satrapa, -ae, m., noble, lord, satrap saturare, to fill saturatio, -onis, /., filling, satisfying satiiritas, -atis, /., satisfaction, satiety, abundance, in saturitate, to the full satus, -i, m., measure, sowing sauciare, to wound saucius, -a, -um, wounded Saulus, -i, m., Saul saxeus, -a, -um, stony Saxonia, -ae, /., Saxony saxum, -i, n., stone, rock scabellum, -i, n., small stool, footstool scala, -ae, /., ladder scalprum, -i, n., chisel scandalizare, to scandalize scandalum, -i, n., scandal; trap, stum- bling block scandere, scandi, scansus, to climb, rise scapulae, -arum, /. pL, shoulders; wings scapularis, -e, scapular scatere, to gush, gush forth; swarm; abound scaturire, to gush forth sceleratus, -a, -um, wicked scelestus, -a, -um, wicked, shameless scelus, -eris, n., sin, crime scenofactorius, -a, -um, tent making Scenopegia, -ae, /., Feast of Taber- nacles sceptriger, -a, -um, scepter bearing sceptrum, -i, n., scepter schema, -atis, n., form, scheme schisma, -atis, n., schism schismaticus, -a, -um, schismatic schinus, -i, /., mastic tree schola, -ae, /., school sciens, -entis, expert scienter, adv., wisely scientia, -ae, /., knowledge, science scilicet, adv., actually scindere, scidi, scissus, to rend, cut; — medium, to cut in two scintilla, -ae, /., spark scire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, to know, know how sciscitari, dep., to inquire, inquire into scissiira, -ae, /., rending, splitting; piece scissus, -a, -um, torn, rent, broken scitum, -i, n., decree, statute scopa, -ae, /., broom; scopis mundatus, swept scopere, to search thoroughly scopulus, -i, m., rock, clifl scoria, -ae, /., dross scorpio, -onis, m., scorpion; whip loaded with metal scortari, dep., to commit uncleanness scortum, -i, n., uncleanness, immoral- ity Scoti, -orum, m. pi., Scots Scotia, -ae, /., Scotland scriba, -ae, m., scribe, scrivener, writer scribere, scripsi, scriptus, to write scriptio, -onis, /., writing scriptor, -oris, m., writer scriptum -i, n., writing, publication scriptura, -ae, /., Scripture; writing scrutare (-ari), to search scrutatio, -onis, /., discerning LATIN GRAMMAR 307 scrutator, -oris, m., searcher scrutinium, -ii, n., search sculptile, -is, n., graven thing, idol sculptura, -ae, }., graven work, grav- ing sculptus, -a, -urn, graven scurrilitas, -at is, /,, scurrility scutarh\>, -ii, m., shield-bearer scutulum, -i, n., escutcheon scutum, -i, 71., shield scyphus, -i, m., goblet, cup Scythia, -ae, /., Scythia, southern Rus- sia Scythopolis, -is, /., Beth-shean se, third person of the reflexive pro- noun, himself, herself, etc. Sebastianus, -i, m., Sebastian secare, secui, sectus, to cut; — me- dium, to cut in two; destroy, upset; terra non secta, until led earth sccedere, -cessi, -cessus, to retire secessus, -us, m., privy; retreat secliidere, -clusi, -clusus, to exclude secretalis, -e, hidden secretarium, -ii, n., place of retirement, secret place, solitude; private chapel secreto, adv., apart; silently secretum, -i, n., secret secretus, -a, -um, secret, separate, apart secta, -ae, /., sect sectari, dep., to follow, pursue sectator, -oris, m., follower, pursuer secundare, to direct favorably secundo, adv., a second time secundum, prep., according to secundus, -a, -um, next, second securis, -is, /., axe securitas, -atis, /., safety, security seciirus, -a, -um, secure; steadfast; quiet secus, prep., by, beside, along, near, on, at secus, adv., otherwise sed, conj., but, yet sedare, to soothe, still, calm, appease, settle, assuage sedere, sedi, sessus, to sit sedes, -is, /., place, seat; throne; habi- tation; see sedile, -is, n., seat; station seditio, -onis, /., sedition seditiosus, -a, -um, seditious seditiosus, -i, m., conspirator seducere, -duxi, -ductus, to deceive, seduce seductor, -oris, m., deceiver sedule, adv., diligently sedulitas, -atis, f., watchfulness sedulo, adv., industriously sedulus, -a, -um, diligent, earnest Seduni, -orum, m. pi., Seduni (Helve- tian people near modern Sion in Switzerland) seges, -etis, /., harvest; corn segmentum, -i, n. , piece, shaving segnis, -e, slow, sluggish segnities, -ei, /., slothfulness segregare, to separate Seguntinus, -a, -um, of Siguenza sejungere, -junxi, -junctus, to separate from seligere, -legi, -lectus, to choose Selimus, -i, m., Solyman sella, -ae, /., stool, chair semel, adv., once semen, -inis, n., seed; descendant sementis, -is, /., seed semestris, -e, of six months semetipsum, himself semianimis, -e, half-dead semiduplex, -icis, semi-double semimortuus, -a, -um, half-dead seminare, to sow seminarium, -ii, n., sowing; stock seminator, -oris, m., sower semita, -ae, /., path semitum, gen. pi., seed semiiistus, -a, -um, half -burnt 3 o8 LATIN GRAMMAR -a, -urn, half-alive, half scmivivus, dead semovere, -movi, -motus, to separate; renounce semper, adv., ever, always sempiternus, -a, -um, eternal, everlast- ing Senanus, -i, m., the River Shannon Senarius, -ii, m., Senario senator, -oris, m., senator senatorius, -a, -um, senatorial senatus, -i or -us, m., senate; parlia- ment; college scnecta, -ae, /., old age senectus, -utis, /., old age Senensis, -e, of Siena senere, to be old senescere, -ui, to grow old senex, senis, old; (as a noun) old man, ancient senilis, -e, aged senior, -oris, m., elder, ancient senium, -ii, n., old age sensatus, -a, -um, wise sensus, -us, m., sense, feeling; under- standing, perception, mind sententia, -ae, /., sentence sentina, -ae, /., the hold of a ship or the bilge water in the hold sentire, sensi, sensus, to feel, perceive, experience seorsum, adv., apart, aside separare, to separate separatim, adv., apart, separately separatio, -onis, /., separation sepelire, -ivi or -ii, sepultus, to bury sepes, -is, /., hedge, fence sepire, sepsi, septus, to guard ; fence in seponere, -posui, -positus, to put apart or aside septem, seven septempliciter, adv., sevenfold scptenarius, -a, -um, of the number seven, sevenfold septennis, at the age of seven septentrionalis, -e, north septies, adv., seven times septiformis, -e, sevenfold Septimus, -a, -um, seventh septuagenarius, -a, -um, of seventy years of age Septuagesima: dominica in — , Septu- agesima Sunday septuagies, adv., seventy times septuaginta, seventy Septuaginta, -ae, /., Septuagint septuplum, adv., sevenfold sepulchrum (sepulcrum), -i, n., sepul- cher sepultiira, -ae, /., burial; burying place sequela, -ae, m., follower sequentia, -ae, f., continuation sequestrare, to separate sequi, secutus sum, dep. 3, to follow sequior, -ius, worse; lesser; ad sequioris sexus educationem, for the training of school teachers (lit., for the edu- cation of the lesser sex) sera, -ae, /., bolt seraph (Hebrew), pi. seraphim, ser- aph, seraphim seraphicus, -a, -um, seraphic serenissimus, -a, -um, most serene* sovereign serenitas, -atis, /., clearness, fair weather serenus, -a, -um, serene, bright serere, sevi, satus, to sow series (no gen. or dat.), j., succession serio, adv., seriously serius, adv., more earnestly sermo, -onis, m., word; saying; speech; discourse, sermon sermocinari, dep., to talk, converse scrmocinatio, -onis, /., discussion sero, adv., in the evening serotinus, -a, -um, late; lateward springing LATIN GRAMMAR 309 serpens, -cntis, creeping serpens, -entis, m. and /., serpent serpentinus, -a, -urn, serpentlike scrrans, -antis, like a saw serratus, -a, -urn, saw-toothed; Mons Serratus, Monserrat serta, -ae, /., wreath, garland of flow- ers servarc, to keep, preserve; observe, watch Servator, -oris, m., Savior Servi, -orum, m. pi., Servites scrvilis, -c, servile scrvire, to serve; be obedient; be in bondage servitium, -ii, n., service servitus, -utis, /., servitude, serving, service, bondage, subjection; use servulus, -i, m., young slave or serv- ant, servant-lad scrvus, -i, m., servant, bondman; slave sessio, -onis, /., sitting down sessor, -oris, m., rider Sessorianus, -a, -urn, Sessorian seu, con)., or Sevisium, -ii, n., Sevis sex, six sexagesimal domlnica in — , Sexa- gesima Sunday sexaginta, sixty sexcentesimus, -a, -um, six hundredth sexcenti, -ae, -a, six hundred sexdecim, sixteen sexennalis, -e, of six years sexies, adv., six times scxta, -ae, /., sext Sextias: Aquae Sextiac, -arum, -arum, /. pi., Aix sextus, -a, -um, sixth sextusdecimus, -a, -a, -um, -um, six- teenth sexus, -us, m., sex si, conf., if sibilare, to hiss sibilus, -i, m., hissing Sibylla, -ae, /., Sibyl, a prophetess of Apollo sic, adv., so, thus sicarius, -ii, m., assassin siccarc, to dry up siccitas, -atis, /., dryness, drought siccum, -i, n., desert siccus, -a, -um, dry sicera, -ae, /., a strong drink; cider Sichima, -ae, /., Sichem Skhimi, -orum, tn. pi., people of Si- chem Sicilia, -ae, /., Sicily siclus, -i, m., side sicubi, adv., if anywhere Siculus, -a, -um, Sicilian sicut (sicuti), adv., as, like sidereum, -i, n., heavenly body, star; starry splendor sidereus, -a, -um, starry Sidoni, -orum, m. pi., Sidonians Sidonia, -ae, /., Sidon Sidonius, -a, -um, of Sidon sidus, -cris, n., star sigillatim, adv., one by one sigillativus, -a, -um, of a seal sigillum, -i, n., seal Sigmaringa, -ae, /., Sigmaringen signaculum, -i, n., little seal; seal signanter, adv., carefully; significantly signare, to sign, seal; signify signator, -oris, m., witness signifer, -i, m., standard bearer significare, to signify significatio, -onis, /., warning signum, -i, n., sign, token; miracle; signet silentio, adv., secretly silentium, -ii, n., silence silerc, to be silent silex, -icis, m., rock, flint siliqua, -ae, /., husk silva, -ae, f., wood, forest, groyc 3io LATIN GRAMMAR Silvester, -tris, -tre, woodland Silvester, -tri, m., Sylvester Silvestrfni, -oram, m. pi., Sylvestrines simila, -ae, /., fine flour similare, to liken, compare similis, -e, like, similar similiter, adv., in like manner, like- wise similitudo, -inis, /., likeness, simili- tude; parable simoniacus, -a, -um, pertaining to sim- ony, simoniacal, of the Simonians simplex, -ids, simple, single, pure simplicitas, -atis, /., simplicity simpliciter, adv., simply simplificare, to simplify simul, adv., together, at the same time; withal simulacrum, -i, n., idol simulatio, -onis, /., dissimulation; pre- tense, false show simulator, -oris, m., hypocrite sin, conj., but if Sin a, Sinai Sinae, -arum, /. pi., China sinapis, -is, /., mustard, mustard seed sincere, adv., sincerely sincerus, -a, -um, sincere sindon, -onis, /., linen cloth sine, prep., without sinere, sivi, situs, to suffer, permit, let alone; place singillatim, adv., singly, one by one singularis, -e, unique, remarkable, ex- cellent; single, hand to hand; soli- tary singularitas, -atis, /., oneness singulariter, adv., singularly; alone singulatim, adv., one by one singulus, -a, -um, each (one), every (one) ; per singulos dies, every day; per singula, particularly sinister, -tra, -trum, left; left hand sinus, -us, m., bosom, breast Sipontini, -orum, m. pi., the people of Maria di Siponto siquidem, conj., indeed; for sistere, stiti or steti, status, to stand; to be, become sistrum, -i, n., cornet sitarcium, -ii, n., vessel sitiens, -entis, thirsty sitire, to thirst sitis, -is, /., thirst; drought sive, con]., or; sive . . . sive; either . . . or; whether ... or Slavi, -orum, m. pi., Slavs Slavicus, -a, -um, Slavic Slavonicus, -a, -um, Slavonic smaragdina, -ae, /., emerald smaragdus, -i, m. and /., emerald smegma, -atis, n., washing ball Smyrnaei, -orum, m. pi., Smyrnians Smyrnaeus, -a, -um, of Smyrna soboles, -is, /., offspring sobrie, adv., soberly sobrietas, -atis, /., sobriety sobrius, -a, -um, sober socer, -i, m., father-in-law sociare, to share in; combine societas, -atis, /., society, fellowship, union socius, -a, -um, together, allied socius, -ii, m., companion, ally socordia, -ae, /., indolence socrus, -us, /., mother-in-law sodalis, -is, m., associate; companion, comrade sodalitium, -ii, n., guild Sodoma, -ae, /., Sodom Sodomi, -orum, m. pi., people of So- dom Sodomita, -ae, m. and /., Sodomite sol, -is, m., sun solari, dep., to console Solaris, -e, of the sun, solar solarium, -ii, n., top of a house solatium, -ii, n., solace, comfort LATIN GRAMMAR 3" solemne, -is, n., solemnity, solemn fes- tival solemnis, -e, solemn solemnitas, -atis, /., solemnity solemniter, adv., solemnly Solentini, -onim, m. pi., country of the Solentini, Calabria solere, solitus sum, semidep. 2, to be wont, be accustomed solers, -ertis, adroit, skillful, watchful solerter, adv., skillfully, adroitly, clev- erly soliculo: — monte, Monte Solicolo solidare, to strengthen; found; estab- lish; comfort soliditas, -atis, /., steadfastness; solid- , ity solidus, -a, -um, solid, massy solitarius, -a, -um, solitary, lonely solitarius, -ii, m., solitary; contempla- tive solitiido, -inis, /., solitude, wilderness, desert solium, -ii, n., throne; flue (of a bath- ing tub) sollicitiido, -inis, /., care, carefulness, solicitude sollicitus, -a, -um, solicitous solummodo, adv., only solus, -a, -um, only, alone solutio, -onis, /., loosening; dissolu- tion; freedom solvere, solvi, soliitus, to loose, set free; undo; fulfill; break, destroy; pay back, pay a debt Solymae, -arum, /. pi., Jerusalem Solymus, -a, -um, belonging to Jeru- salem or the Jews Somascha, -ae, /., Somasca somniare, to dream somniator, -oris, m. t dreamer somnium, -ii, n., dream somnolentia, -ac, /., drowsiness somnolentus, -a, -um, sleepy, drowsy somnus, -i, m., sleep sonare, to sound, roar, make a tumult; mean sonitus, -us, m., sound, noise, crash sonorus, -a, -um, loud sons, -ontis, guilty sonus, -i, m., sound, noise sopor, -oris, m., sleep soporare, to put to sleep soporari, dep., to go to sleep Soracte, -is, n., Soracte, now Monte di San Silvestro Sorbonicus, -a, -um, of the Sorbonne sordere, to be filthy sordes, -is, /., dirt, filth, defilement soror, -is, /., sister sors, sortis, f., lot; part; mitterc sor- tem, to cast lots sortiari, dep., to cast lots sortiri, dep., to obtain sortitio, -onis, /., lot sospes, -itis, safe Sosteneus de Sosteneis, -i, m., Sosteneo de' Sostenei spado, -onis, m., eunuch spargere, sparsi, sparsus, to fling, strew sparsim, adv., here and there, scat- tered Spartiani, -orum, m. pi., Spartans Spartiates, -ae, m., Spartan spatharius, -ii, m., sword-bearer spatiosus, -a, -um, great, widespread spatium, -ii, n., space, extent spatula, -ae, /., branch specialis, -e, special, individual, one's own speciatim, adv., especially species, -ei, /., loveliness, beauty; ap- pearance; kind specimen, -inis, n., mark, sign speciosus, -a, -um, beautiful, fair spectaculum, -i, n., gazing-stock, spec- tacle, sight spectarc, to behold 3" LATIN GRAMMAR spcctatrix, -icis, /., spectator speculator, -oris, m., watchman; eye- witness, observer speculum, -i, m., glass, mirror specus, -us, m., /., n., hollow of a rock, cave spelunca, -ac, /., den, cave sperarc, to hope, trust spernere, sprevi, spretus, to disdain, scorn, despise spes, -ei, /., hope spica, -ae, /., ear (of grain) spiculator, -oris, m., executioner spiculum, -i, n., dart, arrow; ray spina, -ae, /., thorn spinetum, -i, n., thorn bush spineus, -a, -um, of thorns spiraculum, -i, n., breath spirare, to breathe spiritalis, -e, spiritual spiritualis, -e, spiritual; spiritualia, n. pi., spirits spiritualiter, adv., spiritually spiritus, -us, m., spirit, ghost; breath; wind splcndescerc, -ui, to shine splendide, adv., sumptuously splendor, -oris, m., brightness, splen- dor spolia, -orum, n. pi., spoils spondere, spopondi, sponsus, to prom- ise solemnly spongia, -ae, /., sponge spons, spontis, /., will, free will sponsa, -ac, /., bride sponsor, -oris, m., sponsor; surety sponsus, -i, m., bridegroom, spouse spontanee, adv., freely, willingly sponte, adv., voluntarily sporta, -ae, f., basket sportula, -ae, /., basket spuma, -ae, /., foam «pumare, to foam, foam at the mouth spurcitia, -ae, /., filthiness spurius, -a, -um, baseborn sputum, -i, n., spittle squalidus, -a, -um, rough, bad look- ing squalor, -oris, m., roughness, neglect squama, -ae, /., scale squamatus, -a, -um, with scales Squillacum, -i, n., Squillace stabilire, to establish stabilis, -e, steadfast stabilitas, -atis, /., firm foundation stabularius, -ii, m., innkeeper, host stabulum, -i, n., inn stacte, -es, /., oil of myrrh, myrrh stadium, -ii, n., race course; race; fur- long stagnum, -i, n., pool; lake stannum, -i, n., tin stare, steti, status, to stand, stand still statera, -ae, /., balance, scales Statielli, -orum, m. pL, people of Li- guria statim, adv., immediately, presently statio, -onis, /., station; garrison; an- chorage statua, -ac, /., statue statuarius, -ii, m„ sculptor statuere, -ui, -utus, to set, place, sta- tion; charge against statiira, -ae, /., stature, form status, -us, m., state; position statutus, -a, -um, appointed Stella, -ae, /., star stellatus, -a, -um, starry stellifer, -a, -um, starry Stephanus, -i, m., Stephen stercus, -coris, n., dung; dunghill sterilis, -e, barren, unfruitful sterilitas, -atis, /., barrenness sternere, stravi, stratus, to spread; fur- nish; saddle stcrquilinium, -ii, n., dunghill stertere, to snore stibium, -ii, n., antimony, stibic stone LATIN GRAMMAR 3i3 stigma, -atis, n., stigma (pi., stigmata) stilla, -ae, /., drop stillare, to drop, drip stillicidium, -ii, n., raindrop stimulus, -i, m., sting, goad stipare, to surround, compass about stipendium, -ii, n., recompense; stipen- dia, n. pi., wages stipes, -itis, m., stem, trunk of a tree stipula, -ae, /., stubble, straw stirps, -pis, /., stock stiva, -ae, /., plow handle stola, -ae, /., robe stomachus, -i, m., stomach storax, -acis, /., storax strages, -is, /., slaughter, massacre stragulatus, -a, -urn, made of tapestry stramen, -inis, n., straw, litter stramentum, -i, n., straw strangulare, to strangle stratum, -i, n., bed Stremotium, -ii, n., Estremoz strenue, adv., resolutely strenuus, -a, -urn, vigorous; steadfast strepitus, -us, m., din stricte, adv., severely strictim, adv., briefly strictus, -a, -um, tight, close; strict, severe stridere, stridi, to gnash Strido, -onis, /., Sdrigni stridor, -oris, m., gnashing Strigoniensis, -e, of Gran stringere, strinxi, strictus, to hold tight stropha, -ae, /., strophe strophium, -ii, n., girdle structor, -oris, m., builder structiira, -ae, /., building strues, -is, /., pile struthio, -onis, m., ostrich studere, to strive, be zealous; study stiidium, -ii, n., doing, striving; prac- tice, deed stultiloquium, -ii, n., foolish talking stultitia, -ae, /., foolishness stultus, -a, -um, foolish; stulta, n. pi., foolish things stupefactus, -a, -um, amazed stupere, to be amazed, be struck, be astonished stupor, -oris, m., astonishment stuppa, -ae, /., tow stuprum, -i, n., ravishing, violation, lewdness stylus, -i, m., pen suadere, suasi, suasus, to exhort Suana, -ae, /., Soana or Ravacum suasor, -oris, m., adviser suasus, -us, m., persuasion suavidicus, -a, -um, soft, sweet suavis, -e, sweet, kind, good suavitas, -atis, /., sweetness, goodness suaviter, adv., sweetly sub, prep., under subarrhare, to give earnest money, pledge subaudire, to hear, heed subcinericius: panis — , hearth cake siibdere, -didi, -ditus, to subject subdiaconus, -i, m., subdeacon subditus, -i, m., subject, servant; lay- man subdiu, adv., in the open air stibdolus, -a, -um, deceitful subesse, -fui, to be under subinde, adv., immediately subindicare, to point out, indicate subinferre, -intuli, -illatus, to say, add subintelligere, -lexi, -lectus, to under- stand subintrare, to enter into subintroire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to enter stealthily subire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to go up subitatio, -onis, /., suddenness subito, adv., suddenly, unexpectedly subjacere, to lie under, be subject to subjectio, -onis, /., yielding; subjection 3M LATIN GRAMMAR subjfccrc, -jcci, -jectus, (io), to set, place or put under; subdue, subject subjugalis, -e, used to the yoke subjugare, to subject subjungere, -junxi, -junctus, to say again, add, add to; unite to Sublacum, -i, n., Subiaco sublevare, to lift up; exalt sublimare, to exalt aublimis, -e, lofty, sublime; on high; sublimia, n. pi., lofty things sublimitas, -atis, /., height; high sta- tion; excellency submergere, -mersi, -mersus, to sink, be drowned subministrare, to minister subministratio, -onis, /., ministration; aid; supply submovere, -movi, -motus, to move or put away from subniger, -gra, -grum, somewhat black subobscurus, -a, -um, somewhat dark or obscure subornare, to instigate secretly subrepere, -repsi, -reptus, to creep in subreptio, -onis, /., deceit subridere, -risi, -risus, to smile subnibeus, -a, -um, somewhat reddish subsannare, to mock, deride, have in derision subsannatio, -onis, /., scorn, derision subsedere, -sedi, -sessus, to rest against or under subsequi, -seciitus sum, dep. 3, to fol- low after subsidiarius, -a, -um, subsidiary subsidium, -ii, n., help, aid subsistere, -stiti, to stand; withstand substantia, -ae, /., nature, substance; sure standing substantialiter, adv., in substance, sub- stantially substantive, adv., in substance, actu- ally substernere, -stravi, -stratus, to strew; spread out subter, adv. and prep., under, beneath subterfugere, -fugi, (io), to evade, shun; spare subterfugium, -ii, n., subterfuge, de- ceit subtexere, -texui, -textus, to subjoin, add subtus, adv. and prep., under suburbanum, -i, n., suburb subvehere, -vexi, -vectus, to bring up from below subvenire, -veni, -ventus, to come in, upon or up to; relieve, assist subversio, -onis, /., ruin, destruction subversor, -oris, m., destroyer subvertere, -verti, -versus, to pervert; upset, overthrow; destroy succendere, -cendi, -census, to heat; kindle; burn successor, -oris, m., successor successus, -us, m., succession, succes- sive change succidere, -cidi, -cisus, to cut off or down succinum, -i, n., amber succlamare, to cry again succrescere, -crevi, -cretus, to grow, increase succurrere, -curri, -cursus, to succor., aid succursus, -us, m., help succus, -i, m., juice, sap sudarium, -ii, ?j., napkin Suecia, -ae, /., Sweden Suevia, -ae, /., Svvabia sufTerentia, -ae, /., patience suflferre, to suffer, bear suflficere, -feci, -fectus, (io), to be enough, be sufficient sufficienter, adv., enough, sufficiently suificientia, -ae, /., sufficiency, content- ment LATIN GRAMMAR 3!5 suffbcare, to choke, strangle, throttle suffodere, -fodi, -fossus, (io), to dig up suffragans, -antis, favorable, helping sufTragari, dep., to approve; aid sufrragatio, -onis, /., prayer suffragium, -ii, n., suffrage, vote, sup- port suffulcire, -fulsi, -fultus, to support, support beneath siigcre, suxi, suctus, to suck suggerere, -gessi, -gestus, to bring to mind; acid sulcus, -i, m., furrow sulphur, -uris, n., brimstone Sulpitianus, -a, -urn, of St. Sulpice sum (esse), I am sumere, sumpsi, sumptus, to take, re- ceive, obtain summa: in — , on the whole summatim, adv., briefly, in short summc, adv., highly, greatly summitas, -atis, /., top summittere (submittere), -misi, -mis- sus, to let down summopere, adv., highly, exceedingly; ardently summum, -i, n., top, summit; end; brim summus, -a, -urn, highest, chief; sum- mae manus, extremities of the hands sumptus, -us, m., cost, charges Sunamitis, -idis, m. and /., Sunamite supellex, -lectilis, /., furniture super, prep., on, upon; above, over; toward; concerning superabundanter, adv., more abun- dantly superadiiltus, -a, -um, grown up superaedificare, to build up superare, to overcome; be left over, remain superbia, -ae, /., pride superbire, to be proud superbus, -a, -um, proud supercadere, -cecidi, to fall upon or over supercaelestis, -e, more than heavenly supercertari, dep., to contend supercilium, -ii, n., brow; arrogance supereffluens, -entis, overflowing supereffluere, -fluxi, to run over, over- flow supereminens, -entis, surpassing, un- surpassable supereminere, to excel supererogare, to spend over and above superesse, -fui, to remain over and above superextendere, -tendi, -tensus and -tentus, to stretch over, cover superexaltare, to exalt greatly superextollere, to exalt above superferre, -tuli, -latus, to carry over; excel superficies, -ei, /., surface, face superfluitas, -atis, /., excess, superflu- ity superfluus, -a, -um, superfluous supergaudere, to rejoice over supergloriosus, -a, -um, exceedingly glorious supergredi, -gressus sum, dep. 3, to go over; surpass; overreach superimpendere, -pendi, -pensus, to spend superimplere, -plevi, -pletus, to fill to overflowing superinduere, -ui, -utus, to put on over superior, -ius, upper superius, adv., higher superlaudabilis, -e, exceedingly to be praised superliminaria, n. pi., upper door posts superlucrare, to gain more or over and above supernus, -a, -um, heavenly, celestial; above superplenus, -a, -um, brimful 3x6 LATIN GRAMMAR superponere, -posui, -positus, to lay over superscriptio, -onis, /., superscription superseminare, to oversow supersperare, to hope or trust in greatly superstitiosus, -a, -um, superstitious siiperus, -a, -um, higher, upper; su- preme; divine siiperus, -i, m., divine being, angel supervacaneus, -a, -um, superfluous supervacue, adv., without cause supervenire, to come in or upon, over- take superventurus, -a, -um, coming, ap- proaching supervestire, to put clothes upon, clothe supinus, -a, -um, lying upon the back suppeditare, to give abundantly suppeterc, -ivi and -ii, -itus, to be pres- ent, be in store supplantare, to supplant; overthrow supplantatio, -onis, /., treachery supplementum, -i, «., supply, rein- forcement supplere, -plevi, -pletus, to supply; use supplex, -icis, suppliant, low supplicare, to beseech humbly supplicatio, -onis, /., supplication, prayer suppliciter, adv., suppliantly, humbly supplicium, -ii, n., punishment supponere, -possui, -positus, to hold or put under supportare, to bear, bear with supra, prep., over, above, upon supradictus, -a, -um, aforesaid supremus, -a, -um, last supputare, to count, compute surculus, -i, m., branch surdus, -a, -um, deaf; surdi, pi., the deaf surgere, surrexi, surrectus, to rise up, arise surripere, -ripui, -reptus, (io), to steal away; happen to; take by stealth surrogare, to grant sursum, adv., upward, above; — corda, lift up the hearts susceptio, -onis, /., receiving; protec- tion susceptor, -oris, receptive susceptor, -oris, m., taker up, receiver; protector suscipere, -cepi, -ceptus, (io), to re- ceive; undertake; uphold suscitare, to raise up, raise to life, awake suspendere, -pendi, -pensus, to hang UP suspensio, -onis, f., suspension suspicari, dep., to suspect; dread suspicere, -spexi, -spectus, (io), to look UP , . suspicio, -onis, /., suspicion suspirare, to sigh, long for suspirium, -ii, n., sigh; desire sustentaculum, -i, n., prop, support sustentare, to maintain, support sustentatio, -onis, /., deferring, delay; forbearance sustentator, -oris, m., supporter sustinentia, -ae, /., enduring sustinere, -tinui, -tentus, to sustain, endure, undergo; stand, wait for, wait upon; abide; rely sustollere, to lift up susurrare, to murmur, whisper susurrus, -i, m., whisperer Sutrinus, -a, -um, of Sutri suus, -a, -um, his, her, hers, it, its, their, theirs Sweynus, -i, m., Sweyn Sybillinus, -a, -um, Sibylline sycomorus, -i, /., sycamore tree sycophanta, -ae, m., sycophant, flat- terer Sylla (Sulla), -ae, m., Sulla LATIN GRAMMAR 3i7 syllaba, -ae, /., syllabic symbolum, -i, n., symbol; creed symphonia, -ae, /., music, symphony Symphorianus, -i, m., Symphorian synagoga, -ae, /., synagogue, congre- gation, assembly Synicensis, -e, of Synica synodicus, -a, -urn, synodal synodus, -i, /., synod, council Syraciisae, -arum, /. pi., Syracuse Syracusanus, -a, -urn, of Syracuse Syri, -orum, m. pi., Syrians Syrophoenissus, -a, -urn, Syrophoeni- cian syrtis, -is, /., sandbank Syrus, -a, -um, Syrian systema, -atis, n., system tabernaculum, -i, n., tabernacle; dwell- ing; tent tabescere, -ui, to melt; languish, pine away tabid us, -a, -um, decaying, melting tabula, -ae, /., writing-tablet tabulatum, -i, n., board tacere, to be silent, hold one's peace taciturnitas, -atis, /., silence tacitus, -a, -um, silent tactus, -us, m., touch; blemish taeda, -ae, /., torch taedere, taeduit, impers, 2, to be heavy; be disgusted taedium, -ii, n., weariness, heaviness, care talaris, -e, reaching to the ankles; tunica — , outside coat talentum, -i, n., talent (a sum of money, about $1,000) talio, -onis, /., retaliation talis, -e, such talker, adv., thus, so talus, -i, m., ankle tarn, adv., so, to such a degree tamdiu, adv., so long tamen, adv., yet, nevertheless tametsi, con]., although tamquam (tanquam), adv., like, as, just as, as it were Tanchelmus, -i, m., Tanchelm tangere, tetigi, tactus, to touch tantisper, adv., meanwhile tantummodo, adv., only tantus, -a, -um, such, so much, so great, of such size; only; tanto . . . quanto, so much ... as Tarascum, -i, n., Tarascon Tarbiensis, -e, of Tarbes tardare, to delay, tarry tarditas, -atis, f., slowness tardus, -a, -um, slow Tarpejus, -a, -um, Tarpeian Tarracina, -ae, /., Terracina Tarraconensis, -e, of Tarragona Tarsensis, -e, of Tarsus tartarus, -i, m., hell Tarvisinus, -a, -um, of Treviso Tarvisium, -ii, n., Treviso Taurinas: Aquae Taurinae, -arum, -arum, /. pi., Acquapendentc Taurunensis, -e, of Belgrade taurus, -i, m., bull, bullock, ox; beef tectum, -i, n., roof, house top tegere, texi, tectus, to cover tegmen, -inis, n., shelter tegula, -ae, /., tile tegumentum, -i, n., covering; shadow teipsum, thyself tela, -ae, /., web; warp (of cloth) telonearius, -ii, m., tax collector telum, -i, n., dart tellus, -uris, /., earth temeritas, -atis, /., rashness temetipsum, thyself; propter — , for thy own sake temperamentum, -i, n., tempered mor- tar 3 i8 LATIN GRAMMAR temperare, to be temperate; learn to avoid; mingle; govern temperatura, -ae, /., tempering temperies, -ei, /., tempering; refresh- ment tempestas, -atis, /., storm templum, -i, n., temple, church temporalis, -e, temporal, earthly temporaliter, adv., temporally; in time temporaneus, -a, -um, early, timely tempus, -oris, n., time; season; quanto tempore, as long as; ad tempus, for a while; quatuor temporum, of Em- ber week temulentus, -a, -um, drunk tenax, -acis, niggardly; firm, steadfast tendere, tetendi, tentus or tensus, to stretch, extend; direct one's course; conform one's life tendicula, -ae, /., snare tenebrae, -arum, /. pi., darkness tenebricosus, -a, -um, dark tcnebrosus, -a, -um, dark tener, -a, -um, tender tenere, -ui, tentus, to hold, have, pos- sess, keep teneritudo, -inis, /., tenderness tenor, -oris, m., course tentamentum, -i, n., trial tentare, to tempt; prove tentatio, -onis, /., temptation tentator, -oris, m., tempter tentorium, -ii, n., tent; hanging, drap- ery tenuare, to lessen, diminish tenuis, -c, small, little, weak tepefacrus, -a, -um, warm Tepejacensis, -e, of Tepeyac tepescere, -ui, to become tepid or luke- warm ter, adv., thrice tercenties, adv., three hundred times terebinthus, -i, /., terebinth or turpen- tine tree; Terebinth terere, trivi, tritus, to rub away; smooth; bruise, afflict Teresia, -ae, /., Theresa tergere, tersi, tersus, to wipe tergum, -i, n., back terminus, -i, m., end; border, boun- dary; quarter terni, -ae, -a, three, three apiece terra, -ae, /., earth, ground, land; dust terraemotus, -us, m., earthquake terrenus, -a, -um, earthly; terrena, n. pi., earthly things terrere, to frighten, affright, terrify terrester, -tris, -tre, earthly; on earth terreus, -a, -um, earthly terribilis, -e, terrible, fearful terribiliter, adv., fearfully terrigena, -ae, c, earthborn terror, -oris, m., terror tertia, -ae, /., terce tertio, adv., a third time tertius, -a, -um, third tertiusdecimus, -a, -a, -um, -um, thir- teenth tessera, -ae, /., token, distinguishing mark testa, -ae, /., clay; potsherd testaceus, -a, -um, of brick or tile testamentum, -i, n., testament, cove- nant testari, dep., to testify, bear witness testator, -oris, m., one that makes a will, testator testificare, to witness testificari, dep., to testify; charge testificatio, -onis, /., witness, testimony testimonium, -ii, n., witness, evidence testis, -is, m., a witness testula, -ae, /., potsherd teter, -tra, -trum, foul, filthy, hideous teth, the ninth letter of the Hebrew alphabet, corresponding to English / tetrarcha, -ae, in., tetrarch texens, -entis, m., weaver LATIN GRAMMAR 319 texere, -ui, textus, to weave textrlnus, -a, -urn, weaving textus, -us, m., context Thaboriti, -orum, m. pi., Thaborites thalamus, -i, m., bedroom, bridal chamber Tharsaeas, -ae, m., Tharseas Tharsis, Tartessus thaumatiirgus, -i, m., wonderworker Theatinus, -a, -um, of Chieti theatrum, -i, n., theater; show Thebaei, -orum, m. pL, Thebans Thebais, -idis, /., Thebes theca, -ae, /., case, covering, sheath Thecuitis, -is, of Thecua thema, -atis, n., theme Theobaldus, -i, m., Theobald Theodoricus, -i, m., Theodoric Theodorus, -i, Theodore theologia, -ae, /., theology theologicus, -a, -um, theological theologus, -i, m., theologian Theopaschitae, -arum, m. pL, Thco- paschites Theresia, -ae, /., Theresa thesaurizare, to heap as a treasure, lay up treasure thesaurus, -i, m., treasure; treasury, storehouse Thesbites, -is, m., Thesbite Thessalonicenses, -ium, m. pi., Thessa- lonians Theutonicus, -a, -um, German Thienaeus, -a, -um, of Tiene thorax, -acis, m., breast plate Thracia, -ae, /., Thrace Thracius, -a, -um, Thracian thronus, -i, m., throne thorus (torus), -i, m., bed, marriage couch thuribulum, -i, n., censer thus, thuris, n., frankincense thyinus, -a, -um, of the thyine tree tiara, -ae, /., cap, dara Tiberinus, -a, -um, of the Tiber Tiberis, -is, m., the Tiber River tibia, -ae, /., shinbone; leg; pipe, flute tibicen, -mis, m., piper, minstrel Tibilitanus, -a, -um, of Tibilis Tiburtinus, -a, -um, Tiburtine; of Ti- voli Ticinum, -i, n., Ticino; Pavia tignum, -i, n., beam tigris, -is, m., tiger timere, to fear, be afraid timidus, -a, -um, fearful timor, -oris, m., fear, terror timoratus, -a, -um, devout Timotheus, -i, m., Timothcus, Tim- othy tinctura, -ae, /., dye, dyeing tinea, -ae, /., moth tingere, tinxi, tinctus, to dye tinnire, to tinkle Tirconailia, -ae, /., Tirconail tirocinium, -ii, n., noviceship, noviti- ate; apprenticeship titio, -onis, m., firebrand titubare, to stagger; waver titularis, -e, titular titulus, -i, m., title; inscription; pledge Tolentinum, -i, n., Tolentino tolerabilis, -e, bearable, light tolerare, to bear Toletanus, -a, -um, of Toledo tollere, siistuli, sublatus, to lift up; take away; hold in suspense Tolosa, -ae, /., Toulouse Tolosanus, -a, -um, of Toulouse Tolosa tes, -ium, m. pi., people of Tou- louse tomus, -i, m., volume tonare, -ui, to resound; thunder tondens, -entis, m., shearer tondere, totondi, tonsus, to shear tonitruum, -i, n., thunder tonsiira, -ae, /., tonsure topazion (topazus), -i, n., topaz 320 LATIN GRAMMAR torcular, -aris, n., wine or oil press tormentum, -i, n., torment; engine; — bellicum, gun, blunderbuss (lit., war engine) torpere, to be torpid, listless or slug- gish torpor, -oris, m., dullness, torpor torquere, torsi, tortus, to twist; tor- ment torquis, -is, m. and /., collar, chain torrens, -entis, m., torrent, brook, stream torrere, -ui, tostus, to burn, roast, parch torta, -ae, /., roll tortor, -oris, m., tormenter, torturer torus, -i, m., bed, marriage couch tot, adv., so many totaliter, adv., wholly totidem, just as many, so many totus, -a, -um, all, the whole; per to- tum, throughout trabea, -ae, /., robe trabs, -is, /., beam tractabilis, -e, that can be handled, manageable tractare, to treat; behave toward; cele- brate tractatus, -us, m., tract, treatise tradere, -didi, -ditus, to deliver up; betray traditio, -onis, /., surrender; tradition traditor, -oris, m., betrayer, traitor traducere, -duxi, -ductus, to lead; ex- pose publicly tradux, -ucis, m., transmission; tradi- tion tragoedia, -ae, /., tragic scene trahere, traxi, tractus, to draw, drag; contract; catch Trajanus, -i, m., Trajan Trallenses, -ium, m. pi., Trallians trames, -itis, m., crossroad, course, road, path tranquillare, to pacify, to make calm or still tranquillitas, -atis, /., calm, tranquil- lity tranquillius, adv., peacefully tranquillus, -a, -um, tranquil trans, prep., over, across, beyond, on the other side of transcensus, -us, m., passage transferre, -tuli, -latus, to move, re- move; transform; translate transfigere, -fixi, -fixus, to pierce transfigurare, to transfigure transfiguratio, -onis, /., transfiguration transfixio, -onis, /., piercing transformativus, -a, -um, transforming transfossus, -a, -um, pierced transfretare, to pass over; cross the sea transgredi, -gressus sum, dep. $ (io), to transgress; pass over transgressor, -oris, m., transgressor transigere, -egi, -actus, to get along transilire, -ui, -ivi, and -ii, to leap or skip over transire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to pass through, go over or across to; pass by or away; depart hence transitorius, -a, -um, passing, transitory transitus, -us, m., a passing over or by; passage; brink translatio, -onis, /., transferring; trans- lation transmeare, to go or come across transmigrare, to flee transmigrate, -onis, /., carrying away; transmigration transmittere, -misi, -missus, to send transmutare, to change, turn transmutatio, -onis, /., change transplantare, to plant transvadere, to ford, pass over transvehere, -vexi, -vectus, to carry over, convey transverberare, to pierce, transfix LATIN GRAMMAR 321 transversim, adv., across; obliquely transvertere, -verti, -versus, to over- turn Trebnicensis, -e, of Trebnitz trecenti, -ae, -a, three hundred tredecim, thirteen tremefactus, -a, -um, terrified tremendus, -a, -um, tremendous, aw- ful tremere, -ui, to tremble tremor, -oris, m., fear, trembling trepidare, to be busy; swarm about; be afraid; tremble tres, three Treveri, -orum, m. pi., Treves (Trier) Trias, -adis, /., Trinity tribuere, -ui, -utus, to give, grant tribulans, -antis, m., oppressor tribulare, to afflict tribulari, dep., to be in trouble tribulatio, -onis, /., tribulation, trouble tribulus, -i, m., thorn, brier, thistle tribunal, -is, n., place of judgment tribunus, -i, m., tribune; captain over a thousand men tribus, -us, m., tribe tributum, -i, n., tribute tricari, dep., to trifle tricesimus, -a, -um, thirtieth triclinium, -ii, n., parlor; bedcham- ber; stewardship, charge of the table tridens, -entis, having three teeth or prongs Tridentinus, -a, -um, of Trent triduanus, -a, -um, of three days triduo, adv., three days triduum, -i, n., a space of three days triennalis, -e, three years triennium, -ii, n., space of three years trig'isimus, -a, -um, thirtieth triginta, thirty trini, -ae, -a, three each; thrice Trinitas, -atis, /. Trinity trinus, -a, -um, three, trine, triune triplex, -icis, threefold triplicate, to triple tripudiare, to dance triremis, -is, /., galley tristari, dep., to be sad tristega, -ae, /., sewer tristis, -e, sad, sorrowful, cast down tristitia, -ae, /., sorrow triticeus, -a, -um, wheaten triticum, -i, n., wheat tritura, -ae, /., threshing triturare, to thresh triumphare, to triumph triumphator, -oris, m., conqueror triumphus, -i, m., triumph Troas, -adis, m., Troas trophaeum, -i, n., trophy; monument of victory; triumph trucidare, to cut to pieces, slay tnidere, trusi, trusus, to push, thrust truncus, -i, m., trunk, stump truncus, -a, -um, maimed, mutilated trux, -cis, savage, rough, grim Tryphonis, -is, m., Tryphon tu, thou tuba, -ae, /., trumpet Tuder, -ertis, /., Todi tueri, tiiitus and tutus sum, dep. 2, to protect, uphold, defend tugurium, -ii, n., peasant's hut; lodge tuitio, -onis, /., protection, defense turn, adv., then, at that time; turn . . . turn, at one time. . . .at an- other time; now . . . now tumere, to swell, be swollen; be puffed up ^ tumetipse, you yourself tumidus, -a, -um, puffed up tumor, -oris, m., tumor, swelling; pride, bombast tumulare, to bury tumultuare (-ari), to make a tumult tumultuarie, adv., suddenly, in a dis- orderly manner 322 LATIN GRAMMAR tumultus, -us, m., tumult tumulus, -i, ra., grave tunc, adv., then; ex tunc, from olden times Tuniatus Mons, -i, -tis, m. t Montagnate tunica, -ae, /., coat; shirt tiinsio, -onis, /., striking, b<*. :;ting turba, -ae, /., crowd, multitude turbare, to trouble, disturb turbatio, -onis, /., fear turben, -inis, n., whirlwind tiirbidus, -a, -urn, confused, dl. c o dered turbo, -inis, m., gale, whirlwind Turcae, -arum, m. pi., Turks turma, -ae, /., squadron, troop Turonensis, -e, of Tours Turoni, -orum, m. pi., Tours; Plessis- les-Tours turpis, -e, filthy, foul; shameful turpitudo, -inis, /., obscenity; disgrace turris, -is, /., tower Turris Formosa, -is, -ae, /., Torre Hermosa turtur, -uris, m., turtle dove tutamentum, -i, n., safety tutare, to defend tutela, -ae, /., safety, guard, protection turor, -oris, m., tutor tuus, -a, -um, thy, thine tympanistria, -ae, /., accompaniment of a timbrel; a female drummer tympanum, -i, n., drum, timbrel typice, adv., prefiguratively typicus, -i, m., figure, emblem typicus, -a, -um, typical typus, -i, m., type, figure tyrannis, -idis, /., tyrannical act or command; tyranny tyrannus, -i, m., ruler, tyrant Tyrii, -orum, m. pi., Tyrians tyrocinium, -ii, n., novitiate, ap- prenticeship Tyrrhenus, -a, -um, Etruscan Tyrus, -i, /., Tyre U uber, -eris, n., breast, pap uber, -eris, fruitful, rich ubertas, -atis, f., fullness, fruitfulness, abundance libertim, adv., abundantly ubi, adv., where, when libinam, adv., where ubique, adv., everywhere, in all places udus, -a, -um, moist; tearful Ugiiccio Uguccionum, -onis, m., Uguccio de' Uguccioni ulceratus, -a, um, covered with sores ulcisci, ultus sum, dep. 3, to avenge ulcus, -eris, n., boil, sore, ulcer ullus, -a, -um, any ulna, -ae, /., arm liltimus, -a, -um, farthest, last ultio, -onis, /., revenge, vengeance ultor, -oris, m., avenger ultra, adv., furthur, beyond; any more Ultrajectensis, -e, of Utrecht Ultra jectum, -i, n., Utrecht ultro, adv., spontaneously, of itself ululatus, -us, m., wailing Ulyssipo, -onis, /., Lisbon Umber, -bra, -brum, Umbrian Umber, -bri, m., the H umber River umbilicus, -i, m., navel umbra, -ae, /., shadow, shade umbraculum, -i, n., shade, bower, covert umbrosus, -a, -um, shady; Umbrosa Valles, -ae, -is, /., Vallombrosa umquam, adv., ever, at any time unanimis, -e, of one mind unanimiter, adv., with one accord unanimus, -a, -um, unanimous, of one mind, with one voice lincia, -ae, /., ounce linctio, -onis, /., unction, anointing unda, -ae, /., wave; water, moisture; stream LATIN GRAMMAR 323 unde, adv., wherefore, thence, where- upon; whence undequaquam, adv., from everywhere undecim, eleven undecimus, -a, -urn, eleventh undique, adv., on all sides, on every side lingere, unxi, unctus, to anoint unguentaria, -ae, /., maker of un- guents, confectionery unguentum, -i, n., ointment unguis, -is, m., nail, claw ungula, -ae, /., hoof; claw, talon; onyx unica, -ae, /., only one, darling unicornis, -is, m., unicorn unicus, -a, -urn, only, alone, lonely unigena, -ae, m., only-begotten unigenitus, -a, -urn, only-begotten unio, -onis, /., union unire, to unite unitas, -atis, /., unity universalis, -e, universal universitas, -atis, /., wholeness, com- pleteness; the whole world, the uni- verse; university; company universum, -i, n., the whole world, the universe nniversus, -a, -urn, all, entire unquam, adv., ever, at any time unus, -a, -urn, one; in unum, as one, together, in unity; unus post unum, one by one; una cum, together with unusquisque, every one urbanitas, -atis, /., good breeding Urbanus, -i, m., Urban Urbinas, -atis, of Urbino urbs, urbis, /., city, town Urbs, -bis, /., Rome urceus, -i, m., earthenware jug, pitcher, vessel urere, ussi, ustus, to burn; (in the passive voice) to be on fire urgere, ursi, to press hard, be urgent; to shut Uritanum, -i, n., Oria urna, -ae, /.. pot Ursianus, -a, -um, Ursian ursus, -i, m., bear lirtica, -ae, /., nettle usitare, to use usque, adv., as far as, over to, all the way; — ad, even until usquequaque, adv., everywhere; ut- terly usquequo, adv., how long? wherefore? ustulare, to singe, burn usura, -ae, /., usury; interest usurpare, to make use of; assert one*s right to; usurp usus, -us, m., use ut (uti), con j., that, in order that; as; after, when; — quid, to what pur- pose? why? utcumque, adv., however; after a sort utensilia, -orum, n. pi., utensils, fur- nishings uter, -tris, m., wine-skin uterinus, -a, -um, of the same mother uterque, -tra, -trum, each of two, both uterus, -i, m., and uterum, -i, »., womb utilis, -e, profitable utilitas, -atis, /., benefit, profit utiliter, adv., usefully utinam, adv., would that! oh that! utique, adv., indeed, doubtless litpote, adv., inasmuch as, since utrinque, adv., on both sides, in both cases utrobique, adv., in both places, on both sides; both . . . and utrum, adv., whether uva, -ae, /., grape, a bunch of grapes Uvada, -ae, /., Ovada uxor, -oris, /., wife 3*4 LATIN GRAMMAR vacans, -antis, empty, vacant vacare, to desist, leave off vacca, -ae, /., cow; — foeta, milch cow vacillare, to doubt vaciiitas, -atis, /., vanity vacuus, -a, -urn, empty, void; in vacuum, in vain vadere, to go vae! inter]., woe! vafer, -fra, -frum, crafty, sly vagina, -ae, /., scabbard, sheath vagire, to whimper, cry vagus, -a, -urn, wandering, harborless vagus, -i, m., wanderer, vagrant, tramp vah! {inter j. of contempt), oh! ah! bah! valde, adv., greatly, exceedingly valenter, adv., strongly; with a strong voice Valentia, -ae, /., Valencia Valentinus, -a, -um, of Valencia Valentinus, -i, m., Valentine valere, to be well or strong; have strength; be able; be worthy Valerianus, -i, m., Valerian Valesii, -orum, m. pi., Valois Valesius, -a, -um, of Valois; Felix — , icis, -ii, m., Felix de Valois valetudinarium, -ii, n., hospital valetudo, -inis, /., health, strength valide, adv., strongly, powerfully validus, -a, -um, mighty vallare, to enclose, make a hedge about; fortify; besiege valiis (-es), -is, /., valley, vale Vallisoletum, -i, n., Valladolid vallum, -i, n., trench valvae, -arum, /. pi., doors Vandali, -orum, m. pi., Vandals Vandalus, -i, m., the Vistula River vane, adv., vainly, in vain vaniloquium, -ii, n., vain babbling vaniloquus, -i, m., vain talker vanitas, -atis, /., vanity, vain thing vanus, -a, -um, vain; vana, n. pi., vain things vapor, -oris, m., vapor vaporare, to perfume vapulare, to cry out; be beaten Varailus, -i, m., Varallo varie, adv., variously, in various ways varietas, -atis, /., variety, changing thing varius, -a, -um, various, varied, divers vas, vasis (pi., vasa, -orum), n., vessel; vasa psalmi, harps vasculum, -i, n., small vessel Vastanensis, -e, of Vadstena vastare, to spoil, lay waste vastator, -oris, m., destroyer vastitas, -atis, /., waste, desolation vastus, -a, -um, vast vates, -is, m., prophet, seer Vaticanus, -i, m., Vatican vaticinare, to prophesy vaticinium, -ii, n., prophecy, revelation vau, the sixth letter of the Hebrew alphabet, corresponding to English w -ve, enclitic, or vecordia, -ae, /., foolishness, folly vectatio, -onis, /., carrying vectigal, -alis, n., revenue, custom; rent vectis, -is, m., bar, bolt, stave vector, -oris, m., sailor, passenger vegetare, to stir up, quicken, nourish vegetatio, -onis, /., new life vegetus, -a, -um, strong, vigorous vehemens, -entis, mighty, violent vehementer, adv., greatly, exceedingly vehiculum, -i, n., conveyance; chariot Veitiirium, -ii, n., Voltaggio vel, con]., or velamen, -inis, n., veil, cloak velamentum, -i, n., veil; shelter LATIN GRAMMAR 3 2 5 velare, to cover; blindfold Velaunus, -a, -um, of Vclay Veldkirchium, -ii, n., Feldkirch Veliternus, -a, -um, Velletri velle (volo), volui, to desire, wish, will; like, be pleased, delight in; choose; mean vellere, velli or vulsi, vulsus, to pluck vellus, -eris, n., fleece velociter, adv., swiftly, speedily velox, -oris, swift velum, i, n., veil; sail velut, adv., like, as vena, -ae, /., vein venalis, -e, for sale venans, -antis, m., fowler, hunter venatio, -onis, /., hunting; venison venator, -oris, m., hunter venatus, -us, m., hunting vendere, -didi, -ditus, to sell venditio, -onis, /., selling veneficium, -ii, n., witchcraft veneficus, -i, m., sorcerer, wizard venenatus, -a, -um, poisonous, veno- mous, envenomed venenosus, -a, -um, venomous venenum, -i, n., poison venerabilis, -e, venerable venerandus, -a, -um, venerable venerare (-ari), to hold in honor, venerate, worship veneratio, -onis, /., honor Venetia, -ae, /., Vannes Venetiae, -arum, /. pi., Venice Venetus, -a, -um, Venetian venia, -ae, /., pardon veniabilis, -e, pardonable venire, veni, ventus, to come venire, -ivi (-ii), -itus, to be sold venter, -tris, m., womb; belly; bowels ventilare, to toss, scatter; winnow ventitare, to come often ventiirus, -a, -um, to come, coming ventus, -i, m., wind venumdare, -dedi, -datus, to sell Venus, -eris, /., Venus venustas, -atis, /., beauty vepres, -is, m., briar, briar bush ver, -is, n., spring veraciter, adv., truly, truthfully verax, -acis, true, truthful; {as a noun) a true speaker Veranus, -a, -um, of Verus, Veranian verber, -eris, n., blow, lash, stripe; lashing, scourging verberare, to beat verberatio, -onis, /., chastisement verbosus, -a, -um, verbose, wordy verbum, -i, n., word Vercellae, -arum, /. pi., Vercelli Vercellensis, -e, of Vercelli Verdunum, -i, n., Verdun vere, adv., in truth, truly, indeed vereciindia, -ae, /., shame; modesty vereri, dep. 2, to fear; reverence vergere, versi, to bend Veritas, -atis, /., truth, fidelity vermiculatus, -a, -um, inlaid vermiculus, -i, m., crimson vermis, -is, m., worm vernaculus, -i, m., domestic, servant born in one's house, homeborn slave vernans, -antis, springlike vernus, -a, -um, of the springtime, spring vero, adv., but, in truth Veronensis, -e, of Verona verrere, versus sum, semidep. 3, to sweep versare, to turn, change versatilis, -e, revolving versatus, -a, -um, versed versiculus, -i, m., little verse versus, -us, m., verse versutia, -ae, /., craftiness, subtlety vertere, verti, versus, to turn; use; construe as; put to flight; vertentc 326 LATIN GRAMMAR anno, at the return of the year vertex, -icis, m., top; top or crown of the head verumtamen, adv., but, nevertheless; surely verus, -a, -um, true vesania, -ae, /., madness, wild rage vesanus, -a, -um, furious, insane vesci, dep. 3, to cat Vespasianus, -i, m., Vespasian vesper, -eri and -eris, m., evening vespera, -ae, /., evening vesperae, -arum, /. pi., vespers vesperascere, to become evening vespertinus, -a, -um, evening vester, -tra, -trum, your, yours vestibulum, -i, n., porch, court vestigium, -ii, n., footstep; foot vestimentum, -i, n., garment, robe; raiment Vestini, -orum, m. pi., the Abruzzi vestire, to clothe; put on vestis, -is, /., garment; clothing, vesture vestitus, -us, m., providing of cloth- ing; vesture veteranus, -a, -um, veteran veterascere, to grow old; vanish veternosus, -a, -um, dull, lethargic vetare, to forbid vetitus, -a, -um, forbidden vetus, -eris, old; original vetiistas, -atis, f,, old age, old man, old life; antiquity; former ways vetiistus, -a, -um, old vexare, to trouble, oppress, afflict vexatio, -onis, /., annoyance; ill- treatment vexillum, -i, n., standard, banner via, -ae, /., way, highway viare, to travel viarius, -a, -um, wayfarer viaticum, -i, n., viaticum viator, -oris, m., wayfarer, traveler Vibiana, -ae, /., Bibiana vibrare, to brandish vicarium, -ii, n., vicariate; office or jurisdiction of a vicar vicarius, -ii, m., vicar viceni, -ae, -a, twenty vicennis, at the age of twenty Vicentia, -ae, /., Vicenza vicinus, -a, -um, neighboring, nearby vicinus, -i, m., neighbor vicis {gen.; no nom.)> change, altera- tion; time, instance; course; return; vices, pi., punishment; in or ad vicem, instead of vicissim, adv., in return; in turn, by turns vicissitudo, -inis, /., alteration victima, -ae, /., victim victitare, to live upon victor, -oris, m., victor, conqueror victoria, -ae, /., victory victrix, -icis, victorious, conquering victrix, -icis, /., conqueror victus, -us, m., food, feeding; life, way of living vicus, -i, m., town; district; street, lane, way; vicus Patrici, a district of Rome videlicet, adv., namely, to wit viden = videsne? seest thou ? videns, -entis, m., seer videre, vidi, visus, to see, behold videri, visus sum, to seem vidua, -ae, /., widow viduare, to deprive of vidiiitas, -atis, /,, widowhood Viennensis, -e, of Vienne vigere, to live, flourish; be raised to power vigesimus, -a, -um, twentieth vigil, -ills, watchful vigilanter, adv., vigilantly vigilare, to watch, be awake; resort vigilia, -ae, /., watch, watching; vigil viginti, twenty LATIN GRAMMAR 3 2 7 vigintiquatuor, twenty-four vigintiquinque, twenty-five yigor, -oris, m., strength, vigor, force rilescere, to become valueless 'ilis, -e, vile, cheap 'ilitas, -atis, /., baseness ilia, -ae, /., village; farm, country place, country ^illacum, -i, n., Villach illicare, to be or serve as a steward illicatio, -onis, /., stewardship illicus, -i, m., steward ^ilnenis, -e, of Vilna (or Wilno) inarius, -a, -um, wine, of wine /ince'ntius, -ii, m., Vincent incere, vici, victus, to overcome, conquer dncla = vincula, bonds, chains rinctus, -i, m., prisoner, captive /inculum, -i, n., bond; string; chain; in vinculis, in prison vindemia, -ae, /., vintage, wine vindemiare, to gather grapes, pluck vindemiator, -oris, m., grape gatherer vindex, -icis, c, avenger rindicare, to avenge; claim vindicta, -ae, /., revenge, vengeance; punishment vinea, -ae, /., vineyard; vine vinitor, -oris, m., vinedresser vinolentus, -a, -um, given to wine drinking Vintoniensis, -e, of Winchester vinum, -i, n., wine violare, to ravish; defile violator, -oris, m., violater, profaner vipera, -ae, /., viper vir, -i, m., man, husband virago, -inis, f., heroine virens, -entis, green ^irescere, to grow green /iretum, -i, n., greensward, glade rirga, -ae, /., rod, scepter /irgilianus, -a, -um, Vergiliano virginalis, -e, of a virgin, virginal virgineus, -a, -um, virginal virginitas, -atis, /., virginity virgo, -inis, /., virgin, maiden; Mons Virginis, Monte Vergine virgiiltum, -i, n., slip for planting; tender plant; plant; shrub, thicket viridis, -e, green viriliter, adv., manfully viritim, adv., individually viror, -oris, m., verdure; freshness virtuose, adv., virtuously virtus, -utis, /., virtue, excellence; power, strength; host vis, vis, /., force, violence viscera, -orum, n. pi., bowels, inner- most parts visere, visi, visus, to behold visibilis, -e, outward, visible visibiliter, adv., outwardly, visibly Visigothi, -orum, m. pi., Visigoths visio, -onis, /., vision visitare, to visit; survey visitatio, -onis, /., visiting, visitation Visogradum, -i, n., Wisgrade visum, -i, n., dream visus, -us, m., vision, sight vita, -ae, /., life vitalis, -e, life-giving, of life vitare, to avoid; withstand Vitcpscum, -i, n., Vitebsk Viterbium, -ii, n., Viterbo vitiator, -oris, m., corrupter vitiose, adv., viciously vitis, -is, /., vine vitium, -ii, n., fault, sin, vice vitreus, -a, -um, of glass vitrum, -i, n., glass vitta, -ae, /., ribbon, band, lace vitula, -ae, f., heifer vitulus, -i, m. f calf, bullock, bull vituperare, to blame vituperatio, -onis, /., slander, defama- tion 328 LATIN GRAMMAR Vivariensis, -c, of Vivarais vivax, -acis, long-lived, vigorous vivere, vixi, victus, to live vividus, -a, -um, living, healthy vivificans, -antis, life-giving vivificare, to bring to life, quicken vivicatio, -onis, /., a new life vivificatrix, -icis, /., quickener, vivifier vivus, -a, -um, living, alive vix, adv., scarcely, with difficulty Vladimiria, -ae, /., Wlodzimierz vobiscum, with you vobismetipsis, dat. pi.; see tumetipsc vocabulum, -i, «., name vocare, to call vocatio, -onis, /., calling, vocation, a summons vociferatio, -onis, /., loud shouting, jubilation volare, to fly Volaterrae, -arum, /. pi., Vol terra volatile, -is, n., fowl, winged fowl volatus, -us, m., flight volens, -entis, willing Volhinia, -ae, /., Wolyn volitare, to fly about volo (velle), I wish or will volucris, -is, /., bird, fowl volumen, -inis, n., volume, book voluntarie, adv., voluntarily, of one's own will voluntarium, -ii, n., free-will offering voluntarius, -a, -um, voluntary voluntas, -atis, /. will voluptas, -atis, /., pleasure, delight Volusianus, -a, -um, Volusian volutare (ari), to roll about, wallow volvere, volvi, voliitus, to meditate vomer, -eris, m., plowshare vorago, -inis, /., breach vorare, to eat, devour vosmetipsos, ace; see tumetipsc votivus, -a, -um, votive votum, -i, n., vow; prayer, desire vovere, vovi, votus, to vow, promise solemnly vox, vocis, /., voice; sound; voce magna, with a loud voice Vratislaviensis, -e, of Wratislaw vulgare, to publish vulgaris, -e, plain, common, coarse vulgo, adv., commonly vulgus, -i, n. people, multitude vulnerare, to wound vulnus, -eris, n., wound vulpes, -is, /., fox vultus, -us, m., countenance, face vulva, -ae, /., womb W Wandali, -orum, m. pi., Vandals Willelmus, -i, m., William Willibrordus, -i, m., Willibrord Winfridus, -i, m., Winfred Wiremuthensis, -e, of Wearmouth Wolphardus, -i, m., Wolphard Xamphana, -ae, /., Champagne Xaverius, -ii, m., Xavier xenodochium, -ii, n., hospital Xystus, -i, m., Sixtus Ypsilon, Greek letter y zabulus, -i, m., devil zain, the seventh letter of the Hebrew alphabet, corresponding to English z Zatecium, -ii, n., Zatec LATIN GRAMMAR 329 Zebedaeus, -i, m., Zebedec zelus, -i, m., zeal zelare, to be jealous, envy Ziphaei, -orum, m. ph, Ziphites zelari, dep., to be zealous for zizania, -orum, n. pi., cockle zelator, -oris, m., zealot, enthusiast zona, -ae, /., girdle INDEX A (ab), 56, 140, 151 Ablative absolute, 120, 150 Ablative case, 2, 3: prepositions govern- ing, 55; uses of, 150 Accompaniment, how expressed, 150 Accusative case, 2, 3: prepositions gov- erning, 55; of subject in indirect dis- course, 130; uses of, 164 Active periphrastic, 48 Active voice, 17, 33, 81: deponent verbs, 98; semideponents, 98 Ad, 55, 149, 164: gerundive with, 64 Adjectives: comparison of, 149, 150; de- clension of, 2, 7, 12; demonstrative, 75; different forms of, 7; of first declension, 3; indefinite, 108; position of, 3; of sec- ond declension, 7; of special declension, 139; of third declension, 12 Adverbs, comparison of, 149, 150 Agent: with the passive periphrastic, 140; with the passive voice, 151 Agreement: of adjectives, i, 3, 7, 12; of participles, 47 Aio, 163 Aliquis and aliqui, 108 Alius. 140 Alter, 140 An, 162 Ante, 55, 140, 164 Apud, 55, 164 Articles, 3 Bene, comparison of, 150 Capere, 90 Cardinal numerals, 175 Causa, gerundive with, 64 Causal clause with cum, 82 Cause, how expressed, 151 Circum, 55, 140, 164 Coepisse, 163 Comparative of adjectives and adverbs, 149; ablative with, 151; degree of dif- ference, 151; irregular, 149, 150 Compounds of capere, jacere, jacere, 90 Con-, compounded with verbs, 140 Concessive clause with cum, 82 Conditional clauses of doubt and contrary to fact, 82 Contra, 55, 164 Coram, 56 Cum: accompaniment with, 150; as con- junction, 82; to express manner, 151; governing ablative, 56, 152; with pro- nouns, 24 Dative case, 2, 3: uses of, 140 De, 56, 151, 152 Decere, impersonal verb, 139 Declension, 1: of adjectives, 12; fifth, 47; first, 2; fourth, 40; irregular, 139; sec- ond, 6; third, 11 Defective verbs, 163 Degree of difference, how expressed, 151 Demonstratives, pronouns and adjectives, 75 Deponent verbs, 98: governing the abla- tive case, 152 Description, how expressed, 151 Direct object, 2, 3, 164 Double questions, 162 Duration of time, how expressed, 164 E (ex), 151, 56 Emphatic pronouns, 75: verb forms, 18 Esse: future of, 41; future imperative of, 34; future participle of, 48; imperatives of, 34; imperfect of, 34, 81; perfect in- dicative of, 55; possession with, 140, present of, 8, 63 331 332 INDEX Esto, 34 Estotc, 34 Etiam, 163 Ex, 56, 151, 152 Extent of space, how expressed, 164 Vac ere, 90 Feminine gender, 2, 3, 12, 47 Ferre, present indicative of, 108 Fieri, irregular tenses of, 120 Frui, governing ablative, 152 Fungi, governing ablative, 152 Future: of esse, posse, ire, 41; infinitive, 130; participles, 47, 48; of the regular conjugations, 40 Future perfect, 55: of defective verbs, 163 Gender, 2, 47 Genitive case, 3 Gerundive, 48: with ad to express pur- pose, 64; with causa, 64 Hie, 75 Me, 75 Imperative: of esse and ire, 34; with nolle, 150; of the regular conjugations, 33 Imperfect: of esse, posse, ire, 34; of fieri, 120; of regular conjugations, 33, 81 Impersonal verbs, 139 In: with the accusative or ablative, 56; to express place, 151; verbs compounded with, 140 Indefinite pronouns and adjectives, 108 Indirect discourse, 130: quod and quia, 131; subjunctive in, 130 Indirect object, 3, 140 Indirect question, 82 Infinitive- to express purpose, 65; in indi- rect discourse, 130; subject of, 164 Instrument, how expressed, 151 Intensive pronoun, 75 Inter, 55, 140, 164 Interrogative adjective, 107 Interrogative pronoun, 107 Intra, 55 Intransitive verbs, 140 Ipse, 75 Ire: future, 41; imperatives of, 34; imper- fect of, 34, 81; participles of, 48; per- fect of, 55; present of, 25, 63 Irregular comparisons, 149, 150 Irregular declensions, 175 Irregular verbs, 188-92 Iste, 75 Jacere, 90 Licerc, impersonal verb, 139 Magnopere, comparison of, 150 Male, comparison of, 150 Manner, how expressed, 151 Masculine gender, 67, 40 Means, how expressed, 151 Mcmimsse, 163 Mid turn, comparison of, 150 Ne, use of, 64 -ne, enclitic, 162 Negative adverbs, 162, 64 Neuter, 140 Neuter gender, 2, 6, 7, 11 Nolle: in expressions of command, 150; present indicative of, 150 Nominative case, 2 Nonne, 162 Nouns: declension of, 1; irregular declen- sion of, 175; regular declensions, 2, 3, 7, 11, 40, 47 Nullus, 1 40 Nurn, numquid, 162 Numerals, cardinal and ordinal, 175, 176 Ob, 55 Object pronouns, direct and indirect, 23, 24, 140 Odisse, 163 Ordinal numerals, 175, 176 Participles, 47, 48: agreement of, 47; de- clension of, 47 Varum, comparison of, 150 INDEX 333 Passive periphrastic, 48: agent with, 140 Passive voice: agent with, 151; deponents, 98; of facere, 120; of regular and ir- regular verbs, 177-192; semideponents, 98 Past participles, 47: irregular, 55 Per, 55, 164 Perfect tense, 54: defective verbs, 163; of esse, posse, ire, 55; irregular forms of, 55; of the regular conjugations, 54 Periphrastic: active and passive, 48; agent with passive, 140 Place where, how expressed, 151 Pluperfect tense, 55: of defective verbs, 163 Position of adjectives, 3 Posse: future of, 41; imperfect of, 34, 81; perfect of, 55; present of, 8, 63; present participle of, 48 Possession, 3: with esse, 140 Post, 55, 140 Potiri, governing ablative, 152 Prae, 56, 140, 152 Prepositions: cum with pronouns, 24; gov- erning the accusative and ablative, 55, 56; use and omission of, 151 Present indicative: of esse and posse, 8; of jerre, 108; of fieri, 120; of ire, 25; of the regular conjugations, 17, 18; of velle and nolle, 150 Pro, 56, 140, 152 Progressive verb forms, 18 Pronouns: demonstrative, 75; indefinite, 108; intensive or emphatic, 75; inter- rogative, 107; personal, subject, object, reflexive, 8, 23; relative, 107 Propter, 55 Purpose: dative of, 140; ne introducing dauses of, 64; ways of expressing, 64, 65 Quality, how expressed, 151 Quam, omission of, 151 Question: direct, 162; indirect, 82 Qui, 107 Quid, 107 Quid am, 108 Quis, 107 Quisque, 108 Quod or quia clause, substitute for indi- rect discourse, 131 Reflexive pronouns, 24 Relative pronouns, 107 Result, subjunctive in clauses of, 81 Secundum, 55 Semideponents, 98 Separation, how expressed, 152 Si in conditional clauses, 82 Sine, 56, 152 Solus, 140 Space, expression of extent of, 164 Specification, how expressed, 152 Sub: with accusative and ablative, 56; compounded with verbs, 140 Subject pronouns, 8, 23, 24 Subjunctive: in clauses in indirect dis- course, 130; to express purpose, 64; formation of pluperfect, 55; imperfect of esse, posse, ire, 81; imperfect of reg- ular conjugations, 81; present of esse, posse, ire, 63; present of regular con- jugations, 63; uses of, 63, 81 Super: with accusative and ablative, 56; compounded with verbs, 140 Supra, 56 Time: with ablative, 152; duration of, 164 Time clause with cum, 82 Tot us, 140 Trans, 56, 164 Ullus, 140 Unus, 140 Ut (uti): introducing purpose clauses, 64; introducing result clauses, 81 Uter, 140 Uti, governing ablative, 152 Ut non, introducing negative clauses of result, 81 Utrum, 162 Velle, present indicative of, 150 334 INDEX Verbs: complete conjugations of regular and irregular, 177-92; compounded with prepositions, 140; defective, 163; deponents, 98; esse, posse, ire, 8, 25, 34, 41, 48; ferre, 108; fieri, 120; future tense of, 40, 47; imperfect of, 33, 81; impersonal, 139; intransitive, 140; in -to, 90; irregular, 8, 188-92; participles, Verbs {continued) 47; perfect indicative of, 54, 55; present tense of, 8, 16, 17; progressive and em- phatic forms of, 18; regular, 177-88; semideponents, 98; velle and nolle, 150 Vesci, governing ablative, 152 Word order, 8 Latin Grammar Vocabularies, and Exercises in Preparation for the Reading of Philosophy, Theology and Canon Law Cora Carroll Scanlon, A.M. Charles L. Scanlon, A.M. Second Latin THIS SECOND-YEAR Latin course supposes the previous study of Latin Grammar, by the same authors. It is intended for students who can devote only two years to the study of Latin and who must be prepared to read intelligently Latin textbooks of philosophy, theology, and canon law. Therefore the vocabularies, word studies, exercises, and connected pas- sages have been selected with this practical purpose in mind. The first half of the book is based on philosophical texts; the second half is drawn from works of theology and from the Code of Canon Law. At the end of the volume is a vocabulary of 3,000 words, which may serve the purpose of a concise dictionary. TAN 000000 013271 SECOND LATIN BY CORA CARROLL SCANLON, A.M. AND CHARLES L. SCANLON TAN BOOKS AND PUBLISHERS, INC. Rockford, Illinois 61105 PREFACE This second-year Latin course supposes the previous study of our Latin Grammar. It is intended for students who can devote only two years to the study of Latin and who must be prepared to read intelligently Latin textbooks of philosophy, theology, and canon law. Therefore the vocabularies, word studies, exercises, and con- nected passages have been selected with this practical purpose in mind. The first half of the book is based on philosophical texts; the second half is drawn from works of theology and from the Code of Canon Law. At the end of the volume is a vocabulary of 3,000 words, which may serve the purpose of a concise dictionary. The Authors Printed ivith Ecclesiastical Approval Copyright © 1976 by TAN Books and Publishers, Inc. Originally published in 1948 by B. Herder Book Co. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 48-748 ISBN: 0-89555-003-2 Fourth Printing PRINTED AND BOUND IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TAM Tir\rXVQ. A IVTT^ DT1T3TICUEDC TAT/"" CONTENTS LESSON PAGE I. Passive Voice 1 II. Adverbs 4 III. Gerund 8 IV. Conjunctions 12 V. Conjunctions 16 VI. The Infinitive 21 VII. Compounds of quis and qui 25 VIII. Deponent Verbs 29 IX. Quia, quod, quoniam 34 X. Verbs Governing Other than the Accusative . 37 XI. Subjunctive 41 XII. Subjunctive in Causal Clauses 46 XIII. Other Uses of the Subjunctive 52 XIV. Some Prepositions 56 XV. Other Uses of the Subjunctive 61 XVI. Reflexive Pronouns; Some Prepositions ..... 66 XVII. Impersonal Verbs 72 XVIII. Quin, idem, met . . . 77 XIX. Ut Clauses of Purpose 82 XX. Dum, donee, quoad 87 XXL Concessive Clauses 92 CONTENTS LESSON PAGE XXII. Locative Case; Adverbs of Time ioo XXIII. Antequam, priusquam 109 XXIV. Alius, alter 117 XXV. Numerals 125 XXVI. Enclitics 133 XXVII. Some Prepositions 142 XXVIII. Some Prepositions 150 XXIX. Some Prepositions 157 XXX. Some Prepositions 165 XXXI. Some Prepositions 173 XXXII. Vocative Case 179 XXXIII. Prohibition 186 XXXIV. Relative Clause of Characteristic 192 XXXV. Verbs Taking the Subjunctive 197 XXXVI. Verbs of Wishing 203 XXXVII. Verbs of Determining; Verbs of Caution 209 XXXVIII. Verbs of Permitting and Commanding 215 XXXIX. Verbs of Emotion 220 XL. Clause after a Comparative 226 Vocabulary 233 LESSON I Vocabulary abrogare, to revoke, to abrogate, to annul aptus, jit, suited to, correct congruus, proper, suitable corporeus, bodily, corporeal dicitur, /'/ is called, it is said to be distincte, clearly, plainly, distinctly exhibere (2), to show, to exhibit exprimere, -pressi, -pressus, to show, to express, to represent hujusmodi, of this \ind mere, merely mosaicus, Mosaic, pertaining to Moses nota, f., mar\, feature perfectio, £., perfection, correctness privativus, deprived of, lacking probare, to prove, to test, to examine prout, according as pugnare, to fight roborare, to strengthen solere (2), to be accustomed subjectum, n., subject, proposition vivens, living Word Study i, Realis, realiter, realitas refer to the existence of something existing independent of the action of the created mind. Thus a dot is an ens reale, realiter existens. But a point is not an ens reale. 2. Substantia is an ens reale that is suited to exist by itself (e.g., an 2 SECOND LATIN apple). Substantia is contrasted with accidens. An accidens (plur., accidentia) inheres in a substantia (e.g., redness, roundness). 3. Carentia, privatio. Carentia, the generic term, means the absence of some quality. Privatio (adj., privativus) is an absence of a quality from a being that is aptum to have that quality. Thus a man's blind- ness is a privatio. 4. Subjectum, objectum. Subjectum is that in which something ex- ists. Thus the intellect is the subjectum of ideas; a man is the subjectum of health. Objectum is that toward which something is directed. Thus color is the objectum of the power of sight Grammar The passive voice is used for the most part as in English. a) The agent, if expressed, is placed in the ablative case preceded by the preposition a or ab. Evangelia a discipulis scribebantur. The Gospels were written by disciples. b) Many verbs may be used in the passive with impersonal force. Dicitur. // is said to be, it is called. Agendum est The matter to be treated is. EXERCISES Translate into English: 1. Substantia non deletur. 2. Evangelium a sacerdote praedicatur. 3. Mundus non amatur ab inimicis suis. 4. Ideae distinctae in duas partes dividuntur. 5. Animae immortalitas ex ejus spiritualitate probatur. 6. Dei existentia ex existentia mundi probatur. 7. Corpus exercitio congruo roboratur. 8. Lex mosaica a Christo abrogata est. 9. Veritas in actu exercito cognoscitur. 10. Multas dies pugnatur. n. Cogitationes impiae repelli possunt, 12. Portae civitatis apertae sunt. 13. Gratiae actae erant. 14. Principium pacis factum erit. 15. Domus a virgine mundatur. 16. Panes pauperibus dabuntur. 17. Deprecationes a filiis oblatae sunt. 18. Virgo in c?elis coronatur. 19. Filia a matre sua docebitur. 20. Discipuli Domini verbis conturbabantur. 21. Agnus a servo abductus est. 22. Vultus suus SECOND LATIN 3 aversus est. 23. Famuli moniti erant. 24. In civitate ilia litigabafur. 25. Poenae non evadentur. 26. Rex a plebe salutatus est. 27. Indulgentia inimicis tribuetur. 28. Praemia servis bonis data erant. 29. Militiae ad civitatem dirigimtur. 30. Idea ilia did solet negativa. 31. Sancti ab omnibus hominibus admirati sunt. 32. Verbum a discipulis discutitur. 33. Trinitas a nobis non comprehendi potest. 34. Os suum non apertum est. 35, Calamitat.es a Deo permittuntur. 36. Antistes a papa audietur. 37. Mums bene munifus erat. 38. Puer in ecclesia relinquebatur. 39. Homines mali ejecti sunt. 40. Terra a Deo facta est. 41. Tutamen- tum eis mandatum est. 42. Viri a famula vocantur. 43. Ignis a pueris non visus est. 44. Caritas Dei ab omnibus irnplorabatur. 45. Pes ho- minis fractus erat. 46. Civitas a rege condetur. 47. Medicina sanamur. 48. Dicta ejus audi solent. 49. Aqua non potabitur. 50. Animae nostrae ab angelis eripientur. 51, Ab apostolis aestimabatur. 52. Sonus tubae a filiis timetur. 53. Vota a matribus facta erunt. 54. Potestas vestra perdita est. 55. In ilia die pax concelebrabitur. READING 1. Idea positiva est ea, quae aliquam realiiatem exhibet, ut idea vitae. Idea negativa est ea, quae exhibet carentiam realitatis, ut idea nihili, mortis, tenebrarum. Prout exhibet carentiam perfectionis in subjecto apto, vel non apto, dici solet privativa, vel mere negativa. 2. Idea distincta dividitur in complctam et incompletam. Idea com- pleta est ea, quae omnes notas essentiales distincte exhibet; si non omnes huiusmodi notas exprimit, dicitur incompleta. Completa est idea quae hominem exhibet ut substantiam corpoream, viventem, sensitivam, rationalem. LESSON II Vocabulary alienus, -a, -urn, of another, another s attingere, -tigi, -tactus, to arrive at, to attain circa, about, in respect to cognitio, f., knowledge, idea colligere, -legi, -lectus, to assemble, to collect debere (2), to owe, ought, must detegere, -texi, -tectus, to uncover, to detect diligenter, carefully iterum, again nam, for naturaliter, naturally operam dare, to wor\ hard at, to devote oneself to ops, opis, f ., power, support; ope, with the help patere (2), to be visible, to be obvious porro, next primo (adv.), first processus, -us, m., course, process ratio, f ., account, reason ratiocinium, n., reasoning redigere, -egi, -actus, to ma\e, to reduce reflectere, -flexi, -flexus, to reflect regula, f ., rule seipsum, himself; sibiipsi, to himself systema, -atis, n., system vitium, n., defect vulgo, commonly, generally SECOND LATIN 5 Word Study 1. Ratio. The first meaning of this word is account or reckoning, a business transaction: for example, rationem ducere, to compute; rationes subducere, to close accounts. From this there develops a figurative meaning, such as rationem habere, to make a calculation (of any kind, not merely financial) . From this is derived other similar meanings, such as plan, mode, method of procedure, nature, kind. The word then comes to be applied to that faculty of the mind which cal- culates and plans, namely, the reason. From this it is applied to cer- tain properties of the reason, such as reasonableness, order, method. From being applied to the reason itself, it is used to indicate some product of the reason, such as theory, doctrine, system, or the operation itself of the reason, namely, an adducing of proof or reasoning. Grammar Adverbs. a) Adverbs are formed from adjectives of the first and second declensions by adding e to the stem : clarus, clare; distinctus, distincte; merus, mere. b) Adverbs are formed from adjectives of the third declension by adding iter to the stem (stems in -nt lose the -it) : fortis, fortiter; pru- dens, prudenter; naturalis, naturaliter. c) The ablative singular neuter or feminine of adjectives, pronouns, and nouns may be used adverbially : f also, falsely; recta, straightway; vulgo, commonly; crebro, frequently. d) The words of a phrase or short sentence have sometimes united to form an adverb : postmodo, presently; videlicet, to wit; nihilominus, nevertheless; scilicet (usually abbreviated to scil.), that is to say. e) A common adverbial ending in Latin is -tim: partim, partly; statim, on the spot; saltim (or saltern), at least; separatim, separately; generatim, in general; divisim, separately, individually; vicissim, in turn; singillatim, singly; gradatim, step by step, gradually, by degrees. SECOND LATIN EXERCISES Translate into English: i. Haec iterum, ratione objecti, dividitur in Metaphysicam generalem et specialem. 2. Homines generatim agunt, prout cogitant. 3. Sic cognosco Petrum, non modo ut est homo, sed etiam, ut est animal, substantia. 4. Ita ideae sunt imagines rerum. 5. Jam imagines, et ergo ideae, considerari possunt: (a) ratione origi- nis; (b) ratione objecti quod exprimunt; (c) ratione perfectionis repraesentationis; (d) ratione inter se relationum. 6. Adhuc non coena- verunt. 7. Amodo omnes pueros hie colligent. 8. Hodie illam rem amplius considerabo. g. Cognoscunt bene omnes notas objecti. 10. No- bis benigne multas res tribuere solet. 11. Deprecationes meas clementer audivit. 12. Competenter diligenterque omnem scientiam ad regulas redegerunt. 13. Etiam ope regularum scientia logicae filiis docebitur. 14. Homines iniqui foras ejecti sunt. 15. Fortiter pugnatur in ilia natione. 16. Hie remanere possunt. 17. Igitur homo substantia cor- porea, vivens, sensitiva, rationalis dicitur. 18. Ideo idea negativa est ea quae carentiam realitatis exhibet. 19. Illic stabat auxilium implorans. 20. Pucri item cum matribus in ecclesiam introibunt. 21. Iterum dicam, id quod jam dixi. 22. Nimis de legibus discutitur. 23. Sine exercitio congruo corpus numquam roborari potest. 24. Sic probari non solet. 25. De carentia perfectionis in ilia re non agendum est. 26. Subjec- tum nunc probatum est. 27. Olim leges ratiocinii non comprehende- bantur. 28. Exercitus Romam pridie intravit. 29. In hoc subjecto duae ideae pariter expressae sunt. 30. Quando lex mosaica abrogabatur? 31. Quare haec idea privativa dicitur? 32. Idea quoque negativa dici- tur. 33. Quondam domus in ilia regione sine tectis erant. 34. Corpora sua exercitio roborare quotidie solent. 35. Non rccte exhibent notas realitatis. 36. Homo sicut apostolus dixit. 37. Duas ideas simul ex- pressit. 38. Primo, sibiipsi subjectum probat; porro, omnibus homini- bus id probabit. 39. Realitatem facile et sine errore probare possunt. 40. Igitur Veritas non vulgo patet. 41. Quare vitia ratiocinii ejus detegere non possumus? 42c His processibus naturaliter veritatem attingimus. 43. Tamen regulas illius systematis non clare percipimus. SECOND LATIN 7 44. Homo, huic scientiae operam dans, vitia ratiocinii sui observat. 45. Conclusiones tarn remotae erant, lit vulgo non paterent. 46. Gloria virtutem tamquam umbra sequitur. 47. Comprehendemus tunc pro- cessus ratiocinii nostri. 48. Discipuli Christi ubiquc aliis rationem reddere de fide sua debent. 49. Unde non opus est id aliis probare. 50. Si admittuntur ideae universales, debent quoque admitti res aliquo modo universales. 51. Nunc experientia habetur ope observa- tionis et experimenti. 52. Cognitio nostra est essentialiter relativa. 53. Studium logicae mentem gradatim roborat. 54. Homo partim spi- ritus, partim corpus est. 55. Prout huic subjecto operam damus, id intelligemus. READING 1. Nam qui huic scientiae (logicae) operam dat, primo, in suam mentem et ejus operationes reflectens, diligenter observat modum, quo naturaliter veritatem attingit; deinde ex hac observatione colligit, et in systema redigit, regulas, quas in suis circa veritatem operationibus sequi debet. 2. Porro, ope ejusdem regularum systematis, cognitiones jam ha- bitas clarius et distinctius percipit; conclusiones remotiores, quae vulgo non patent, ex eis deducit; alienorum vitia argumentorum de- tegit; ac sibiipsi, et si opus est, aliis rationem reddere potest de sui ratiocinii processibus. LESSON in Vocabulary actus, m., act communiter, commonly conserere, -serai, -sertus, to connect definire, to define facultas, f ., faculty hinc, hence intellectus, m., intellect necessario, necessarily non modo, not only notio, f ., notion notitia, f ., \nowledge, acquaintance res, f ., *A/«£ scil. (abbrev. for scilicet), that is to say, namely sensibilis, perceptible, apprehensible, sensible seii, or significare, to mean, to signify simplex, simple sonare, to sound, to indicate terminus, m., term tractare, to treat ullus, -a, -um, any verum etiam, but also Word Study i. Essentia: that by which a thing is what it is; the intrinsic nature of a thing. Thus the essentia of man consists in his being a rational animal; the essentia of a triangle consists in its being a three-sided plane figure. Further details do not belong to the essentia. SECOND LATIN 9 2. Facultas: used here in the sense of power or ability. 3. Sensibilis: perceptible to the mind through the senses of sight, hearing, touch, and the like. Capable of being apprehended by the bodily senses. Grammar Gerund and gerundive participle. These verb parts are formed sim- ilarly, that is, by adding -nd- plus the inflectional endings to the basic root. For example : capiendus, -a, -urn capiendi, -ae, -a capiendi, -ae, -i capiendorum, -arum, -orum capiendo, -ae, -o capiendis, -is, -is capiendum, -am, -um capiendos, -as, -a capiendo, -a, -o capiendis, -is, -is a) The gerund is used in the singular only, and only in the oblique cases (i.e., all cases except the nominative and the vocative). b) The gerund combines the functions of both the verb and the noun. For example: ars scribendi, the art of writing. Potestas res cognoscendi, the power of recognizing things. c) The gerund is always active in meaning and in grammatical relationship. d) The gerundive participle is used in all cases and both numbers. e) The gerundive participle is used as an adjective or with some form of esse as a predicate verb with the idea of must or ought. This last construction is sometimes called the Second Periphrastic. f) The gerundive participle is always passive in meaning and in grammatical relationship. The agent, when expressed, is put in the dative case. Examples : As adjective: Magna et conservanda civitas, a great city worthy of preservation. to SECOND LATIN Second Periphrastic: Hinc cum iisdem tractanda sunt. Hence they must be treated with the same. Quaedam res aggregandae erant. Cer- tain things had to be added. EXERCISES Translate into English: i. Quaedam res cognoscendae sunt. 2. Haec facultas possidenda est. 3. Homo facultatem possidet cognitiones pro- prias manifestandi. 4. Hie terminus definiendus est. 5. Ille actus cum aliis non confundendus est. 6. Essentia alicujus rei menti repraesen- tanda est. 7, Ideae simpliciter exprimendae erunt. 8. Hoc nomen simplex accipiendum erat. 9. Panis manducandus erat. 10. Inimici nostri repellendi erunt. 11. Calices pueris ostendendi erant. 12. Ars scribendi docenda est. 13. Spes amicos suos liberandi corda replevit. 14. Leges iisdem hominibus observandae erunt. 15. Initium ecclesiam decorandi factum est. 16. Laetitia Deum cognoscendi non potest ex- primi. 17. Luces non videndae sunt. 18. Domus mundanda erat. 19. Peccatum reservatum commissum est et non absolvendum. 20. Mo- dus vivendi est optimus. 21. Manifestat timorem suum clamando. 22. Perdidit discipulos auxilium inimicis ducendo. 23. Placendae mili- tiae causa in illo loco rcmansit. 24. Regnat viros malos ejiciendo. 25. Videndi exercitus gratia in monte alto stabit. 26. Ostia aperienda erant. 27. Mortuus est ad alios salvandos. 28. Respiciendi ignis causa ingressae sumus ad civitatem. 29. Multa faciendo virtutem ostendunt. 30. Agendum est. 31. Te vocabo ad canendum hymnum, 32. Pueri introeunt ad aquam aspergendam. 33. Sapientiam non habeo in rebus meis gerendis. 34. Modis malis relinquendis vitam meliorem possumus consequi. 35. Os sancti reddendum erit. 36. Eadem ei non petenda sunt. 37. Coenandum est. 38. Non videmus utilitatem ad invicem litigandi. 39. Pueri matresque liberandi sunt. 40. Oves ab haedis sequestrandae sunt. 41. Porta mihi aperienda est. 42. Faciendum erat. 43. Multa tabernacula aedificanda erunt. 44. Vivitis non ad man- data danda sed ad accipienda. 45. Hie famulus in illo tumulo sepelien- dus erat. 46. Hi homines dolosi quoque timendi sunt. 47. Venerunt ad pacem poscendam. 48. Possidendae terrae causa rex malus pauperes SECOND LATIN n dc domibus eorum ejecit. 49. Ulciscendi domini gratia servus inimicos ejus quaesivit. 50. Rex virginibus lacrimosis non affligendus est. READING 1. Sed homo non modo habet potestatem res cognoscendi, verum etiam facultatem possidet cognitiones proprias aliis hominibus mani- festandi. Haec raanifestatio fit per quaedam signa sensibilia, scil., terminum, propositionem, argumentationem, quae, pro nostra prae- senti conditione, cum mentis operationibus necessario conserta sunt, et hinc cum iisdem tractanda. 2. Apprehensio, ut ipsum nomen sonat, significat aliquid capere, percipere, tenere, quibus verbis, communiter exprimitur cognitio seu notitia, quam mens accipit de rebus. Hinc simplex apprehensio defini- tur: actus, quo intellectus sibi repraesentat essentiam alicujus rei, sine ulla de ipsa re affirmatione vel negations LESSON IV Vocabulary complexio, f., combination duplex, double eg. (exempli gratia), for example ens, n., being expers, devoid of, without formalis, formal, essential i.e. (id est), that is immaterialis, immaterial imprimere, -pressi, -pressus, to impress materialis, material objectum, n., object omnino, altogether, entirely organismus, m., organism Plato, m., Plato (Greek philosopher, 427-347 B.C.) praecisive, precisely praeterquam, beyond, besides sensitivus, perceptive by the senses seu . . . vel, whether . . . or spectare, to loo \ at tantum, only uterlibet, whichever of the two v.g. (verbi gratia), for example Word Study 1. Ens (plur. entia) . Strictly speaking, this most general of all terms cannot be defined. But we can say that it means id quod est Whatever SECOND LATIN 13 is, is an ens. Existence is not requisite for something to be an ens. Whatever can be the object of thought is an ens. Thus a mile-high tree is an ens (possible) ; but a square circle is not an ens. 2. Formalis. An object of thought or study may be twofold: as the thing is in itself and as it is from a special point of view. As the former it is the objectum materiale; as the latter it is the objectum formale. The objectum materiale of chemistry is matter; the objectum formale is likewise matter, but considered as consisting of ultimate elements and their mutual relations. Grammar 1. Ut followed by the indicative may be translated by the adverbial conjunctions as, when, while, as soon as, since. 2. Some conjunctions. a) Often the same conjunction is repeated in two coordinate clauses. et . . . et 1 Y both . . . and -que . . . -quej aut . . . aut ] , , Y either . . . or vel . . . vel J sive . . . sive 1 _ _ Y whether . . . or seu . . . seii J neque . . . neque neither . . . nor b) Many adverbs are similarly used in pairs as conjunctions. nunc . . . nunc turn . . . turn jam • • • jam modo • • • modo ut . . . sic (ita) tarn • • • quam now . . . now » as ... so (as) cum . . . turn I . ? l - ? , 1V . not only . . . but also non modo . . . vero (sed) etiam J seu ... vel either . . . or SECOND LATIN EXERCISES Translate into English: i. Apprehensio, ut ipsum nomen sonat, sig- nificat aliquid percipere. 2. Plato ut sapiens. 3. Matresque puerique passi sunt. 4. Et inimicos timebant et despiciebant eos. 5. Aut caritas aut virtus nobis placet. 6. Vel gaudeant vel affligantur. 7. Sive bibat sive manducet gratias agere decet. 8. Seu famuli seu famulae aderunt in domo domini. 9. Neque regem vidimus neque audivimus eum. 10. Nunc clamabant, nunc obsecrabant. 11. Turn nomina filiorum suorum vocant, turn vultus suos avertunt. 12. Homo jam plus jam impius est. 13. Modo corde fratres modo ad invicem dolosi sunt. 14. Ut pater sic filius. 15. Ut mater docet, ita agit filia. 16. Agnus non tarn magnus est quam ovis. 17. Cum mirabiliter factum est, turn nimis dignum est. 18. Non modo judex verum etiam rex ipse reum ex regno migrare jusserunt. 19. Seu est nota vel notarum complexio. 20. Ut portam aperueram, citaram audire poteram. 21. Ut famulae concele- brabant, aliquis donum matris meae fregit. 22. Non eas vidi, ut id dixerunt. 23. Et vinum benedixit, et bibit eum. 24. Aut nobis medelam dabit aut moriemur. 25. Vel virgo vel filius patrem suum consolabitur. 26. Sive valde contriti erant sive in malis suis laetabantur, non scio. 27. Neque homines neque gentes leges justitiae observaverunt. 28. Seu Maria in ecclesia erat seu ad domum jam ierat, non dicere poterant. 29. Nunc leones agnos capiebant, nunc isti evadebant. 30. Turn aedifi- cant, turn delent. 31. Ut sacerdos duck, sic omnes discipuli sui con- sequentur. 32. Ille vir praeclarus tarn fortis quam fidelis est. 33. Sancti jam vincula jam certamina patiebantur. 34. Cum latro est hie vir, turn regionis reus pessimus. 35. Utrumlibet habere potes: seu calicem de argento vel fontem aquae sanctae. 36. Modo sapientiam exhibeo, modo delicta copiosa facio. 37. Non modo de die in diem in via commorati sunt, verum etiam omnes panes et carnes manducaverunt. 38. Deus tarn bonus quam clemens est. 39. Neque defunctorum neque vivorum obliviscentur. 40. Non memini sive apud benefactorem suum apparuit sive in tenebris occultus remanebat. 41. Nunc credebat, nunc dicebat se ignorare. 42. Ut alios aestimat, ita cogitat alios eum aestimare. SECOND LATIN 15 43. Ut ex civitate egressi sunt, non mihi scripserunt. 44. Semper nobis epistolam mittit, ut advenit. 45. Seu Agnes vel Andreas oves custodit. 46. Seu bonus seu malus est, nemo diligit eum. 47. Habitatio, ut ipsum nomen sonat, significat locum habitandi. 48. Martyres innocentes erant ut angeli. 49. Non modo vox ejus suavis erat, verum etiam vultus valde benignus erat. 50. Aut nubes aut montes erant. READING 1. Actus facultatis sensitivae exhibet tantum sensibiles corporum qualitates (i.e., eas quae in organismum se imprimere valent), at actus intellectus, praeterquam quod attingit ad res qualitatibus sensibilibus omnino expertes (e.g., Deum, animam), res materiales sub rationibus praecisive immaterialibus substantiae, entis, etc., cognoscit. 2. Objectum ideae seu id quod idea repraesentat, est duplex, ma- teriale et formale: Materiale est res spectata ut est in se, scil., cum omnibus suis notis, e.g., Plato; formale est eadem res, prout a mente apprehenditur, v.g., Plato ut sapiens; seu est nota vel notarum com- plexio, quae hie et nunc repraesentatur, e.g., sapientia vel virtus Platonis. LESSON V Vocabulary alter, the other contemplatio, f ., contemplation diversitas, f ., difference dividere, -visi, -visus, to divide excitare, to excite, to arouse exsurgere (3) , to arise extra, outside of factitius, artificial inquirere, -quisivi, -quisitus, to see\ intuitivus, intuitive nominare, to call, to name, to nominate operatio, L, action ordinary to arrange, to ordain oriri, ortus, to rise partitio, f ., division philosophia, f ., philosophy posterior, the latter practicus, practical praesentia, f ., presence praxis, m., practice, exercise prior, the former realis, real reflexus, reflex respectus, m., respect scopus, m., aim, object sistere, stiti, status, to stand sol, m<, sun SECOND LATIN 17 speculativus, speculative supremus, ultimate, highest vero, but, whereas Word Study 1. Factitius. An idea is said to be factitius when it is the result of several ideas being combined by the mind to form a new idea of which the mind has had no previous knowledge. 2. Reflexus. A reflex idea is one whose object is within the mind, such as the idea of one's own happiness. Grammar 1. Present participle. Used only in the active voice, the present par- ticiple has the force of both a verb and an adjective. As adjective it shows agreement; as a verb it may take an object. Objectum extra cognoscentem est The object is outside the person recognizing it. 2. Conjunctions that require special notice, a) et (and) simply connects words or clauses. Ideae dividuntur in intuitivas et factitias. Ideas are divided into intuitive and factitious. b) -que (and) combines more closely into a connected whole. -que is added as an enclitic to the word connected. Aqua ignique deleta sunt They have been destroyed by fire and water (combined). c) Atque, ac (and) lays more emphasis on the added word. It may be translated and so, and yet, and besides, and then. Omnia bona atque mala. Everything good and everything bad besides. d) Sed, verum, vero (but), the last two being more emphatic. These words are used to introduce something in opposition to what precedes. e) At introduces a new point in an argument and is more emphatic than sed. f) At enim introduces a supposed objection which is presently to be refuted. 18 SECOND LATIN g) Autem marks a mere transition and is best translated however or now. h) Quod si (but if, and if) continues a line of reasoning. i) Aut, vel (or). The usual difference is that aut excludes the al- ternative, whereas vel gives a choice between two alternatives. This distinction is not always observed. Philosophia aut speculativa aut practica est Philosophy is either spectulative or practical. Bibat vel manducat. Let him eat or drin\ (whichever he wishes). j) Nam, namque (for) introduce a reason for some statement al- ready expressed. k) Enim (for) introduces a statement of lesser importance, some- what parenthetically. 1) Etenim has the force of for, you see; for, you \now. m) Ergo (therefore) is used of things as formally proved. n) Igitur (therefore, accordingly) is weaker than ergo. It is used to mark a transition from one idea to another. o) Itaque (therefore, accordingly, and so) is less formal than ergo, p) Autem, enim, vero never stand first in their clause, but are al- ways preceded by some other word or words. EXERCISES i. Verba nuntiantis audivimus. 2. Munera accipientes gratias agi- mus. 3. Quaerenti mihi nihil dixerunt. 4. Rex eos intendit intercen- dentes pro filiis eorum. 5. Adveniens suaviter discipulis suis locutus est. 6. Non dominum invenientes servi egressi sunt. 7. Contagionem litigantium evadere decet. 8. Illud laudans episcopus iterum eadem promisit. 9, Patriae suae decorem nimis diligens vir ille migrare nolebaL 10. Lazarum ex tumulo venientem videbant. 11. Deus cle- SECOND LATIN 19 menter judicat et propitius indulget. 12. Nix rosque formae aquae sunt. 13. Mater justa atque misericors erat. 14. Rex multa bona possi- debat, sed nihil pauperibus dabat. 15. Haec non magna sunt, verum valde bona. 16. Culpa maxima est at non nova. 17. Benedictiones accipiunt, non gratias vero agunt. 18. At enim dicis eos regem non eligere; Veritas non est. 19. Praemia muneraque hujus mundi de- spiciebat. 20. Terminum autem non cognoscebat, et itaque ei nihil significabat. 21. Quod si nox obscura est, pater vester cadet. 22. Ho- mines omnes mortales sunt; Joannes homo est, ergo Joannes mor- talis est. 23. Promisit et igitur nobiscum cooperabit. 24. Non ei credimus, etenim numquam veritatem dicit. 25. Curae custodiaeque filiorum operam dabant. 26. Caelum et terra plena gloria ejus sunt. 27. Dicta ac cogitationes benigna esse possunt. 28. Bonus erat et igitur caelestia nee terrena optabat. 29. Quod si certas notas exhibet, id cog- nosces poterimus. 30. Lex mosaica ac leges gentium a Christo abroga- tae sunt. 31. In monte latentem latronem non invenient. 32. Patriarcha advenit pauperibus multa ofTerens. 33. Eis pietatem exhibebat mandata sua observantibus. 34. Corpora sanantes et animas salvantes ibant apostoli de civitate in civitatem. 35. Oculos elevans in caelum sacerdos hostiam in manus suas accipit. 36. Vinum in calicem infundentem eum spectabamus. 37. Res certae atque incertae nos contristabant. 38. Cum laetitia canens, servus gregem suum ad lacum adduxit. 39. Virginem fratrem suum foventem laudant. 40. Praecepta regis venerantibus munera praestabit. 41. Prior enim respicit solam rei cognitionem. 42. Posterior vero eas veritates respicit quae ad praxim ordinantur. 43. Ergo in omni judicio tres illae veritates necessario conseruntur. 44. Falsum non idem est ac verum. 45. Haec autem sen- tentia semper est in tempore praesenti respectu loquentis. READING 1. Philosophia, dum supremas rerum causas inquirit, aut sistit in contemplatione veritatis, aut veritatem ad operationem seu praxim ordinat; hinc duplex exurgit philosophiae partitio, quarum prima 20 SECOND LATIN speculativa, altera practica, pro scopi diversitate, nominatur. Prior enim respicit solam rei cognitionem; posterior vero eas veritates, quae ad praxim ordinantur. 2. Secundum modum, quo in mente oriuntur, ideae dividuntur in intuitivas et factitias. Idea intuitiva est ea, quae excitatur in mente a reali praesentia rei cognitae. Duplex est: (a) directa, i.e., idea intui- tiva, cujus objectum est extra cognosoentem, v.g., idea solis; (b) re- flexa, Le., idea cujus objectum est intra cognoscentem, v.g., idea meac laetitiae, cogitationis, etc LESSON VI Vocabulary actus, m., act, actuality componere, -posui, -positus, to compose consideratio, f ., consideration corporalis, corporeal, bodily, material habitudo, f ., habitual association, close relationship pertinere (2), -tinui, -tentus, to pertain, to be the business (of) potentia, L, power, possibility, capacity productio, £., production, creation secundo (adv .), secondly spiritualis, spiritual tertio (adv.), thirdly theologus, m., theologian tres, tria, three unio, f ., union versare, to turn, to treat, to deliberate Word Study 1. Ex parte. This phrase is used in the sense of upon or from one side only, from the standpoint of. Thus we may consider education ex parte magistri or ex parte discipuli; psychology studies man ex parte animae, biology considers man ex parte corporis. 2. Virtus means not only virtue in the sense of a moral habit, but also active quality or power, capacity or power adequate to the pro- duction of a given effect, energy, strength, efficacy. 3. Potentia, actus. Philosophically these terms refer to possible ex- istence and real existence. What is in potentia is possible but has not come into existence. What exists is in actu. 22 SECOND LATIN Since God is everything that it is possible for Him to be, there is no potentia in Him. He is actus purus. Grammar The infinitive may be used variously. a) With est and similar verbs, as the subject or in apposition with the subject or as predicate nominative. Orare bonum est It is good to pray. Id, v.g., gratias agere, actus amoris est. This, namely, to give than\s, is an act of love. Illud erat inimicis caritatem exhibere. That was showing charity to the enemy. b) As the apparent subject of impersonal verbs. Naturam hominis considerare pertinet ad theologum. To consider the nature of man pertains to the theologian. c) After many verbs if their subject is also the subject of the in- finitive. Rebus practicis operam dare solent. They are accustomed to devote themselves to practical things. d) With the subject in the accusative case after verbs of knowing, thinking, telling, and the like (indirect discourse). Scio theologum terminum ilium definivisse. / \now that the theo- logian has defined that term. e) To express purpose. Nobis manducare dedit. He gave us some- thing to eat. EXERCISES i. Omnino practicum est supremas rerum causas inquirere. 2. Sis- tere in contemplatione veritatis congruum est. 3. Haec intellectus facul- tas, rei essentiam apprehendere, non ratiocinii processus est. 4. Id erit praeterquam regulas diligenter colligere. 5. Sanctus esse significat vitiis expertem. 6. Leges malas abrogare debent. 7. Hinc prior philo- SECOND LATIN 23 sophia speculativa communiter nominari solebat. 8. Postquam caren- tiam praxis exhibuerant, eos docere volebamus. 9. Oblivisci non possum certas res quas expressit. 10. Circa perfectionis Dei notiones tractare opus est. n. In systema regulas redigere optabat. 12. Subjecta mentis materialia vel immaterialia esse possunt. 13. Primo perturba- tiones intra gentes excitare constituerunt. 14. Scopos processus aut simplex aut duplex esse solet. 15. Ait subjectum in partes duodecim se divisisse. 16. Dicit ideas novas exurgituras esse. 17. Cogitabant se alteram facultatem intellectus detegere. 18. Vulgo dicebant autem solcm ex aqua oriri. 19. Scient enim nos venisse. 20. Sperant se resusci- tatos iri in novissimo die. 21. Promittunt se processuros esse ad con- templationem rerum realium. 22. Confessus sum me notam illam organismi non comprehendisse. 23. Dicunt se solem spectare cum oculis suis apertis. 24. Dixit hoc delictum item inultum futurum esse. 25. Dixerunt se venisse ad testimonium perhibendum. 26. Sciebant Deum bencdictiones supra orbem ut rorem sparsisse. 27. Dicitur ser- vos ingemisccre ob malos domini actus. 28. Dixit vero systema non practicum esse. 29. Spero contemplationem rerum harum eas im- pressuram esse in mentem vestram. 30. Vidit pracsentiam suam iram eorum excitare. 31. Venturus est mundum judicare. 32. Id facere praecisive comparati sunt. 33. Juravit tantum jussu regis se tradidisse discipulos. 34. Martyres per flammas transire debebant. 35. Memini earn semper lassam esse. 36. Deus solem in caelum ponere voluit, ad terram ilium inandam. 37. Ibunt tabernaculum spectare. 38. Argentum auferre non ausi sunt. 39. Timeo calicem frangere propter fragilitatem ejus. 40. Pugnare debent ad seipsos roborandos. 41. Theologus existen- tiam Dei probare potest. 42. Cognitio, ut nomen suum sonat, significat cognoscere. 43. Materialia ex immaterialibus dividere opus est. 44. Di- xit se in caelum ascensurum esse. 45. Operationes mentis considerare opera philosophiae est. READING I. Post considerationem creaturae spirit ualis et corporalis consi- derandum est de homine, qui ex spirituali et corporali substantia 24 SECOND LATIN componitur: et primo de natura ipsius hominis; secundo de ejus pro- ductions Naturam autem hominis considerare pertinet ad theologum ex parte animae, non autem ex parte corporis, nisi secundum habi- tudinem quam habet corpus ad animam; et ideo prima consideratio circa animam versabitur. 2. Tria inveniuntur in substantiis spiritualibus, scilicet essentia, virtus et operatio: primo considerabimus ea quae pertinent ad essen- tiam animae; secundo ea quae pertinent ad virtutem, sive potentias ejus; tertio ea quae pertinent ad operationem ejus. Circa primum occurrit duplex consideratio: quarum prima est de ipsa anima secun- dum se, secunda de unione ejus ad corpus. LESSON VII Vocabulary adjungere, -junxi, -junctus, to add, to attach calefacere, -feci, -factus, to heat calidus, hot calor, m^ heat errare, to err incorporeus, incorporeal intellectualis, intellectual natura, f ., nature non solum, not only opinari (dep.), to thin\ phantasia, f^ image, representation subsistere, -stiti, -stitus, to subsist, to abide tandem, at length, finally Word Study i. Incorporeus: not having a material body or form; not consisting of matter. 2. Phantasia, fantasy: act or function of forming images or represen- tations whether in direct perception or in memory, or by derivation through sensation. 3. Subsistere: to have existence or to continue to exist; to appear as the essential corollary of the existence of something else. Grammar Compounds of quis and qui. a) The suffix -cumque added to the relative gives it an indefinite sense The compound form is declined like the simple relative: 25 26 SECOND LATIN quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque, whoever, whatever; cujus- cumque, etc. The suffix -cumque may be added to some other words with the same effect: qualiscumque, of whatever sort; quandocumque, when- ever; ubicumque, wherever; quantuscumque, however great, b) In quisquis, whoever, both parts are declined. c) Quidam, a certain one, and quivis, quilibet, any you please, are used as both pronouns and adjectives. The forms are: m. f. n. quidam quaedam quiddam or quoddam quivis quaevis quidvis or quodvis quilibet quaelibet quidlibet or quodlibet Quidam changes m to n before d: ace. sing., quendam (m.), quan- dam (f.) ; gen. plur., quorundam (m., n.), quarundam (f.). d) Quispiam, some, any, is both pronoun and adjective. Pronoun: quispiam (m., f.), quidpiam (n.). Adjective: quispiam (m.), quaepiam (f.), quodpiam (n.). e) Quisquam, any at all, is used as both pronoun and adjective in the masculine and feminine forms; in the neuter (quidquam, some- times quicquam) it is a pronoun only. This relative has no plural. f) Aliquis, pronoun, some one, and aliqui, adjective, some, are de- clined like quis and qui except that the feminine of the nominative singular is aliqua. g) Quisque, every one, quique, every: -que added to the interroga- tives quis or qui gives a universal sense. Pronoun: quisque (m., f.), quidque (n.). Adjective: quique (m.), quaeque (f.), quodque (n.). h) Unusquisque, every single one. In this compound both parts are declined : genitive, uniuscuj usque. SECOND LATIN 27 EXERCISES I. Quicumque introivit cineres non vidit. 2* Quodcumque id est, non cognosce 3. Praemia dedit cuicui venit. 4. Quidam servus appa- ruit tubam sonans. 5. Quodlibet signaculum gerere potes. 6. Timebant propter quorundam vitas. 7. Potentiae quaepiam patebant, aliae non comprehendebantur. 8. Da nobis quemquam panem. 9. Eis locuti sumus de aliquibus objecti notis. 10. In rei contemplatione aliquod tempus sistebat. 11. Aliqua locum habitationis inquirit. 12. Quisque de somno resurrexit. 13. Quodque objectum essentiam habet. 14. In hoc libro quidam mentis processus nominantur. 15. Aliquod in nos im- primet cujuscumque docuit. 16. Substantia qualiscumque principium ac finem habet. 17. Ingrediens in domum dixit: "Salve!" cuicumque ibi invenit. 18. Quendam vidimus ejicientem spiritus malos. 19. Versa- bitur circa quasdam animae potentias. 20. Quaepiam diversitates sunt inter philosophiam practicam et speculativam. 21. Quidquam ei place- bit. 22. Divisi erant circa aliquos unionis scopos. 23. Apparebat sol intra aliquas nubes mirabiles. 24. Adducite ad altare quemvis haedum. 25. Pueri matris uniuscuj usque in servitutem ducti sunt. 26. Quare in quibusdam malitiis gloriflcaris ? 27. Fortes, quantaecumque sunt gen- tes, tandem delentur. 28. Ubicumque oves erant eas inveniebant. 29. Quomodo possumus unicuique credere ? 30. Cane pro nobis verba cujuslibet hymni. 31. Quandocumque pater olim iram suam manifes- tabat, filii ei dona offerebant. 32. Primo domum calefacient, secundo aliquos panes cum vino manducabunt, tertio dormient. 33. Naturam quorumpiam organismorum non comprehendimus. 34. Quisquam hu- jusmodi actus ad philosophiam practicam pertinet. 35. Quodque sys- tema de regulis compositum est. 36. Mens potentiam habet quarundam phantasiarum formandarum. 37. Non solum quospiam latrones in monte viderunt, verum etiam aliquos leones maximos. 38. Praeter- quam quaedam notarum complexio naturaliter patet. 39. Primo, homo suos actus proprios considerat, porro causas eorum inquirit. 40. Ubi- cumque sistimus, calidum est. 41. Opinatur quoddam ratiocinium ves- 28 SECOND LATIN trum non rectum esse. 42. Speramus quamque venturam esse. 43. Ac- cepit quemquem miserunt. 44. Exprime quasvis notiones. 45. Ope quarundam rerum hujusmodi in totum mundum leges novas impo nemus. READING i. Dicitur quod anima humana non est aliquid subsistens. Sed contra est quod Augustinus dick: "Quisquis videt mentis naturam et esse substantiam, et non esse corpoream, videt eos qui opinantur earn esse corpoream ob hoc errare, quod adjungunt ei ea sine quibus nullam possunt cogitare naturam," scilicet corporum phantasias. Natura ergo mentis humanae non solum est incorporea, sed etiam est substantia, scilicet aliquid subsistens. Respondeo dicendum (die it Doctor An- gelicus) quod necesse est dicere id quod est principium intellectuals operationis quod dicimus animam hominis, esse quoddam principium incorporeum et subsistens. 2. Ipsum igitur intellectuale principium quod dicitur mens, vel intellectus, habet operationem per se, cui non communicat corpus. Nihil autem potest per se operari nisi quod per se subsistit; non enim est operari nisi ends in actu. Unde eo modo aliquid operatur quo est; propter quod non dicimus quod calor calefacit, sed calidum. Relin- quitur igitur animam humanam, quae dicitur intellectus, vel mens esse aliquid incorporeum et subsistens. LESSON VIII Vocabulary accidens, m^ accident aliter, otherwise alius, other, another animal, n., animal attribuere, -ui, -utus, to attribute brut us, brute, irrational completus, complete dupliciter, doubly, in a double sense excludere, -clusi, -clusus, to exclude forma, f ., form genus, n., class, kind imperfectio, f., imperfection inhaerentia, f., inherent quality intelligere, -lexi, -lectus, to perceive, to understand materia, f., matter obstaculum, n., hindrance opinio, f., opinion palpare, to feel (by touch) praemittere, -misi, -missus, to set forth as a premise proprie, properly sententia, f ., opinion species, f ., \in d, species substantia, f., substance vetus, old Word Study i. Substantia, accidens. A substantia is that which exists in itself. An accidens is a quality or attribute of some other thing. Thus an 29 30 SECOND LATIN apple is a substantia, but redness and sweetness are accidentia existing in the apple. 2. Materia, forma. Every material thing is constituted of materia prima and forma. The forma is a determining element of any reality. All bodily things have in common materia prima. Each thing's forma is what makes it distinct from every other thing. Forma substantialis makes a thing a substantia of a precise essential nature. Materia prima is that which all material things have in common. It never actually exists except as being "informed" by a forma substantialis. Grammar Deponent verbs. a) A deponent verb is one which is passive in form but active or reflexive in meaning. The active forms have disappeared except the participles, which exist in both voices: sequens, following secuturus, about to follow secutus, having followed sequendus, to be followed b) Most deponents belong to the first conjugation, and these are all regular. c) The following common deponents are irregular: confiteor, confiteri, confessus, to confess experior, experiri, expertus, to try fruor, frui, fructus, to enjoy fungor, fungi, functus, to fulfill egredior, egredi, egressus, to wal\, to depart irascor, irasci, iratus, to be angry labor, labi, lapsus, to fall loquor, loqui, locutus, to spea\ metior, metiri, mensus, to measure morior, mori (moriri), mortuus (moriturus), to die nanciscor, nancisci, nactus (nanctus), to find, to get nascor, nasci, natus, to be born SECOND LATIN 31 nitor, niti, nisus (nixus), to strive obliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus, to forget ordior, ordiri, orsus, to begin paciscor, pacisci, pactus, to bargain patior, pati, passus, to suffer proficiscor, proficisci, profectus, to set out queror, queri, questus, to complain revertor, reverti, reversus, to return sequor, sequi, secutus, to follow tueor, tueri, tuitus (tutus), to defend ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus, to avenge utor, uti, usus, to use, to employ reminiscor, reminisci (no supine), to call to mind vescor, vesci (no supine), to feed upon d) Utor, fruor, fungor, potior, and vescor, and their compounds take their direct object in the ablative case. e) A few verbs having no perfect stem appear, in the perfect tenses, only in the passive forms. Such verbs are called semi-deponents. audeo, audere, ausus, dare confido, confidere, confisus, trust gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus, rejoice soleo, solere, solitus, be accustomed EXERCISES 1. Intelligere est moveri. 2. Quipiam multa certamina passi sunt. 3. Tandem proficiscentur. 4. Queritur diem nimis calidum esse. 5. Sua ratiocinia non proprie tuiti sunt. 6. Si his regulis uteris non errabis. 7. Reminiscor hodie me in altari pridie id reliquisse. 8. Injusta gen- tium ultus est. 9. Delicta sua confiteri nolebat. 10. Libris naturae intellectualis perfruebatur. 11. Agni non pane vescuntur. 12. Quan- documque veniebam jam reversi erant 13. Solet oblivisci ea quae ei dicimus. 14. Aliqui nova ordiuntur, alii veteribus operam dant. 15. Sci- mus animam cum corpore subsistere. 16. Exprimite ideas vestras cum clarkate, aliter eas intelligere non poterimus. 17. Proprie loquendo 32 SECOND LATIN calor non calefacit. 18. Magis proprie dicitur id calidum esse. 19. Quis- que videt per oculum et palpat per manum. 20. Nos secuti sunt non solum per viam, verum etiam in domus nostras. 21. Nixi erant in ratiociniis suis non errare. 22. Ad incorporea phantasias corporeorum adjunxit. 23. Invicem paciscentur ad laborem faciendum. 24. Homo caelestia terrenis non metiri potest. 25. Judex ob rei verba horrenda iratus est. 26. Lapsae sumus et promissionibus nostris fungi non possu- mus. 27. Experior sed non bene procedo. 28. Sequentes eum in montem obscurum intravimus. 29. Sancti precibus suis fruuntur. 30. In tenebris remanentes eos per ostiam ecclesiae egredientes videbamus. 31. Qui- dam dixit se philosophia non uti; irasci posse volebat sine obstaculis. 32. In laetitiis aliorum sociando miserias nostras obliviscimur. 33. In ilia terra aqua non erat, et igitur omnia bruta animalia mortua sunt. 34. Profecti erant non solum ad gentes succurrendas, sed etiam cau- sarum certaminis inter eas inquirendarum causa. 35. Ite et vos sequar. 36. Civitatem cum fortitudine tuebantur, sed tandem in manus mili- tiae lapsa est. 37. Quare non reminiscimini regulas quas theologus in praeclarum librum suum collegit? 38. Benedictio ejus ut tutamentum contra mala tribuenda est. 39. Quantos panes nanctus est Petrus? 40. Agnus Dei qui tollis peccata mundi, miserere nobis, READING 1. Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod hoc aliquid potest accipi du- pliciter : uno modo pro quocumque subsistente, alio modo pro sub- sistente completo in natura alicujus speciei. Primo modo excludit in- haerentiam accidentis et formae materialis. Secundo modo excludit etiam imperfectionem partis. Anima humana pars speciei humanae est, et igitur potest dici hoc aliquid primo modo, quasi subsistens, sed non secundo modo; sic enim compositum ex anima et corpore dicitur hoc aliquid. Ad secundum dicendum, quod verba ilia Aris- toteles dicit non secundum propriam sententiam, sed secundum opi- nionem illorum qui dicebant quod intelligere est moveri, ut patet ex iis quae ibi praemittit. 2. Operationes partium attribuuntur toti per partes; dicimus enim SECOND LATIN 33 quod homo videt per oculum et palpat per manum, aliter quam calidum calefacit per calorem, quia calor nullo modo calefacit proprie loquendo. Potest igitur dici quod anima intelligit sicut oculus videt; sed magis proprie dicitur hominem per animam intelligere. Ad ter- tium sic proceditur. Videtur animas brutorum animalium subsistere. Homo enim convenit in genere cum aliis animalibus. Sed anima hominis est aliquid subsistens, ut ostensum est. Ergo et animae aliorum animalium sunt subsistentes. LESSON IX Vocabulary accidere, -cidi (no supine), to happen, to ta\e place antiquus, ancient color, m., color convenire, -veni, -ventus, to agree, to be appropriate distinctio, f., distinction distinguere, -stinxi, -stinctus, to distinguish exercere, -ui, -itus, to exercise, to operate f alsus, false felicitas, f., happiness, bliss ignorantia, f., ignorance, lac\ of \nowledge immutatio, f ., change intellectus, m., intellect manifeste, manifestly organum, n., organ participare, to participate, to share in philosophus, m., philosopher praeterea, besides, moreover pupilla, {., pupil (of the eye) quandoque, at one time or other, whenever quodammodo, in a certain manner, in a measure quodcumque, whatever sensus, m., sense, feeling subjicere, -jeci, -jectus, to subject transmutare, to transform, to change uterque, both SECOND LATIN 35 Word Study Sensus is here used in the meaning of sensation or feeling as op- posed to intellect. Grammar Quia, quod, quoniam in indirect discourse. Verbs of saying, think- ing, believing, and the like are frequently followed by a clause in the indicative introduced by the conjunction quia, quod, or quoniam instead of the infinitive with subject in the accusative case. EXERCISES 1. Cogitabant quod immutatio non acciderat. 2. Cognosco quia antiqui philosophi illud credebant. 3. Dixit quod colorem pupillae non distinguere poterat. 4. Sperabamus quia ignorantiam suam non manifestaverant. 5. Oblitus sum quod venturus est. 6. Nuntiabit quia judicis ratiocinium manifeste falsum est. 7. Docent quia anima sub- sistens est. 8. Crcdimus quod homo convenit in genere cum aliis animalibus. 9. Dicis quia materia manifeste substantia est. 10. In- tellexit quod materia scientiae subjicitur. 11. Ignorat quod distinctio est inter sensum et intellectum. 12. Juravit quia utrumque non viderat. 13. Antiquus philosophus habebat quod animae brutorum animalium subsistentes erant. 14. Promisimus ei quia obstacula non futura sunt. 15. Respondi quia accidentia non inhaerentia sunt. 16. Testimonium perhibet quod verba sua falsa sunt. 17. Recordarisne quod versatum est circa naturam phantasiarum? 18. Videbant quod veteres erant. 19. Audiveruntne quia nomen speciei obliti sumus? 20. Sciebatis quia objecta formam et substantiam habent. 21. Dicit quod sententias antiquorum philosophorum exclusit. 22. Credimus quia in homine unio animae et corporis est. 23. Sensit quia haec non necessario divisa erant. 24. Memento quod idea distincta dividitur in completam et incompletam. 25. Cognoscimus quod tota substantia carentiam per- fectionis exhibet. 26. Scito autem quia quodque objectum est ens. 27. Nuntiat quod regem coronaverunt apud magnam turbam claman- 36 SECOND LATIN tern. 28. Docebant quod spes virtus christiana erat. 29. Opinabatur quia theologus non erraverat. 30. Dicit ei quia ignorantia felicitas est. 31. Cogitavit quod sol ortus erat. 32. Dicit quod pueri nullum timorem sentiunt. 33. Ostendunt quod ratiocinium suum falsum est. 34. Jura- bimus quia testimonium ejus non justum erat. 35. Videtur quod theo- logus terminum bene definivit. 36. Confessi estis quia omnes actus vestros in illo die non reminisci potestis. 37. Dicit quod omnes scopos suos attigit 38. Dixi quia mater mea jam vetus est. 39. Primo dixit quia regulas colligere debemus, porro eas in systema redigere. 40. Cre- debant quod notiones eorum universi completae eranu READING 1. Antiqui philosophi nullam distinctionem ponebant inter sensum et intellectum; et utrumque corporeo principio attribuebant, ut dictum est. Plato autem distinxit inter intellectum et sensum; utrumque tamen attribuit principio incorporeo, ponens quod sicut intelligere, ita et sentire convenit animae secundum seipsam; et ex hoc sequebatur quod etiam animae brutorum animalium sunt subsistentes. Sed Aris- toteles posuit quod solum intelligere inter opera animae sine organo corporeo exercetur. Sentire vero et consequentes operationes animae sensitivae manifeste accidunt cum aliqua corporis immutatione; sicut in videndo immutatur pupilla per speciem colons; et idem apparet in aliis. 2. Omnia quaecumque sunt in actu, participant primum actum, qui Deus est; per cujus participationem omnia sunt et bona et entia et viventia. Ergo quaecumque sunt in potentia, participant primam potentiam. Sed prima potentia est materia prima. Anima humana est quodammodo in potentia, et apparet ex hoc quod homo quan- doque est intelligens in potentia; videtur igitur quod anima humana participat materiam primam tanquam partem sui. Praeterea, in quo- cumque inveniuntur proprietates materiae, ibi invenitur materia, Sed in anima inveniuntur proprietates materiae, quae sunt subjici et trans- mutari; subjicitur enim scientiae et virtuti, et mutatur de ignorantia ad scientiam, vel de vitio ad virtutem. Ergo in anima est materia. LESSON X Vocabulary absolute, absolutely, fully, completely absolutus, absolute, complete carere (2), to lac\, to be devoid of communis, common compositio, f., composition individualis, individual individuatio, f., individuation infinitus, infinite inquantum, inasmuch as intellectivus, intellective, intelligent, rational lapis, m., stone manifestus, manifest probare, to prove putare, to consider, to suppose, to imagine quidem, indeed singulare, singly, separately, one by one specialiter, specially Word Study 1. Individuatio. The development of the individual from the uni- versal or the determination of the individual in the general. The prin- ciple of individuation is variously held to be matter, form, and par- ticularity of the subject in time and space; personal or individual existence. 2. Intellectivus. As applied to knowledge the term means that knowledge which is obtained by the intellectual processes of abstrac- tion and comparison independent of the senses. 37 38 SECOND LATIN Grammar Verbs governing other than the accusative. a) Verbs taking their object in the genitive: i. Verbs of remembering or forgetting may take either the genitive or the accusative of the object. Such verbs are: meminisse, recordari, rerninisci, oblivisci. 2. Verbs denoting pity may take the genitive: Miserere mei. Have pity on me. b) Verbs taking their object in the dative: i. Verbs meaning to favor, help, please, persuade, believe, and the like take the dative. Such verbs are: parcere, to spare, subvenire, to assist, placere, to please, servire, to serve, confiteri, to praise, credere, to believe, indulgere, to forgive, miserere, to have pity on. 2. Verbs compounded with satis, bene, and male govern the dative. For example, satisfacere, benefacere, benedicere, maledicere. 3. Many verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, super admit the object in the dative. Such verbs are inhaerere, to adhere to, convenire, to agree, to be suitable, indulgere, to pardon, confiteri, to praise, sub venire, to assist. 4. The dative is used with esse to denote possession. Ei tuba est. He has a trumpet. c) Verbs taking their object in the ablative: 1. Verbs denoting plenty or want require the ablative: carere, to lac\, egere, to want, to feel the need of, opus esse, to need, usus esse, to be necessary. 2. Certain verbs of use or enjoyment take the object in the ablative: frui, to enjoy, fungi, to perform, potiri, to get possession of, uti, to use, vesci, to feed on. EXERCISES 1. Memini caloris illius diei. 2. Regularum oblita est. 3. Miserere mei, Domine. 4. Agnus Dei qui tollis peccata mundi, miserere nobis. SECOND LATIN 39 5. Peccatis indulsit et peccatoribus pepercit. 6. Nobis subveniet. 7. Ma- tri tuae placebit hie actus. 8. Civitate vix potiti erant. 9. Vitulum in monte invenientes, eo vescuntur. 10. Vota sacerdotum episcopo place- bant. 11. Voluntati Dei serviverunt. 12. Vocis patriarchae reminiscitur. 13. Vultus filiorum eorum eis placent. 14. Omnes gentes visceribus brutorum animalium vescuntur. 15. Vir practicus est, et igitur tantum visibilibus fruitur. 16. Deus vanis non benedicit. 17. Verbis ejus non credo, quod veritate carent. 18. Ob actus suos fortitudinis regis venia fruetur. 19. Confitebantur ei cum hymnis vesper tinis. 20. Usque ad finem mundi ei servient. 21. Ultio viris malis semper placet. 22. Genti- bus non unitas est, 23. Pauperes utique rebus multis egent. 24. Tanti mortui sunt; ideo tumulis caremus ad eos sepeliendos. 25. Eum suppli- cavimus, et tunc nobis misertus est. 26. Terra tremebat, sed exercitus in illo die tremendo subvenit nobis. 27. Non tradidit, sed pepercit tribus ex eis. 28. In trigesimo die montibus potiti sunt qui lacum circumdabant. 29. Testem tertium sustulerunt, quod judici non satis- faciebat. 30. Throni terreni cadunt, si populo non benefaciunt. 31. Si solum temporalibus aut materialibus inhaerent, delebuntur. 32. Tecti domi reminiscebantur, quod novum erat. 33. Argentum optabat, sed tentatio tamen non potiebatur eo. 34. Ei qui oculis carent, in tenebris ingrediuntur. 35. Eis quae sumpserunt uti non possunt. 36. Debitori- bus parcit et debitis indulget. 37. Aeribus suavibus patriae suae per- fruuntur. 38. Stricte functus sum omnibus quae mihi jussa sunt. 39. In mundo afflicto spe usus est. 40. Aqua opus est ad altare asper- gendum. READING 1. Ilia quae non habent materiam, non habent causam sui esse. Sed anima habet causam sui esse, quia creatur a Deo. Ergo anima habet materiam. Praeterea, quod non habet materiam, sed est forma tantum, est actus purus et infinitus. Hoc autem solius Dei est. Ergo anima habet materiam. Sed contra est quod Augustinus probat, quod anima non est facta nee ex materia corporali, nee ex materia spirituali. Respondetur quod anima non habet materiam, et hoc potest con- 4 o SECOND LATIN siderari dupliciter. Primo quidem ex ratione animac in communL Aut est forma secundum se totam, aut secundum aliquam partem sui. Secundo, specialiter ex ratione humanae animae, inquantum est intellectiva. 2. Manifestum est enim quod omne quod recipitur in aliquo, recipi- tur in eo per modum recipientis. Sic autem cognoscitur unumquod- que, sicut forma ejus est in cognoscente. Anima autem intellectiva cognoscit rem aliquam in sua natura absoluta, puta lapidem, inquan- tum est lapis absolute. Est igitur forma lapidis absolute secundum propriam rationem formalem in anima intellectiva. Anima igitur intellectiva est forma absoluta, non autem aliquid compositum ex materia et forma. Si enim anima intellectiva est composita ex materia et forma, formae rerum recipientur in ea ut individuales; et sic non potest cognoscere nisi singulare, sicut accidit in potentiis sensitivis quae recipiunt formas rerum in organo corporali. Materia enim est principium individuationis formarum. Relinquitur ergo quod anima intellectiva et omnis intellectualis substantia cognoscens formas ab- solute, caret compositione formae et materiae. LESSON XI Vocabulary actualitas, f ., reality, existence aptitudo, f ., aptitude, ability atvero, however complecti, -plexus (dep. 3), to embrace concludere, -clusi, -clusus, to conclude corruptibilis, corruptible exemplum, n., example existentia, f ., existence existere, -stiti, -stitus, to exist extensio, f ., extension, extent generatio, f ., generation, reproduction grammatice, grammatically ibidem, in the same place importare, to convey indoles, f ., nature instar, n. (indecl.), likeness, equivalent; ad instar (followed by geni- tive), like to interitus, m., destruction, annihilation jumentum, n., beast (of burden) legere, legi, lectus, to read nomen, n., noun, name participium, n., participle possibilis, possible praescindere, -scidi, -scissus, to prescind se habet, is regarded similis, similar similiter, similarly 41 42 SECOND LATIN spirare, to breathe talis, such; talis . • . qualis, such . . . as tamquam, as if vertibilis, convertible, liable to be turned bac\ Word Study i. Actualitas: actual or real existence of a thing so far as this is en- dowed with form. 2. Corruptibilis: in its widest sense of general deterioration. An object is corrupt when it has lost its original soundness or integrity. 3. Praescindere: to cut off; to abstract or separate from. Grammar 1. The Subjunctive Mood. a) Clauses of result take the subjunctive introduced by ut (negative, ut non) . Talis est participii indoles, ut accipi possit ut nomeo. Such is the nature of a participle that it can be taken as a noun. b) Sive (seu), whether, may be used to introduce a conditional clause. If a fact is stated, the indicative is used. The subjunctive is required when a supposition or possibility is implied. Sive ducit sive sequitur, solet opiniones suas exprimere. Whether he leads or whether he follows, he is accustomed to express his opinions. Nomina exprimunt aptitudinem alicujus rei ad existendum, sive ilia res actu existat sive non. Nouns express the aptitude of something to exist, whether that thing exists in reality or not. c) Conditional clauses of comparison take the subjunctive. They may be introduced by tanquam (tamquam), tamquam si, quasi, ac si, ut si, velut si, all meaning as if, and by quam si, than if. The tense is usually present or perfect. Post hoc erimus, tanquam non hierimus. After this we shall be as if we had not been. SECOND LATIN 43 d) The hortatory subjunctive is used in the present tense to express an exhortation or a command. The negative is ne, E^emplum sit participium intelligens. Let the participle intelligens be an example. (Ta\e, for example, the participle intelligens,) Ne eant in tertio die. Let them not go on the third day. e) After verbs of saying, thinking, perceiving, and the like, the infinitive with subject accusative is often replaced by a quod or quia clause carrying its verb in the subjunctive. Videtur quod anima hu- mana sit corruptibilis. // seems that the human soul may be subject to corruption. 2. The dative of purpose. The dative is used to denote purpose or end, often with another dative of the person or thing affected. Magno usui nostris fuit. // was of great use to our men. Exemplo sit Let it be for an example. EXERCISES 1. Talis est hominis natura, ut tentationi non semper resistat. 2. Tantae civitates deletae erant, ut non aedificari iterum possent. 3. Scimus hominem moriturum esse sive malus sive bonus sit. 4. Sive ei loquerentur sive eum in pace relinquerent, non movebat. 5. Eum supplicabit tanquam non multa jam poposcerit. 6. Sustinebant novas calamitates suas tamquam si non multa mala passi essent. 7. Verba tarn superflua videbantur, ut nihil dicerent. 8. Sursum corda, velut si credatis quia vita bona sit. 9. Suscipiant labores suos ut si illi non acres sint. 10. Animal quodque spirat sive homo sive jumentum sit. 11. Videtur quod verba ejus notionem non importent quam putat. 12. Probat quod lapides in cineres igne vertibiles sint. 13. Ne sedeamus ibidem per totum diem. 14. Cunctos modos possibiles inquirebat, ut tandem scopum suum consequeretur. 15. Exemplo nobis sit jumentum fidele ac patiens. 16. De passione magis sciebant, quam si multos libros legissent. 17. De illis rebus loquitur, quasi similes sint. 18. Signo sint haec mirabilia. 19. Sermones ejus promissioni nobis sint. 20. Sicut dixit, fecit, i.e., quod venturus iterum esset. 21. Nubes cvaserant, ut 44 SECOND LATIN caelum nunc serenum esset. 22. Eis serviebat ac si servitutem diligerct. 23. Sciamus sequentiam materiae. 24. Videtur quod scientia et sapien- tia non eaedem sint. 25. Tanta scelera commisit, ut non securus in ilia civitate sit. 26. Manifestum est quia sanguis ex lapide non exprimi possit. 27. Sperant quod salus eorum propinqua sit. 28. Tarn suppliciter rogaverunt, ut orationes suae concederentur. 29. Caelum rubebat, ut sciremus quod inimici civitatem accendissent. 30. Faciem avertit, velut si in reatu esset. 31. Ne recordentur id quod reliquerunt. 32. No- bis refrigerio requies erat. 33. Videbatur quod reliquias non reddi- dissent. 34. Nesciebant utrum genitrix ejus in ilia civitate resideret sive non. 35. Nos respiciebat, ac si placitus esset READING 1. Ens grammatice sumptum est participium praesens verbi esse, sub quo respectu exprimit aliquid actu existens. Participium enim praesens, qua participium, exprimit actualitatem illius formae, quam verbum importat. Atvero, talis est participii indoles, ut accipi possit ut nomen, et sic acceptum praescindit ab actuali existentia rei signifi- catae; nomina enim significant sine tempore, et exprimunt aptitudi- nem alcujus rei ad existendum, sive ilia res actu existat sive non. Exemplo si participium intelligens, quod, ut participium, exprimit actualem intelligentiae usum, ut nomen, exprimit hominem aptum ad intelligendum sive actu intelligat sive non. Ens ut participium et ens ut nomen non eadem sunt atque ens actuale et ens possibile. Ens ut participium idem valet atque ens actuale; sed ens ut nomen complectitur in sua extensione turn actuale turn possibile, et respectu illorum se habet ad instar generis. 2. Videtur quod anima humana sit corruptibilis. Quorum enim est simile principium et similis processus, videtur esse similis finis. Sed simile est principium genera tionis hominum et jumentorum, quia de terra facta sunt; similis est etiam vitae processus in utrisque, quia "similiter spirant omnia, et nihil habet homo jumento amplius," ut dicitur Eccles., Ill, 19. Ergo ut ibidem concluditur, unus est interitus hominis et jumentorum, et aequa utrisque conditio, Sed anima bru- SECOND LATIN 45 torum animalium est corruptibilis. Ergo et anima humana est corrupti- bilis. Praeterea, omne quod est de nihilo, vertibile est in nihilum; quia finis debet respondere principio. Sed sicut dicitur Sapient., II, 2, "Ex nihilo nati sumus," quod verum est non solum quantum ad corpus, sed etiam quantum ad animam. Ergo, ut ibidem concluditur, post hoc erimus, tanquam non fuerimus, etiam secundum animam. LESSON XII Vocabulary adaequarus, adequate beatitudo, f^ happiness, blessedness complere, -plevi, -pletus, to complete, to fulfill conceptus, m., concept conjunctio, f., union, whole constitutivus, constituent contrarium, n., opposite dicere, dixi, dictus, to say, to mean diiJerre, distuli, dilatus, to differ divisibilis, divisible, separate elementum, n., element essendo, essendi, in, of being: the gerund of esse used in Vulgar Latin expresse, expressly extra, outside of heri, yesterday immediatus, immediate, direct inclinatio, f^ tendency, inclination naturalis, natural nequire, nequivi, not to be able, cannot nobilis, noble nonnihil, not nothing (that is, something) ordo, m^ order pluralitas, £., plurality postmodum, afterwards proinde, hence, therefore quare, wherefore quatenus, in so far as SECOND LATIN 47 quidditas, f., essence, "whatness" resolvere, -solvi, -solutus, to separate specificus, specific, relating to a species ultimus, last, ultimate unicus, single unitus, united, pined Word Study 1. Quidditas: essence; that whereby a thing is what it is; that which answers the question "Quid est?" "What is the thing?" 2. Differentia ultima: a term applied to man's rationality; man's intellect which is the ultimate distinction between him and the beasts. 3. Aliud quid, another thing; something else. Grammar 1. Subjunctive in causal clauses. a) Quod and quia take the indicative when the reason is given on the authority of the writer or speaker, but require the subjunctive when the reason is given on the authority of another. Id non possum manducare quod calidum est. / cannot eat this be- cause it is hot. Sua mater tristis est quia non redierit. His mother is sad because he did not return. b) A relative clause expressing cause requires the subjunctive. Participes poenarum nostrarum videntur qui perturbati sint. They seem to share our sufferings because they are troubled. c) A causal clause introduced by cum takes the subjunctive. Corpus autem, cum sit extra essentiam animae, non videtur ad ejus speciem pertinere. But the body, since it is outside of the soul, does not seem to belong to its species. 2. Comparison of adjectives and adverbs, a) The comparative of adjectives is regularly formed by adding 48 SECOND LATIN -ior (neuter -ius), the superlative by adding -issimus(-a, -um), to Ac stem of the positive. Comparative Superlative clarior clarissimus nobilior nobilissimus simplicior simplicissimus b) Adjectives ending in -er form the superlative by adding -rimus to the nominative, acer (\een) acrior acerrimus miser {wretched) miserior miserrimus c) Six adjectives ending in -lis form the superlative by adding -limus to the stem. These are: facilis, easy; difficilis, difficult; similis, similar; dissimilis, dissimilar; gracilis, graceful; humilis, humble. Positive clarus (clear) nobilis (noble) simplex (simple) facilis (easy) facilior d) Adjectives compared irregularly are: facillinms bonus (good) melior optimus malus (bad) pejor pessimus magnus (great) major maximus parvus (small) minor minirnus multus (much) plus plurimus multi (many) plures plurimi nequam (wic\ed) nequior nequissimus frugi (indecl.) frugalior fnigalissimus vetus (old) vetustior veterrimus exterus (outward) exterior extremus (extimus) inferus (below) inferior (lower) infimus (imus) posterns posterior postremus (postumus) following latter last superus superior supremus (summus) above higher highest juvenis (young) junior minimus natu senex (old) senior maximus natu SECOND LATIN 49 e) The comparative degree of the adverb is the same as the neuter comparative of the adjective. The superlative is formed by changing the ending -us of the superlative of the adjective to e. clare {clearly) clarius clarissime nobiliter {nobly) nobilius nobilissime acriter {\eenly) acrius acerrime facile {easily) facilius facillime f) The following adverbs are irregular or defective at least in one form. bene {well) melius optime male {badly) pejus pessime diu {long) diutius diutissime saepe {often) saepius saepissime satis {enough) satius {preferable) secus {otherwise) setius {worse) multum (multo) plus (magis) plurime (maxime) much more most parum minus minime little less least nuper nuperrime recently most recently g) Some comparative and superlative adjectives have no positive, but are derived from prepositions or adverbs. intra interior intimus within inner inmost prae prior primus before former first prope propior proximus near nearer next ultra ulterior ultimus beyond farther farthest, last 5 o SECOND LATIN h) Than after a comparative is expressed by quam. Especially if the second member of a comparison contains no verb, quam may be omitted and the noun or pronoun placed in the ablative case. EXERCISES i. Ecclesia propior quam domus est. 2. Cogitationes intimas non exprimere poterat. 3. Anima manifeste ex materia non est. 4. Legit melius quam loquitur. 5. Sententiae utraeque falsissimae sunt. 6. Lapi- dem non videt, cum non ibidem sit. 7. Cum tarn manifesti sint, existen- tiam eorum probare non opus est. 8. Potesne inter angelum et animam praecisive distinguere? Nequeo. 9. Non poterant invenire eum, quod nomen ejus non scirent. 10. Beatissimos putamus eos qui sapientiam attigerint. 11. Hodie calidius est quam heri. 12. Atvero, scopus ejus nobilior est quam actus. 13. Hae distinctiones inter hominem et ani- malia bruta communiores sunt quam putas. 14. Cum verba ejus non naturam idearum propriarum importarent, non comprehendebant eum. 15. Cum manibus palpemus, hae mentem adjuvant facilius notiones rerum formare. 16. Se habet id exemplum melius esse quam illud. 17. Nobis pluribus gratiis opus est ad virtutes illas exercendas. 18. Angeli humiliores hominibus sunt. 19. Leges non scicbant, quod antiquissimae essent. 20. Cum indoles animae non corrupt ibilis sit, debet esse immaterialis. 21. Credis quod homo sapientior quam ju- mentum sit? Naturalissime! 22. Cum theologus opinatus sit hoc verum esse, opinionem ejus accipiemus. 23. Angeli graciliores quam homines sunt. 24. Postmodum sciebant eum nobilissimum inter eos esse. 25. Homo conjunctio omnium virtutum nobiliorum et omnium vi- tiorum pessimorum est. 26. Joannes melior fratre est, quare melius quam frater agit. 27. Pater fortior quam filius est cum senior sit. 28. Amor pietatis naturalior ad hominem est quam inclinatio ad ma- lum. 29. Judex magnus et praeclarus est qui multa praemia acciperiL 30. Sanctus bonus est; angelus melior est; Deus optimus est. 31. Plu- rimum habeo; quis minimum habet? 32. Peccator semper miserior est quam pauper. 33. Nomen quidditas essentiam rei exprimit, cum quaestioni, "quid est?" respondeat. 34. JMultae ex Romae ecclesiis ve- SECOND LATIN 51 terrimis sistent adhuc. 35. Cum caelum clarius hodie sit, montes melius videre possumus. READING i. Ens, quatenus definiri potest, est a) per ordinem ad existentiam; quidquid existit vel existere potest, vel quidquid habet aliquam realitatem; b) per ordinem ad cognitionem: quidquid per se intelligi potest. Conceptui formali entis respondet unus conceptus objectivus, adaequatus et immediatus, qui expresse non dicit substantiam neque accidens, neque Deum neque creaturam; sed haec omnia per modum unius, scil., quatenus sunt inter se aliquo modo similia, et conveniunt in essendo. Quare idea entis sicut est omnium communissima ita etiam est omnium simplicissima, et proinde ens proprie definiri nequit; rem enim definire est earn in sua elementa constitutiva resolvere, notio autem entis unicum elementum simplicissimum (aliquam realitatem) exprimit. Ens, res, aliquid, non re, sed ratione distinguuntur. Res nomen habet a quidditate rata et certa, ens vero ab actu essendi. Ali- quid sumptum pro nonnihil non differt ab ente vel re. 2. Videtur quod anima et angelus sint unius speciei. Unumquodque enim ordinatur ad proprium finem per naturam suae speciei, per quam habet inclinationem ad finem. Sed idem est finis animae et angeli, scilicet beatitudo aeterna. Ergo sunt unius speciei. Praeterea, ultima differentia specifica est nobilissima, quia complet rationem speciei. Sed nihil est nobilius in angelo et anima quam esse intellectuals Ergo conveniunt anima et angelus in ultima differentia specifica; ergo sunt unius speciei. Praeterea, anima ab angelo differre non videtur nisi per hoc quod est corpori unita. Corpus autem, cum sit extra essentiam animae, non videtur ad ejus speciem pertinere. Ergo anima et angelus sunt unius speciei. Sed contra, quorum sunt diversae operationes na- tu rales, ipsa differ unt specie. Sed animae et angeli sunt diversae opera- tiones naturales: quia, ut dicit Dionysius, mentes angelicae simplices, et beatos intellectus habent, non de visibilibus congregantes divinam cognitionem; cujus contrarium postmodum de anima dicit. Anima igitur et angelus non sunt unius specieL LESSON XIII Vocabulary abstractio, f., detachment, removal, abstraction actu (abl. of actus), actually, in reality actualis, actual additio, f ., addition alioquin, otherwise cognoscitivus, cognizant, aware comprehensio, f ., comprehensiveness determinare, to determine determinates, definite, determined dumtaxat, only exclusio, f ., exclusion illimitatus, unlimited includere, -clusi, -clusus, to include median te, by means of multiplicare, to multiply multiplicatio, f., multiplication ne . . . quidem, not even octo, eight praecisio, f., preciseness, precision, definiteness proportio, f ., proportion qualis, what \ind quum (cum), since (takes subj.) repugnare, to be inconsistent or incompatible; to deny, to disagree requirere, -sivi, -situs, to require revera, indeed, truly separatus, separate SECOND LATIN 53 talis, such; qua talc, as such ubi, where, when unire, to unite utrum, whether Word Study 1. Cognoscitivus: having the power of knowing, intellectually aware; from the verb cognoscere, to know. 2. Intellect! vum principium: intellect, intelligence, mind; the men- tal principle. 3. In genere: generically speaking, as applied to a particular genus, kind, or class; generally. 4. In potentia: having the possibility of actual existence. In actu: having real existence. Thus an infant has the power of speech in po- tentia; an adult has it in actu. Grammar 1. Quum, a form of cum, introduces a causal clause in which the subjunctive is required. Ens infinitum, quum in se actu eomplectatur omnes perfectiones, ne cogitatione quidem, ullam potest accipere addi- tionem. Infinite being, since it actually embraces all perfections in itself, cannot admit of any addition even in thought, 2. The subjunctive is required in an indirect question. Dixit nobis quid fecisset. He told us what he had done. Circa hoc quaeritur utrum intellectivum principium uniatur corpori ut forma. Concerning this the question is as\ed whether the intellect is united to the body as form. 3. In a contrary to fact condition expressing present time, the im- perfect subjunctive is required in both clauses. Si intellectus uniretur corpori ut forma, non esset omnium cognoscitivus. // the intellect were united to the body as form, it would not be cognizant of all things. EXERCISES 1. Quum nihil significet non aliquid, nonnihil dicit aliquid. 2. Quum tempore careremus, indolem elementi non inquirebamus. 3. Animalia 54 SECOND LATIN bruta difFerunt specialiter hominibus, quum mcntcm rationalem non habeanL 4. Quum pupilla oculi multum sensitiva sit, opus est custo- dire earn. 5. Quum tanti in nostris diebus sint qui non in Conceptionem Immaculatam credunt, debemus hanc doctrinam de tectis predicare. 6. Dicere nequeo quid putet de mundorum pluralitate. 7. Poscit utrum terra a sole calefiat. 8. Volebat quaerere quare pauperes in habitaculis miserrimis habitarent. 9. Non cognoscunt ubi pridie fuerit. 10. Puer ignorabat quando mater sua profecta esset. 11. Si leges bene cog- nosceret, recte judicaret. 12. Si nox calidior esset, militia in terra dor- miret. 13. Si hoc verum esset, in flammas proj iceretur. 14. Gratissimi essemus, si non ad invicem semper litigarent. 15. Si manus vestras jungeretis, melius oraretis. 16. Putabant eos in domo, quum lucem effulgentem per ostium viderent. 17. In montibus occultae remanebant, quum inimicos valde timerent. 18. Quum beatius sit dare quam acci- pere; saepius debemus dare. 19. Quum duodecim apostoli essent, ibant ad duodecim terras separatas. 20. Quum praxis perfectionem faciat, convenit operam dare ad attingendos scopos nostros. 21. Sciebasne quae praemia ei donata essent? 22. Nescio quomodo ecclesia aedifi- canda sit. 23. Non nobis dixit quern postmodum vidisset. 24. Quaere- bat quomodo ignis extinguendus esset. 25. Cognoscent quare ad has doctrinas adhaeserimus. 26. Si conceptus clarior esset, comprehendere- mus eum. 27. Si lucem haberemus, nomina judicum legere possemus. 28. Si exercitus extra muros staret, civitatem facilius salvaret. 29. Si vultus suos erigerent, signum in caelis viderent. 30. Si obstaculum hu- jusmodi mere esset, ea timorem talem non exhibereL READING 1. Non est confundenda notio entis in genere cum notione Entis infiniti (i.c, Dei). Utraque notio aliquid illimitatum exprimit; sed ens in genere illud exprimit secundum extensionem et imperfectionem, ens infinitum secundum comprehensionem et perfectionem. Et revera, notio entis in genere se extendit ad omnia sive actualia sive possibilia, sed in sua comprehensione unam dumtaxat notam, scil., aliquam realitatem, includit; notio entis infiniti in se comprehendit omnes SECOND LATIN 55 perfectiones, et proinde minimam extensionem habet, quum plura hujusmodi entia repugnent. Utraque notio summam simplicitatem cxprimit; sed simplicitas entis in genere est negativa, orta ex abstrac- tion ab omni perfectione determinata; simplicitas entis infiniti est positiva. Utraque notio exprimit realitatem cum exclusione additionis; sed realitas expressa per ens in genere ita se habet per mentis praeci- sionem, nee potest in rerum natura sine additionibus existere; ens infinitum, quum in se actu complectatur omnes perfectiones, ne cogi- tatione quidem, ullam potest accipere additionem. 2. Deinde considerandum est de unione animae ad corpus, et circa hoc quaeruntur octo: i° utrum intellectivum principium uniatur cor- pori ut forma; 2 utrum intellectivum principium numero multipli- cetur secundum multiplicationem corporum, vel sit unus intellectus omnium hominum; 3 utrum in corpore, cujus forma est principium intellectivum, sit aliqua alia anima; 4 utrum sit in eo aliqua alia forma substantialis; 5 quale debeat esse corpus cujus intellectivum principium est forma; 6° utrum tali corpori uniatur mediante aliquo alio corpore; 7 utrum mediante aliquo accidente; 8° utrum anima sit tota in qualibet parte corporis. Ad primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod intellectivum principium non uniatur corpori ut forma. Dicitur enim quod intellectus est separatus, et quod nullius corporis est actus. Non ergo unitur corpori ut forma. Praeterea, omnis forma determi- natur secundum naturam materiae cujus est forma; alioquin non requireretur proportio inter materiam et formam. Si ergo intellectus uniretur corpori ut forma, cum omne corpus habeat determinatam naturam, sequeretur quod intellectus haberet determinatam naturam, et sic non esset omnium cognoscitivus, ut ex superioribus patet; quod est contra rationem intellectus. Non ergo intellectus unitur corpori ut forma. LESSON XIV Vocabulary actio, f ., action agens, m., doer, actor, agent alteruter, one or the other appetitus, m., appetite attribuere, -ui, -utus, to attribute calef actio, f., heat, heating carpentarius, m., carpenter competere, ~ivi, -itus, to jit, to belong to conversus, converse; e convcrso, conversely, on the contrary discriminare, to distinguish disserere, -semi, -sertus, to discourse effectus, m. 5 effect instrumentum, n., instrument investigare, to investigate juxta, according to logice, logically metaphysica, f ., metaphysics motor, m., mover, motor impulse motus, m., movement, motion multipliciter, in many ways ontologia, f., ontology oppositum, n., opposite philosophus, m., philosopher plenius, more fully potius, rather praesupponere, -posui, -positus, to presuppose praeter, beyond, besides, in addition to, outside of SECOND LATIN 57 serra, f ., saw specialis, special vanus, false Word Study 1. Ontologia: the branch of knowledge that investigates the nature, essential properties, and relations of being (ens) as such. 2. Metaphysica: that division of philosophy which includes ontol- ogy, or the science of being, and epistemology, or the theory of knowl- edge; in a narrower sense, ontology alone. 3. Appetitus: any inherent or habitual desire for some personal gratification, either of the body or of the mind. Grammar 1. A so-called less vivid condition requires the present subjunctive in both clauses. More vivid conditions take the indicative in both clauses. A more vivid condition implies less uncertainty than a less vivid. More vivid: Si aderit, bene erit // he will be present, it will be well. Less vivid: Si adsit, bene sit, // he should be present, it would be well. 2. Some prepositions. a) A, ab. Their general meaning is from, off from, away from. They govern the ablative case. They may also mean by when introduc- ing the agent after a verb in the passive voice. Ab must be used be- fore words beginning with a vowel sound; a or ab may be used before consonants. A Roma profectus est. He set out from Rome. Octo res inclusae sunt ab eis. Eight things have been included by them. b) E, ex. Their general meaning is from the midst of, out of. Ex must be used before vowel sounds. Either e or ex may be used before consonants. They govern the ablative. 58 SECOND LATIN Ex montibus egressi sunt. They came out of the mountains. E pluribus unum. Out of many, one. Duo ex hominibus illis carpentarii erant. Two of those men were carpenters. c) Per: through in the widest sense. It governs the accusative. Per civitates eunt. They go through the city. Per diem. Throughout the day. Per homines nobiles. Through the instrumentality of noble men. Per se. In and of itself (through itself} . d) Praeter: used with the literal meaning of along by, in front of, and with the figurative meaning of beyond, besides, in addition to. It governs the accusative. Praeter vultos nostros. Before our faces. Praeter aedificium. In front of the building. Praeter realitatem. Beyond reality. e) Propter: used in the literal meaning of near or next to, and with the figurative meaning of on account of, because of. It governs the accusative. Propter me sedent. They sit near me. Propter diei calorem dormiebant. Because of the heat of the day they slept. 3. Ordinal numbers. The ablative of the ordinals is used as an ad- verb and is abbreviated by using a figure followed by a small o: 3 ; primo, i°; secundo, 2 EXERCISES i. Per tales actus nobis probavit qualis est simplicitas sua. 2. In- clusimus dumtaxat tres ex regulis praeter communes. 3. Per diem et per noctem plenius investigabant qualis esset gentium voluntas. 4. Si effectum calefactioni attribuamus, causa clara sit. 5. Si logice de meta- physica disseret, nobis docebit multas ex veritatibus quas volumus cognoscere. 6. Si rex leges bonas abroget, gens patiatur. 7. Si alteruter SECOND LATIN 59 carpentarius opus suum bene faciat, serra non fracta sit. 8. Actio ex agente, motus ex motore oritur. 9. Mens hominis praeter realitatem attingere potest. 10. Si individuum hoc juxta merita ejus judicemus, poenas accipiat potius quam munera. 11. Quum octo colores diversi inclusi sint, effectus multipliciter repugnat. 12. Si non logice discri- minate inter malum et bonum, philosophus nunquam erit. 13. Quaeri- tur utrum ontologia scientia sit, quae de ente tractat. 14. Subjectum investigabimus logicae juxta regulas. 15. i°, leges intelligemus; 2 , gentibus docebimus eas; 3 , observabimus eas. 16. Si carpentarius domum forte aedificet, non cadat. 17. Si per civitatem illam incedamus, philosophum verum inveniamus. 18. Solebant adjuvari a gentium fortiorum militiis. 19. Si plures ex notis ejus exhibeantur, objectum clare distinguatur. 20. Propter caloris effectus multi ex viris mortui sunt. 21. Domus sacerdotis praeter ecclesiam stat. 22. Si homines per multos dies misericord iam Dei rogent, ipse calamitates eorum avertat. 23. Servos in lacum ejiciebant praeter regis oculos. 24. Tres e pueris elegit ad auferendas epistolas in terram inimicam. 25. Per opera bona virginum fidelium, pueri custoditi sunt et curati veteres. 26. Si rc- frigerium aliquod nobis des, in via procedamus. 27. Si operatio ex talibus causis oriatur, naturam ejus determinare simplex sit. 28. Si nos spectent, lapides ad eos mittamus. 29. Si panis nimis calidus sit, non eum manducetis. 30. Si unum ex his jumentis accipiat, non ei opus sit Romam incedere. READING 1. Ontologia juxta vim vocis idem sonat ac sermo de ente; juxta rem ipsam defmitur : scientia, quae tractat de ente, prout est omnibus commune. Dicitur i°. scientia, quia est systema veritatum, quae ex principiis certis logice deducuntur. Dicitur 2°. quae tractat de ente, quia ontologia non tale vel tale ens considerat, sed omne ens, et sic discriminatur a Metaphysica Speciali, quae de mundo, de homine, et de Deo disserit. Dicitur 3 . prout est omnibus commune; est enim ontologiae proprietates entis ej usque suprema genera investigare. Unde ontologia a S. Thoma definitur: scientia quae considerat ens 60 SECOND LATIN et ea quae consequuntur ens. Quare ejus objectum materiale sunt omnia entia realia; objectum formale sunt rationes omnibus rebus communes. Porro, hae rationes possunt esse communes, aut quatenus eaedem rationes omnibus entis generibus competunt (ut verum et bonum, etc.), aut quatenus alterutra ex oppositis (v.g., substantia vel accidens, causa vel effectus) cuique entis generi convenit. Quare plenius definitur ontologia: scientia de ente ej usque proprietatibus ac supremis partitionibus. 2. Quidam autem dicere voluerunt quod intellectus unitur corpori ut motor, et sic ex intellectu et corpore fit unum, ut actio intellectus toti attribui possit. Sed hoc est multipliciter vanum. Primo quidem quia intellectus non movet corpus nisi per appetitum, cujus motus praesupponit operationem intellectus. Non ergo quia movetur Socra- tes ab intellectu, ideo intelligit; sed potius e converso quia intelligit, ideo ab intellectu movetur Socrates. Secundo, quia cum Socrates sit quoddam individuum in natura, cujus essentia est una, composita ex materia et forma, si intellectus non sit forma ejus, sequitur quod sit praeter essentiam ejus; et sic intellectus comparabitur ad totum Socratem sicut motor ad motum. Intelligere autem est actio quiescens in agente, non autem transiens in alterum, sicut calefactio. Non ergo intelligere potest attribui Socrati propter hoc quod est motus ab in- tellectu. Tertio, quia actio motoris nunquam attribuitur moto nisi sicut instrumento, sicut actio carpentarii serrae. Si igitur intelligere attribuitur Socrati, quia est actio motoris ejus, sequitur quod attri- buatur ei sicut instrumento: quod est contra Philosophum I De anima, text. 12, qui vult quod intelligere non sit per instrumentum cor- poreum. LESSON XV Vocabulary absens, absent affirmare, to affirm affirmatio, /., affirmation aliquando, formerly amabilis, lovable causare, to cause circulus, m., circle dominare, to dominate efformare, to form, to shape elementaris, elementary excedere, -cessi, -cessus, to exceed, to excel explicare, to explain facile, easily immergere, -mersi, -mersus, to immerse, to merge magis, more metallum, n., metal minus, less mixtus, mingled, mixed negare, to deny nobilitas, f., nobility prius, previously quadra tus, squared qualitas, f ., quality quanto sanior . . . tanto fortior, the healthier . . . the stronger relativus, relative remotus, remote sortire, to select 61 62 SECOND LATIN terminare, to limit transcendere, -scendi, -scensus, to transcend vegetabilis, vegetable Word Study i. Anima sensibilis: conscious existence, that is, life as it manifests itself in the animal world (men and beasts) . 2. Anima vegetabilis: vegetable life, that is, life as it manifests itself in the plant world as distinct from men and beasts. 3. Quali tas elementaris: the simplest rudiment or characteristic of a thing. Grammar 1. The subjunctive mood. a) Cum, when, regularly requires the indicative when the tense of the verb is present, future, or future perfect. If the verb of the cum clause is in the past tense, the indicative is used when the time of the main clause and that of the temporal clause are absolutely identi- cal. If the temporal clause describes the circumstances that accom- panied the action of the main verb, then the subjunctive is used. Cum is negat, affirmamus. When he denies, we affirm Cum cadebat nix, sol lucebat. When (at the time that) the snow was jailing, the sun was shining. Cum metallum spectavissem, vidi quod argentum esset. When I had looked at the metal, I saw that it was silver. b) A relative clause with a negative antecedent regularly takes the subjunctive. Nullam notam habet quae mentem determinet et termi- net. // has no feature that may determine and limit the mind. c) The subjunctive may be used in one clause of a condition. If one verb implies that a condition has already been fulfilled and the other implies a probability of fulfillment, the former is put in the indicative, the latter in the subjunctive. Si aliquando nihil fuit in rebus, SECOND LATIN 63 nunc nihil esset. // formerly there has been a lac\ of existence in things, there would be a lac\ of existence now. 2. Compounds of ipse. This demonstrative is often combined with forms of the reflexive pronoun and thus replaces the usual reflexives. Meipsum vidi in aqua, / saw myself in the water. Nihilum per seipsum cognosci nequit. Non-existence cannot be \nown by and through itself. 3. Ille, iste. These demonstratives are frequently used to express the idea of "the former" and "the latter." IUud dicitur nihilum relativum, istud nihilum absolutum. The former is called relative non-existence, the latter absolute non-existence. EXERCISES 1. Cum metallum videbis, cognosces non argentum esse. 2. Cum vitia dominaverint, nobilitatem attigerint. 3. Cum id negavit, non cre- didimus ei. 4. Cum magis elementaria essent, ea facilius intelleximus. 5. Quanto magis seipsum in propriam existentiam suam immergit, tanto minus diligitur a ceteris. 6. Cum locum sortivisset propinquum lacui et juxta notiones suas, erexit ibi lapidibus domum parvam, ubi solus cum jumento suo habitabat. 7. Absentes in terris remotis semper delectabantur cum epistolas a familiis suis accepissent. 8. Quanto spes remotior erat, tanto magis seipsum despiciebat. 9. Si tantum perdidit, non vellet iterum probare. 10. Si utrosque ex fratribus suis excessit actionis nobilitate, conveniret quod rex fieret. 11. Possibile est putare quod sit post vitam hanc vel alia existentia vel nihilum: ilia notioni justitiae nostrae satisfacit, ista nobis repugnat. 12. Invenimus duo verba quae similia sonant: os (oris) atque os (ossis) ; illud pars vultus est, istud carnem sustinet. 13. Neminem vidit qui ei auxilio esset. 14. Animal brutum cognosco nullum quod fortius sit quam ilium jumentum. 15. Poposcistine utrum omnia praeparata essent cum sacerdos veniret? 16. Nullam causam quidem determinare poterat, quae explicaret poenas quas sentire solebat. 17. Seipsos muniebant cum muris ex lapidibus atque terra factis. 18. Qualitates bonas ex- 64 SECOND LATIN crcendo in personam amabilem seipsam mutaverat. 19. Potesne teip- sum justificare eo quod facturus es? 20. Ideae dividuntur in intuitivas ct f actitias secundum modum quo in mente oriuntur : illae excitantur in mente a reali praesentia rei cognitae, istae in mente efformantur conjungendo plures ideas intuitivas. 21. Idea aut positiva aut negativa est : ilia aliquam realitatem, ista carentiam realitatis exhibet. 22. Philo- sophia duas partitiones habet, quarum prima speculativa, altera prac- tica nominatur: ilia etiam Metaphysica dicitur, ista in Logicam et Ethicam dividitur. 23. Cum civitatem condidissent, per multos dies atque noctes concelebrabant. 24. Cum turbis loquebatur, lucebat sol. 25. Cum pueros et servos omnes liberavisset, matres patresque venerunt ad agendas ei gratias. 26. Si aliquando juravit, non nunc abesset. 27. Si alii exercitui seipsos junxerunt, hodie fortiores essent. 28. Obstaculum nullum est quod praeveniat ne ilia gens dolosa opes magnas capiat nostrae patriae dilectae. 29. Neminem cognoscebat quern docere posset ad spargendas doctrinas novas. 30. Cum dies calidae sunt, veteres in umbra ecclesiae sedent. READING i. Quum intellectus se habeat ad opposita, ex notione entis jam data facile colligitur notio sui oppositi, seu nihili, quod difinitur: Carentia entis. Jam sicut ens sumitur ad significandum aliquid actu existens, vel aliquid aptum ad existendum, ita nihilum accipi potest pro carentia actualis existentiae, quo sensu alter mundus est nihilum; vel pro carentia possibilis existentiae, ut cum dicimus circulum quadratum esse nihilum. Mud dicitur nihilum relativum seu nihilum existentiae, istud nihilum absolutum seu nihilum essentiae. Nihilum per seipsum cognosci nequit, quum nullam notam habeat quae mentem determi- net et terminet; cognoscitur vero per suum oppositum, quatenus mens prius fertur in ens, cujus realitatem deinde negando, notionem nihili sibi efformat. Unde notio nihili non est falsa, quia per earn mens non cognoscit id, quod non est, sed cognoscit ens modo speciali, i.e., ut absens vel remotum. Affirmatio nihili universalis repugnat; SECOND LATIN 65 nam qui ita affirmat dick se esse et proinde aliquid semper fuisse, si aliquando nihil fuit in rebus, nunc nihil esset. 2. Natura uniuscuj usque rei ex ejus operatione ostenditur. Propria autem operatio hominis, inquantum est homo, est intelligere: per hanc enim omnia alia animalia transcendit. Unde Aristoteles in lib. X Ethic, cap. vii, in hac operatione, sicut in propria hominis, ultimam felicitatem constituit. Oportet ergo quod homo secundum illud spe- ciem sortiatur quod est hujus operationis principium. Sortitur autem unumquodque speciem per propriam formam. Relinquitur ergo quod intellectivum principium sit propria hominis forma. Sed consideran- dum est, quod quanto forma est nobilior, tanto magis dominatur ma- teriae corporali et minus ei immergitur, et magis sua operatione vel virtute excedit earn; unde videmus quod forma mixti corporis habet aliquam operationem, quae non causatur ex qualitatibus elementari- bus. Et quanto magis proceditur in nobilitate formarum, tanto magis invenitur virtus formae materiam elementarem excedere, sicut anima vegetabilis plus quam forma metalli, et anima sensibilis plus quam anima vegetabilis. Anima autem humana est ultima in nobilitate formarum. Unde intantum sua virtute excedit materiam corporalem, quod habet aliquam operationem et virtutem in qua nullo modo communicat materia corporalis, et haec virtus dicitur intellectus. LESSON XVI Vocabulary accidentalis, accidental amare, to love bonitas, £., goodness caput, n., head; chapter coarctare, to confine consistere, -stiti, -stitus, to consist deprehendere, -prehendi, -prehensus, to find divisio, f., division elucescere, to shine forth, to stand out clearly figura, f . 3 shape indivisibilis, indivisible indivisio, f., oneness indivisus, undivided intendere, -tendi, -tentus, to stretch out, to extend, to intend jamvero, indeed late, broadly, widely opponere, -posui, -positus, to oppose praedictus, aforementioned quantitas, f ., quantity quoties, as often as, whenever ref erre, -tuli, -latus, to relate, to refer remittere, -misi, -missus, to slacken, to relax respectus, m., respect, consideration substantial, substantial franscendentalis, transcendental triplex, threefold, triple 66 SECOND LATIN irj Word Study x. Indivisio: oneness; the state of being a unit that cannot be divided. 2. Transcendentalis: relating to a reality beyond the senses, and underlying the objects of experience. 3. Forma substantiates: that internal constitution which makes an existing thing to be what it is. 4* Forma accidentalis: not of the essence or substance of a thing. Grammar 1. Reflexive pronouns. These are the same as the object pronouns except in the third person, where the following forms are used: sui (gen.), of himself, herself, itself, themselves; sibi (dat.), to himself, etc.; se (ace. and abL), himself, etc., and by or with himself, etc Se amant They love themselves. They love each other. Mihi loquor. / tal\ to myself. a) The preposition cum is added to these forms as an enclitic: cae- cum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, vobiscum. Primum matri, deinde patri servit, et tunc secum concludit First he serves the mother, next the father, and then he concludes with himself. b) Of the possessive pronouns, meus, tuns, suus, etc., suus is used only as a reflexive referring to the subject. When his, her, its, their refer to someone other than the subject, then ejus or eorum is used instead of suus. Patrem suum vocant* They call their (own) father. Matrem ejus vidit heri. He saw his (not his own, someone else's) mother yesterday. c) The reciprocals, one another or each other, are expressed by the reflexive pronoun or by inter sc or alter • . . alteram. Opposita juxta se posita magis elucescunt. Opposites placed next to each other stand out more clearly. Inter se fovebant. They cherished each other. Altera alteram expectabit. They uriU wok for each other. 68 SECOND LATIN 2. Some prepositions. a) Ad always governs the accusative and is used in the sense of to, towards, at, near, till. Remanebat hie ad nonam horam. He remained here until three o'cloc\. Ad civitatem eo. I go to the city. b) Contra governs the accusative and has the general meaning of opposite or against. Contra haec est id quod philosophus dicit. Against this is what the philosopher says. Contra montem expectabat exercitus. The army waited opposite the hill. c) De governs the ablative and may mean from, down from, of, concerning, about, out of. De caelo demissus est. He was sent down from heaven. De ilia re nihil cognoscimus. We \now nothing about that matter. Unus de turba venit ad loquendum ei. One of the crowd came to spea\ to him. d) In may govern the accusative or the ablative; with the former it means into, for, till, toward. Some idea of motion toward a goal is conveyed. With the ablative this preposition is used in the general sense of in, on, among. In Jerusalem introivit. He entered Jerusalem. In lucem ignem spectabant. They watched the fire until daybrea\. Cognoscimus quod maculae in sole apparent. We \now that spots appear on the sun. In famulis nostris puer salvus est. The child is safe among our serv- ants. e) Juxta as a preposition governs the accusative and may be used literally {near, next to, close by) or figuratively {together with, con- nected with, in accordance with). SECOND LATIN 69 Turbae juxta muros stabant. The crowds were standing close to the walls. Regis juxta mandata discipuli ex civitate ejiciebantur. In accordance with the \ing's commands, the disciples were driven from the city. f) Secundum governs the accusative and may be used in the literal sense of just behind, following, or in the figurative sense of accord- ing to, Itc secundum earn. Go behind him. Secundum Lucam Christus in Bethlehem natus est. According to Lufe, Christ was born in Bethlehem. g) Sub governs the accusative when there is an idea of motion, otherwise it takes the ablative. It usually has the sense of under or up under. Sub montem venerunt. They came up under the hill. Ossa sancti sub altari sunt. The bones of a saint are under the altar. EXERCISES I. Se coarctaverunt in modis multis. 2. Colores diversi elucescunt quando juxta se positi sunt. 3. Quoties se videbant, litigabant inter se. 4. Exercitus gentium multarum se exercebant certaminis in artibus et tunc late se opponebant. 5. Vita homini amarissima fieri potest, si veritatem ac bonitatem non aestimat. 6. Operam dabant ad horam sextam et turn requiescebant. 7. Id quod alter alteri dicebat contra ratiocinia philosophi erat. 8. Quanto magis loquebantur contra eum, tanto magis discipuli ejus diligebant eum. 9. Misit apostolos suos in terras remotas, sed multi ex eis secundum prophetarum verba ejicie- bantur ab inimicis ejus. 10. Volumus nobiscum omnia auferre, de quibus in epistola vestra tractabatis. 11. Ubi invenisti librum meum de metaphysica? In sede jamvero in qua reliquisti eum. 12. Ab obsta- culis inhaerentibus in natura nostra semper coarctamur. 13. Ecclesia domusque juxta se stabunt. 14. Dixit sibi : Ubi et quando potero in- vestigare elementa in lapide illo occulta ? 15. Nolite negare quod hos viros bonos in vinculis videbatis, et tamen eis nullum adjutorium 7© SECOND LATIN offerebatis, 16. Pater sub montem gregem suum maximum ducebat ad cum dc calore solis defendendum. 17. Scrvk) mihi quandocumquc Deo scrvio. 18. Si tc rcgi adjungas, non solum particcps felicitatis ejus fias, sed etiam in calamitatibus ejus patiaris. 19. Quum ille putaverit indolem conceptus simplicem esse^ iste nihil dixit contra sententiam illam, 20. Cum extra muros essent, revera misericordiae judicum suorum obliviscebantur. 21. Praemia inter se dederunt. Quarc fecerunt illud? Non scio. 22. Altcri alteros adjuvabant cum monerentur ini- micos lapides immensos contra muros civitatis missuros esse. 23. Cum loquendum esse se audiret, non cognoscebat vocem propriam. 24. Cre- didistis vobis ? Non semper. 25. Cum aqua benedicta aspersit sc. READING 1. Transcendentales cntis proprietates sunt attributa, quae end, prout est ens, conveniunt. Hae proprietates re non distinguuntur ab ente, sed sunt diversi rcspectus, sub quibus ens considerari potest. Hinc tarn late patent quam ipsum ens; et sicut istud, nulli generi rerum coarctantur, sed omnia genera transcendunL Jamvero, ens sub triplici respectu considerari potest: i°. prout in seipso est, et sic con- sideratum se manifestat ut unum; 2 . prout refertur ad intellectum, a quo concipitur, et sic dicitur verum; 3®. prout refertur ad volunta- tem vel ad appetitum sensitivum, sub quo respectu vocatur bonum. Tres igitur sunt proprietates entis: unitas, Veritas, bonitas. Quoniam vero opposita (ut aiunt) juxta se posita magis elucescunt, in hoc capitc sermo erit, non solum de tribus praedictis proprietatibus, sed etiam de notionibus, quae eis opponuntur. Ens dicitur unum, quatenus est in sc indivisum, et proinde unitas est carentia divisionis in ente. Quoties enim deprehendimus aliquid divisum esse in ens et ens, unum esse ncgamus; et quoties deprehendimus aliquid non esse divisum, propter hanc indivisionem id unum nominamus. 2. Deinde considerandum est de his quae pertinent ad potcntias animae* Ad primum sic proceditur. 1. Videtur quod ipsa essentia animac sit ejus potentia. Dicit enim Augustinus quod mens, notitia, et amor sunt substantialiter in anima, et quod memoria, intelligcntia SECOND LATIN 71 ct voluntas sunt una vita, una mens ct una essentia. 2. Praeterea, anima est nobilior quam materia prima. Sed materia prima est sua potentia. Ergo multo magis anima. 3. Praeterea, forma substantialis est simpli- cior quam accidentalis : cujus signum est quod forma substantialis non intenditur vel remittitur, sed in indivisibili consistit; forma autem accidentalis est ipsa sua virtus. Ergo multo magis forma substantialis, quae est anima. 4. Praeterea, potentia sensitiva est qua sentimus, et potentia intellectiva qua intelligimus. Sed id quo primo sentimus ct intelligimus, est anima, secundum Philosophum. Ergo anima est sua potentia. 5. Praeterea, quod non est de essentia rei, est accidens. Si ergo potentia animae est praeter essentiam ejus, sequitur quod sit accidens, quod est contra Augustinum qui dicit quod praedicta non sunt in anima sicut in subjecto, ut color aut figura in corpore, aut ulla alia qualitas aut quantitas; quidquid enim tale est non excedit sub- jectum in quo est. Mens autem potest etiam alia amare et cognoscere. 6. Praeterea, forma simplex subjectum esse non potest. Anima autem est forma simplex, cum non sit composita ex materia et forma, ut supra dictum est. Non ergo potentia animae potest esse in ipsa sicut in subjecto. 7. Praeterea, accidens non est principium substantialis differ- entiae. Sed sensibile ct rationale sunt substantiales differentiae, et su- muntur a sensu et ratione, quae sunt potentiae animae. Ergo potentiae animae non sunt accidentia, et ita videtur quod potentia animae sit ejus essentia. LESSON XVII Vocabulary abjicere, -jeci, -jectus, to degrade, to debase coextendere, -tendi, -tensus or -tentus, to have the same extension constare, -stiti, -status, to consist, to stand firm constat, it is certain continuus, continuous, constant entitativus, of the nature of an entity or real thing forsitan, perhaps integrans, integrating, making up a whole licet, from licere 2 (impers. verb), // is permitted, allowable; although multiplex, manifold mutuo, mutually nimirum, certainly, indisputably oportet, from oportere 2 (impers. verb), it is necessary, proper, reason- able parvulus, small; (as a noun) little one, child quantum ad, so far as concerns quidam, a certain one quodlibet, any whatever saepe, often specificus, specific; pertaining to a species strepitus, m., noise subesse, -fui, to be under, to underlie ulterior, further, later vere, really, truly Word Study 1. Simpliciter: in a simple manner or state; considered in or by itself; without additional qualification. SECOND LATIN 73 2. Secundum quid: according to something; in some one respect only. 3. Potentia: quality of possessing inherent strength or power; power or energy more or less free to act. Grammar Impersonal verbs. a) Many verbs appear only in the third person singular, infinitive, and gerund, having as a subject the impersonal //. Still other verbs may be used impersonally in the passive. constat, /'/ is plain, evident licet, it is allowed accidit, it happens libet, // pleases placet, // pleases videtur, it seems decet, // is becoming, proper oportet, it is fitting, ought necesse est, /'/ is needful interest, // concerns refert, // concerns restat, // remains relinquitur, // remains b) These verbs are regularly followed by a quod or quia clause with the subjunctive (sometimes the indicative). EXERCISES 1. Quaeritur utrum anima independenter a corpore existere possit. 2. Non licet, nimirum, quod quidam opiniones diversas habeant de defmitione vera realitatis. 3. Oportet forsitan quod consideremus naturam multiplicem hujus organismi. 4. Decet quod mutuo se ament cum alteri tantum alteros adjuvaverint. 5. Quantum ad caput se- cundum constat consideratione unitatis specierum, i.e. de unitatis notione et divisione quaeritur. 6. Necesse est quod deprehendat id quod notis quibuslibet subest. 7. Opera nulla complevit quae ipse non sortiret, cum ei placeret quod independenter ab aliis judicium suum exerceret. 8. Videtur quod affirmatio talis bonitatem et veri- tatem abjiciat. 9. Relinquitur quod scopos ulteriores detegatis qui sententiis ejus expressis subsunt. 10. Vere oportet quia carpentarius 74 SECOND LATIN usum instrumentorum multorum intelligat, specialiter, serrae. n. Vi- detur quod substantia et accidentia coextendant. 12. Si oporteret quod istud faceret, non rem magis investigaremus. 13* Si deceret quod homines istos in domum nostram acciperemus, nimirum, non eis indulgentiam nostram negaremus. 14. Nobis placebat quod in familia nostra adesses, cum nosipsos coadunaremus ad spem novam infun- dendam in socios nostros. 15. Ei placebit quod patri veteri ejus honores collaturi sint. 16. Dicit id constare quod non aequalitatem consecuti sint quam diligenter quaesiverint. 17. Accidit saepe quod judices cle- mentiam tribuant eis qui non mereantur. 18. Si sonum serrae non audimus, per totam noctem dormiemus bene. 19. Restat nunc quod mihi enarres omnia quae feceritis ad adventum regis celebrandum. 20. Libetne tibi quia pueri ecclesiam mundare velint ac decorare ante baptismum fratris tui? 21. Cum negarent quod inimicos consolati essent et bona eorum custodivissent, non jam nobis referebat. 22. Necesse est quod sacerdotes episcopum suum multis modis sus- tineant. 23. Videtur quod quanto magis sacerdos episcopum suum aestimat, tanto magij gentes ilium diligant. 24. Oportebat quia panem et vinum hoc modo divideret : unam ex partibus pro veteribus, aliam pro parvulis, et partem tertiam pro pauperibus. 25. Necesse est quod bene dormiamus per hanc noctem; ergo ne fiant nee soni tubarum nee operatio serrarum nee voces hymnos canentes nee alii strepitus horrendi quilibet. 26. Accidit quod tarn altus esset ut tectum attingere posset READING I. Unitas est triplicis generis: unitas simplicitatis et compositionis; unitas per se et per accidens; unitas rationis et unitas realis. Unitas simplicitatis est unitas rei, quae nee dividitur nee dividi potest. Talis est unitas Dei, animae, actus affirmationis, etc. Unitas compositionis est unitas rei, quae constat partibus actu indivisis, sed tamen divisibili- bus. Unitas per se est ilia, quae competit enti vere indiviso, licet for- sitan constet partibus, seu, est unitas entis, quod est simpliciter unum SECOND LATIN 75 et non multa; cujusmodi est unitas angeli, vel etiam hominis licet partibus constantis. Unitas per accidens est ilia, quae competit enti, quod revera est multiplex, sed unum secundum quid. Unum per se dicenda sunt ilia composita, quorum partes in eodem genere unione entitativa se mutuo complent, nimirum, a) in genere substantiae, compositio corporum ex materia prima et forma substantial^ et ex partibus integrantibus; b) in generibus accidentium, compositio par- tium integrantium quantitatis continuae et accidentium, quae quanti- tati coextenduntur. Unitas rationis est, quae rebus convenit ex mentis consideratione, ut unitas specifica inter homines. Unitas realis, est quae convenit rebus independenter a mentis consideratione, ut unitas Petri. 2. Respondet Philosophus dicendum, quod impossibile est dicere quod essentia animae sit ejus potentia, licet hoc quidam posuerint; et hoc dupliciter ostenditur quantum ad praesens. Primo, quia cum po- tentia et actus dividant ens et quodlibet genus entis, oportet quod ad idem genus referatur potentia et actus; et ideo, si actus non est in genere substantiae, potentia quae dicitur ad ilium actum, non potest esse in genere substantiae. Operatio autem animae non est in genere substantiae, sed in solo Deo operatio est ejus substantia; unde Dei potentia, quae est operationis principium, est ipsa Dei essentia; quod non potest esse verum neque in anima, neque in aliqua creatura, ut supra etiam de angelo dictum est. Secundo, hoc etiam impossibile ap- paret in anima. Nam anima secundum suam essentiam est actus. Si ergo ipsa essentia animae esset immediatum operationis principium, semper habens animam, actu haberet opera vitae, sicut semper habens animam actu est vivum. Non enim, inquantum est forma, est actus ordinatus ad ulteriorem actum, sed est ultimus terminus generationis. Unde quod sit in potentia adhuc ad alium actum, hoc non competit ei secundum suam essentiam, inquantum est forma, sed secundum suam potentiam; et sic ipsa anima, secundum quod subest suae potentiae, dicitur actus primus, ordinatus ad actum secundum. Invenitur autem habens animam non semper esse in actu j6 SECOND LATIN operum vitac. Uncle etiam in definitione animac dicitur, quod est actus corporis potentia vitam habentis, quae tamen potentia non ab- jicit animam. Relinqukur ergo quod essentia animae non est ejus potentia; nihil enim est in potentia secundum actum, inquantum est actus. LESSON XVUI Vocabulary aequalitas, £., equality, sameness affinis, allied, related albus, white appetere, -ivi or -ii, -itus, to long for, to desire appetitivus, having appetite or desire for convenientia, f., agreement, fitness, propriety diversificare, to ma\e different, to diversify dubitare, to doubt extrinsecus, outward, external fere, almost gustus, m., taste identicus, identical identitas, f., identity impedire, to prevent logicus, logical maxime, chiefly, to the greatest extent niger, blacky non . . . nisi, only obliquum, n., that which is indirect; in obliquo, indirectly penes, with, within plane, plainly, clearly plures, more, several princeps, m., prince prohibere 2, to prohibit quidquid, whatever quin, except that, unless realiter, really, outside the mind n 78 SECOND LATIN recte, correctly, properly rectum, n., that which is right, straight, or direct; in recto, directly removere 2, -movi, -motus, to remove sapiens, wise, discerning semel, once sibimetipsi, to itself {himself, herself) similiter, similarly similitudo, f., resemblance visivus, visual visus, m., sight Word Study 1. Affirmabilitas: the state of being capable of affirmation; that which can be declared to be true. 2. Formaliter: with respect to or according to form; essentially; strictly speaking. Grammar 1. Quin with the meaning of but that, except that, unless, that not, that, after negative verbs of hindering, prohibiting, doubting, or sim- ilar ideas, requires the subjunctive. Unum nequit affirmari in recto de altero, quin sint idem. One thing cannot be affirmed directly concerning another, except that they be the same thing, Non dubitabat quin ei crederemus. He did not doubt that we be- lieved him. Id non praeveniebat quin semetipsos excusarent. That did not pre- vent them from excusing themselves, 2. Ablative absolute. This construction consists in a noun or pro- noun in the ablative case with an accompanying word or words (usu- ally a past participle) in the same case. It is grammatically independent of the rest of the sentence in which it occurs and may be used to replace a temporal, causal, concessive, or conditional clause. Remota SECOND LATIN 79 causa, removetur effectus. // the cause be removed, the effect is re- moved. 3. Idem, same, is composed of the demonstrative pronoun is plus the indeclinable suffix -dem. It is declined as follows: Singular Plural masc. fern. neu. masc. fern. neu. n. idem eadem idem idem(ei-, ii-) eaedem eadem g. ejusdem eorundem earundem eorundem d. eidem eisdem(is-, iis-) ace. eundem eandem idem eosdem easdem eadem ab. eodem eadem eodem eisdem(is-, iis-) Idem plus atque translates the English same as, same . . . as, or it may be followed by the dative. Puer eandem vim habet atque pater ejus. The boy has the same strength as his father. Quidquid unum est, idem est sibimetipsi. Whatever is one, is the same as itself {is similar to itself). 4. Met: This pronominal particle is inserted frequently between the intensive and the reflexive pronoun for added emphasis. EXERCISES 1. Id non praevenit quin credat quod nigrum sit album. 2. Quo- modo appetebamus easdem opes quibus principes fruuntur! 3. Capiti- bus cum pluribus additionibus diversificatis, non tarn clara erant quam prius. 4. Res quae sibimetipsi identica est, est res ipsa. 5. Carentia omnium detecta, auxilium a gentibus aliis requirebant. 6. Vinum amarum erat, sed omnino non impediebamur quin id biberemus. 7. Non dubitabant quin systema multa vitia haberet. 8. Opinarisne quod prohibeat quin ego opinionem meam adjungam ad sententias ap- tas philosophi veteris ? 9. Notitiis iisdem in eodem die acceptis, omnes semetipsos uniebant ad exsurgendum contra inimicos. 10. Nullum animal cogitat, quin potentiam ratiocinii habeat. 11. Habitatione bene 8o SECOND LATIN calefacta, parvuli ad horam nonam dormiebant. 12. Patet quod leges non impedire possint, quin regem spectemus. 13. Vosmetipsos a multis benedictionibus exclusistis in eis repugnando qui amant vos. 14. Regu- lis simplicibus probatis, oportebat tunc minus elementares includere. 15. Intellectus praeclarus non impedit quin homines inter se oderint. 16. Vero non dubitamus quin idem sit qui fratrem nostrum in ilia nocte horrenda salvabat. 17. Actibus ejus judicatis secundum leges patriae, inquirebatur utrum alii non essent qui rei generis ejusdem deprehensi essent. 18. Diligenter fere duas horas ideas eorum consi- deravi, prout expressas in libris eorum, et non detego scopos eosdem atque tu. 19. Speciebus unitatis nominatis, spero quod vos non erretis de divisionibus ontologiae disserendo. 20, Non dubitat quin latrones removerint quodquod esse antiquum putarent. 21. Senex f actus, prin- ceps usum visus ac auditus perdebat. 22. Cum soni suaves auribus placeant atque colores clari oculis, has res easdem praeparemus eis. 23. Cum pauperibus dederis omnia quae eis necessaria sint, tunc da tibimetipsi id quod restat. 24. Duae res non identicae sunt quin simili- tudinem exactam in partibus omnibus habeant. 25. Actibus iisdem prohibitis fere in omnibus terris, facile erat regulas constituere quae universaliter aestimarentur. READING I. Notioni unitatis valde affinis est notio identitatis; nam quid- quid unum est, idem est sibimetipsi. Quare identitas definitur: Con- venientia rei cum seipso; vel: affirmabilitas in recto unius de altero. Dicitur in recto, quia unum nequit affirmari in recto de altero, quin sint idem; fieri autem potest, ut unum de altero affirmetur in obliquo, quae tamen sunt plane distincta. Sic, sapientia affirmatur in obliquo de homine, et similiter humanitas de Verbo divino, cum dicis: homo est sapiens, Verbum est homo, sed sapientia ab homine, et humanitas a Verbo realiter distinguuntur. Unde identitas fundatur in reali entis unitate, formaliter autem constituitur, quatenus eadem res semel et iterum concipitur, et secum collata, sibi identica invenitur. Duplex est: realis et logica seu rationis. Prior convenit rebus independenter SECOND LATIN 81 a mentis consideration, ut identitas inter S. Petrum et Principem Apostolorum. Altera est ea, quae provenit a mentis consideration, ut identitas inter Petrum et Paulum secundum naturam specificam. Haec minus recte dicitur identitas, revera non est nisi similitudo, i.e., convenientia plurium in aliqua forma. Triplex est : identitas seu simili- tudo secundum essentiam, ut in exemplo dato; identitas secundum qualitatem, i.e., similitudo proprie dicta; identitas secundum quan- titatem, i.e., aequalitas. 2. Videtur quod potentiae non distinguantur per actus et objecta. Nihil enim determinatur ad speciem per illud quod posterius, vel extrinsecum est. Actus autem est posterior potentia; objectum autem extrinsecum. Ergo per ea potentiae non distinguuntur secundum speciem. Praeterea, contraria sunt quae maxime differunt. Si igitur potentiae distinguerentur penes objecta, sequeretur quod contra- riorum non esset eadem potentia; quod patet esse falsum fere in omni- bus; nam potentia visiva eadem est albi et nigri, et gustus idem est dulcis et amari. Praeterea, remota causa, removetur effectus. Si igitur potentiarum differentia esset ex differentia objectorum, idem ob- jectum non pertineret ad diversas potentias; quod patet esse falsum; nam idem est quod potentia cognoscitiva cognoscit et appetitiva appe- tit. Praeterea, id quod per se est causa alicujus, in omnibus causat illud. Sed quaedam objecta diversa, quae pertinent ad diversas poten- tias, pertinent etiam ad aliquam unam potentiam; sicut sonus et color pertinent ad visum et auditum, quae sunt diversae potentiae; et tamen pertinent ad unam potentiam sensus communis. Non ergo potentiae distinguuntur secundum differentiam objectorum. Sed con- tra, posteriora distinguuntur secundum priora. Sed Philosophus dicit quod priores potentiis actus et operationes secundum rationem sunt; et adhuc his priora sunt opposita, sive objecta. Ergo potentiae distin- guuntur secundum actus et objecta. Respondeo, dicendum quod po- tentia, secundum illud quod est potentia, ordinatur ad actum. Unde oportet rationem potentiae accipi ex actu ad quern ordinatur; et per consequens oportet quod ratio potentiae diversificetur, ut diversifica- tur ratio actus. LESSON XIX Vocabulary adaequare, to be equal to, to be adequate artifex, m., artificer, ma\er, author atqui, however, but, nevertheless attamen, nevertheless attribuere, -ui, -utus, to bestow, to grant centrum, n., center conformis, conformable , in conformity with congruere, -grui, to fit, to conform to conjunctus, connected, united with contrarietas, f,, opposite differe, distuli, dilatus, to differ duo, two exemplar, n., pattern, model, original fundamentaliter, basically, essentially frigidus, cold haurire (4), hausi, haustus, to draw out, to ta\e humidus, wet immutare, to change, to alter inconvenienter, improperly instituere, -stitui, -stitutus, to institute, to establish magnitudo, f ., size medium, n., means, middle passivus, passive pauci, few perfecte, perfectly praenoscere, -novi, -notus, to \now beforehand primario, primarily 82 SECOND LATIN 83 quinque, five relate, in relation to reponere, -posui, -positus, to set, to place satis, enough siccus, dry summe, in the highest degree tactus, m., touch tamquam, just as, as it were turn . . . turn, both . . . and utpote, as being, inasmuch as Word Study 1. Immutativum: change, alteration, modification 2. Sensibilia communia: sense faculties, sensations, or perceptions common to all beings. Grammar 1. Ut clauses of purpose. A purpose clause introduced by ut (nega- tive ne) regularly requires the subjunctive. Natura instituit diversita- tem in organis, ut congruerent diversitati potentiarum. Nature has established a difference in organs in order that they might fit a di- versity of powers. 2. Review ut with the indicative in Lesson IV. 3. Review ut clauses of result in Lesson XI. EXERCISES 1. Natura homini attribuit quinque sensus, ut cognoscat mundum qui ei circumstat. 2. Hauriam duo ut numerus metis tuo adaequetur. 3. Ea diligenter elegimus ut differrent, et nunc invenimus quod essen- tialiter eadem sunt. 4. Ut habeas exemplar ad modum vivendi, turn contempla vitas sanctorum turn conforma temetipsum factis eorum. 5. Ierunt ad terras remotas ut humidum ac frigidum patriae propriae evaderent, attamen non beati erant. 6. Ut perfecte praenoscat quod volumus facere, ei epistolam mittamus quae spes nostras enarret. 84 SECOND LATIN 7. Ne artifex decorem exteriorem domus immutet, monebitur ut lapides diligentissime reponat. 8. Ut visus summe sensitivus est, oculi custodiri debent. 9. Ut regio haec tarn sicca est, animalia bruta ob carentiam aquae moriuntur. 10. Ex lacu aquam hauserunt ut aliud quid haberent quam vinum ad bibendum. 11. Alter ab altero tantum difTerebat, ut non ejusdem speciei eos putaremus. 12, Gustus utpote (actus affinis isti videtur, atqui non idem sunt. 13. Ne coarctemur praeter id quod nobis salutare sit, nosmetipsos opponamus viribus dolosis quae ubique contra nos exsurgunt. 14. Jumenta circulos metalli circum pedes habent, ut domini ea facile cognoscant. 15. Videbatur quod seipsum a fratribus suis removisset, ut magis independenter forsitan ageret. 16. Princeps apostolorum Roma sedem suam institue- bat, ut civitas ilia semper centrum ecclesiae universalis esset. 17. Se mutuo adjuvabant ne unusquisque solus atque abjectus moriretur. 18. Mundus tarn incongruus est ad hominem sustinendum, ut plurimi rebus carere debeant quibus opus est, ut pauci satis habeant. 19. Ideo oportet quod gentes Deum rogent, ut eis panem quotidianum det. 20. Qualitates phantasiae plenius investigabo, ut iterum affirmem quod semel dixi. 21. Pater turn puerum laudabat turn ei praemia dabat, ne strepitum cum serra faceret nee lapides contra ostium mitteret. 22. Quoties voluimus quantitas et qualitas adaequarentur! 23. Patet quod organum auditus esse debet, ut potentia auditus fiat actus. 24. Cum sacerdos vetus philosophiam diligat, semetipsum in libros immergit, ut omnia principia apta ad homines cognoscat. 25. Ut viri nigri operam dabant in terris calidis, viri albi opes magnas in montibus frigidis quaerebant. READING Veritas transcendentalis seu ontologica est ipsa rei entitas, prout ordinem habet ad intellectum. Notio veritatis transcendentalis duo importat, scil., a) ipsam rei entitatem, et sic sumitur fundamentaliter; b) ordinem conformitatis hujus entitatis ad intellectum; in quo ordine consistit Veritas transcendentalis formaliter considerata. Intellectus vero, cui res, ut verae dicantur, conformari debent, est proprie ct SECOND LATIN 85 primario intellectus divinus, et proinde Veritas ontologica primario reponenda est in ordine rerum ad divinas ideas. Attamen, quum intellectus creatus sit quaedam imitatio intellectus divini, cui, ut vere cognoscat, in cognoscendo debet esse conformis, dicendum est res secundario veras esse relate ad ideas nostras, quae earum naturam ex- primunt. Res dicuntur primario verae relate ad intellectum, cui essentialiter sunt conformes; atqui res omnes essentialiter conforman- tur ad intellectum divinum. Et quidem, omne ens est vel naturale, vel artificiale, vel divinum. Jam, i°. ens naturale est necessario con- forme intellectui divino tamquam suae causae exemplari; Deus enim, utpote sapientissimus, nihil creat vel creare potest nisi juxta ideam exemplarem in suo intellectu existentem. 2 . Ens artificiale est neces- sario conforme intellectui divino, turn quia artifex elementa sui exemplaris haurit ex rebus, quae intellectui divino perfecte adaequant, turn quia Deus omnia opera hominis praenoscit. 3 . Denique ens divinum (i.e., divina essentia) est summe et necessario conforme intellectui divino, utpote cum illo identicum. 2. Videtur quod inconvenienter distinguantur quinque sensus ex- teriores. Sensus enim est cognoscitivus accidentium. Sunt autem multa genera accidentium. Cum ergo potentiae distinguantur per objecta, videtur quod sensus multiplicentur secundum numerum qui est in generibus accidentium. Praeterea, magnitudo et figura et alia, quae dicuntur sensibilia communia, non sunt sensibilia per accidens. Cum ergo plus differant magnitudo et figura a colore, quam sonus; videtur quod multo magis debeat esse alia potentia sensitiva cognoscitiva magnitudinis aut figurae, quam coloris et soni. Praeterea, unus sensus est unius contrarietatis, sicut visus albi et nigri. Sed tactus est cognosci- tivus plurium contrarietatum, scilicet calidi et frigidi, humidi et sicci, et hujusmodi. Ergo non est sensus unus, sed plures; ergo plures sensus sunt quam quinque. Praeterea, species non dividitur contra genus. Sed gustus est tactus quidam. Ergo non debet poni alter sensus praeter tactum. Sed contra est quod Philosophus dicit, quod non est alter sen- sus praeter quinque. Respondeo dicendum, quod rationem distinc- tionis et numeri sensuum exteriorum quidam accipere voluerunt ex 86 SECOND LATIN parte organorum, in quibus aliquod elementorum dominatur, vel aqua vel aer vel aliquid hujusmodi; quidam autem ex parte medii, quod est vel conjunctum vel extrinsecum, et hoc vel aer, vel aqua, vel aliquid hujusmodi; quidam autem ex diver sa natura sensibilium qualitatum, secundum quod est qualitas simplicis corporis vel sequens complexionem. Sed nihil istorum conveniens est. Non enim potentiae sunt propter organa, sed organa propter potentias; unde non propter hoc sunt diversae potentiae, quia sunt diversa organa, et ideo natura instituit diversitatem in organis, ut congruerent diversitati potentia- rum. Et similiter diversa media diversis sensibus attribuit, secundum quod erat conveniens ad actus potentiarum. Naturas autem sensibi- lium qualitatum cognoscere non est sensus, sed intellectus. Accipienda est ergo ratio numeri et distinctionis exteriorum sensuum, secundum illud quod proprie et per se ad sensum pertinet. Est autem sensus quae- dam potentia passiva, quae nata est immutari ab exteriori sensibili. Ex- terius ergo immutativum est quod per se a sensu percipitur, et secun- dum cujus diversitatem sensitivae potentiae distinguuntur. LESSON XX Vocabulary absque, without, except amicus, m., friend ars, f., art, s\ill aurichalcum, n., brass aurum, n., gold coloratus, colored commotio, £., stirring, movement, agitation deficere, -feci, -fectus, to fail, to forsa\e, to depart from deviate, to deviate, to depart from diametro: e , diametrically difformitas, f ., lac\ of conformity , disagreement discedere, -cessi, -cessus, to depart from, to swerve from, to leave elucere (2), -luxi, to shine forth, to be apparent extrinsece, extrinsic ally, externally humectare (umectare), to moisten humiditas, f., moisture intrinsece, intrinsically , inwardly maxime, especially, in the highest degree mendacium, n., lie motus, m., motion, movement olf actus, m., sense of smell pactum, n., agreement percussio, f ., striding, percussion pertingere, to reach, to extend post (adv.), afterwards, later praescriptus, prescribed, commanded rhetorica, f ., rhetoric S8 SECOND LATIN sapor, m., savor, flavor spirare, to breathe, to exhale subdere, -didi, -ditus, to place under, to subject tangere, letigi, tactus, to touch transmutatio, f., change, alteration ut quum, as when vend ere, to sell virtuosus, virtuous, of virtue Word Study i. Transmutatio: change from one nature, form, or substance into another; transformation; conversion of one thing into another. 2, Intrinsece: in its nature; within the thing itself; essential. 3. Extrinsece: not contained in or belonging to a body; externally; unessentially; pertaining to what is outside of the thing itself. 4. Motus localis: activity localized in the brain centers correspond- ing to the several senses of sight, hearing, touch, etc. 5, Rhetorica: the art of expressive speech or discourse, especially the art of literary composition. Grammar 1. Dum and quoad, until, take the present or imperfect subjunctive in clauses implying intention or expectancy. Expectamus, dum veniat. We are waiting until he comes. Exercitus exercebatur, quoad fortis esset. The army was trained until it was strong. 2. Donee and quoad, until, require the perfect indicative to express an actual fact in the past. Expectavit, donee respondi. He waited until 1 answered. 3. Dum, donee, and quoad, as long as, take the indicative. Legebant, quoad poterant. They read as long as they could. 4. Dum, meaning while, frequently takes the present indicative to denote action in the past. Dum eis gratias agit, alia praemia ad eum SECOND LATIN 89 ducta sunt. While he was thanking them, other rewards were brought to him. 5. Dum, modo, dummodo, tantum ut, introducing a proviso clause, take the subjunctive. (The negative used with these conjunctions is ne.) Panem habeat, dum ne nimis manducet. Let him have the bread, provided that he does not eat too much. Munera consequentur, tantum ut ea mereantur. They will win the rewards, provided that they deserve them. 6. Ut (negative ne) is sometimes used to introduce a proviso clause, usually with ita in the main clause. Media probata sunt, sed ita ut om- nibus plana fierent. The means were approved, but only on condition that they should be made plain to all. 7. Ut is sometimes used before another conjunction for more em- phasis. Ut quid vanitatem diligitis? Why do you love vanity? EXERCISES 1. Metalla spectabunt, quoad aurum ab aurichalco distinguere possint. 2. Volebat in domo remanere, dum amici ejus discederent. 3. De propositione disseruerunt, donee falsitatem ejus probaverunt. 4. Dum artifex amicos multos habebat, objecta argenti et auri vendere poterat, quae cum tanta arte faciebat. 5. Cum nox calida esset, ros cadebat, quoad totam terram humectavit. 6. Ut quid ab veritate de- vias, ut eloquentia tua magis eluceat ? 7. Dum veteres poenas suas enar- rant, matres specialiter eorum miserebantur et consolabantur eos. 8. Philosophi antiqui magnam operam dabant, dum aurichalcum in aurum transmutarent. 9. De principiis quibuscumque disserere pos- sunt, dummodo ne a certis regulis specificis logicae deficiant. 10. Donee aliqua humiditas in terra existit, vita vegetabilis non omnino moritur. 11. Tantum ne absque auxilio sint diutius quam duos dies, non eis opus erit civitatem tradere. 12. Ut quid nobis malitiam intentionis vestrae negatis? 13. Quoad parvuli erant in centro magni strepitus et multae commotionis, laetabantur. 14. Princeps aurum accepit, sed 90 SECOND LATIN ita ut eo uteretur ad ecclesiam in nomine Sanctae Agathae aedifican- dam. 15. Vixit in felicitate, dum falsitatem amicorum suorum ignorat. 16. Dum in habitatione remanebamus, odores non ad olfactum nos- trum pertingebant. 17. Dum res non palpamus, sensum tactus non exercere possumus. 18. Ut quid librum novum tetigisti, dum manus tuae non mundae sunt? 19. Jamvero, ei epistolas hujusmodi scribam, dum mihi plenius respondeat. 20. Dixit se pactum factum cum amico suo tenturum esse, dum iste moriretur. 21. Modo ne odor em ilium in recto spires, non sufficit causare capitis dolorem. 22. Ut quid christiani psalmos non canent, ut solem orientem salutent? 23. Homo rationi suae sensus suos subdere potest, dummodo voluntate utatur quae ei a Deo data est. 24. Principe virtuoso et praeclaro electo, gentes expecta- bant, dum leges bonae constituerentur. 25. Donee nobis se opponunt mendaciis dolosis, intentionem eorum vere non sciemus. READING 1. Falsitas e diametro opponitur veritati. Sicut igitur Veritas ontolo- gica est conformitas rei cum intellectu, ita falsitas ontologica est dififormitas, et quidem positiva, rei ab intellectu. Res esse aliquo modo falsas elucet ex communi modo loquendi; dicimus enim falsos ami- cos, falsos deos, etc. Sed quum omne ens sit verum, in quantum est ens, nulla res dici potest falsa, nisi in quantum est non-ens; et ideo dum Veritas competit rebus per se et intrinsece, falsitas eis attribuitur solum per accidens et extrinsece. Hoc magis elucebit ex triplici modo, quo falsitas de rebus dici solet. i°. Falsum dicitur aliquid, quatenus aptum est nobis apparere id, quod non est; quo pacto aurichalcum dicitur falsum aurum. 2 . Falsum dicitur aliquid, quatenus est ob- jectum falsi judicii, ut quum Jupiter dicitur falsus deus, quia judi- cium, Jupiter est Deus, est falsum. 3 . Falsum dicitur aliquid, quatenus deficit a regulis artis vel moralitatis, sicut falsa dicitur eloquentia, si discedit a rhetoricae praeceptis, et in ordine morali, falsus dicitur actus, qui deviat a regulis a Deo praescriptis. Hinc peccata falsitates et mendacium dicuntur in Scripturis secundum illud psalmi: Ut quid diligitis vanitatem et quaeritis mendacium? sicut per oppositum, SECOND LATIN 91 operatio virtuosa Veritas vitae nominatur, in quantum subditur ordini divini intellectus; sicut dicitur : Qui facit veritatem venit ad lucem. 2, Duplex est immutatio : Una naturalis et alia spiritualis. Naturalis quidem, secundum quod forma immutantis recipitur in immutato secundum esse naturale, sicut calor in calefacto; spiritualis autem, secundum quod forma immutantis recipitur in immutato secundum esse spirituale, ut forma coloris in pupilla, quae non fit per hoc colorata. Ad operationem autem sensus requiritur immutatio spiri- tualis, per quam intentio formae sensibilis fiat in organo sensus, alio- quin, si sola immutatio naturalis sufficeret ad sentiendum, omnia corpora naturalia sentirent, dum alterantur. Sed in quibusdam sensibus invenitur immutatio spiritualis tantum, sicut in visu; in quibusdam autem cum immutatione spirituali etiam naturalis, vel ex parte objecti tantum, vel etiam ex parte organi. Ex parte autem objecti invenitur transmutatio naturalis secundum locum quidem in sono, qui est ob- jectum auditus; nam sonus ex percussione causatur, et aeris commo tione: secundum alter ationem vero in odore, qui est objectum olf actus; oportet enim per calidum alterari aliquo modo corpus, ad hoc quod spiret odorem. Ex parte autem organi est immutatio naturalis in tactu et gustu; nam et manus tangens calida calefit, et lingua humecta- tur per humiditatem saporum. Organum vero olfactus aut auditus nulla naturali immutatione immutatur in sentiendo, nisi per accidens. Visus autem, qui est absque immutatione naturali organi et objecti, est maxime spiritualis et perfectior inter omnes sensus et communior, et post hunc auditus, et deinde olfactus, qui habent immutationem naturalem ex parte objecti. Motus autem localis est perfectior et natu- raliter prior quam motus alterationis. Tactus autem et gustus sunt maxime naturales, de quorum distinctione post dicetur. Et inde est quod alii tres sensus non fiunt per medium conjunctum, ne aliqua naturalis transmutatio pertingat ad organum, ut accidit in his duobus sensibus. LESSON XXI Vocabulary addere, -didi, -ditus, to add adhibere (2), to apply, to employ, to use adnexus (annexus), connected augere (2), auxi, auctus, to increase beneficium, n., benefice canon, £., canon; ecclesiastical rule or edict capax, capable comedere, -edi, -esus, to eat comestio, f ., eating condonare, to condone, to pardon construere, -uxi, -uctus, to construct consuetudo, f., custom conventio, f. ? agreement declarare, to ma\e clear, to show, to demonstrate dubius, doubtful eleemosyna, f ., alms emere (3) , emi, emptus, to buy emptio, f ., buying etsi, although ex. gr. (e.g.), abbr. for exempli gratia, for example exponere, -posui, -positus, to expound, to set forth, to explain ex parte, in part, from the viewpoint of ex toto, wholly fraus, f ., fraud, deceit fructus, m., fruit, profit, benefit fundamentum, n., foundation fuse, at length, in much detail SECOND LATIN 93 horologium, n., cloc\ imprimis, first of all, chiefly indicare, to indicate inscius, not \nowing, unaware . . inservire (4), -servivi, -servitus, to serve iterare, to repeat jus, n., law, right lucrum, n., profit, money ministrare, to administer, to wait upon, to serve mixtus, mixed nee . . . nee, neither . . . nor niti (dep. 3), nisus (nixus), to endeavor obstare, -stiti, -status, to hinder, to prevent, to be in the way operans, m., worker, agent opportune, fittingly paucis, in a few words periculum, n., danger permutatio, f., exchange praecipuus, special, extraordinary pretium, n., price prohibere (2), to prohibit, to forbid provisus, m., provision, precaution recognoscere, -cognovi, -cognitus, to recognize recolere, -colui, -cultus, to survey, to sum up rejicere, -jeci, -jectus, to reject, to abandon satisfacere (io), -feci, -f actus, to satisfy simoniacus, simoniacal statuere, statui, statutus, to decide, to ordain, to appoint studiosus, zealous, eager, assiduous sublevare, to support, to assist tacitus, tacit, assumed tendere, tetendi, tentus (tensus), to tend, to strive, to bend ones course titulus, m., title totidem, just so many 94 SECOND LATIN venditio, f., selling vetare, vetui, vetitus, to forbid victus, m., a living, nourishment voluptas, f., pleasure Word Study i. Causa motiva: a cause which includes an incentive or an in- ducement to action; an efficient or moving cause; the actual effort in- volved in achieving an end. 2. Principium: beginning; hence the foundation of a thing; from this comes the idea of elements or basic principle. 3. Rationalis: having reason or understanding; of or pertaining to the reason or reasoning processes; based upon, derived from, con- cerned with, or characterized by reason, as rational insight, rational na- ture, rational faculty, rational conduct. Grammar Concessive clauses. 1. Cum, although, requires the subjunctive. Cum propositionem iteraret, non audiebamus earn. Although he repeated the proposition, we did not hear it. 2. Quamvis, ut, although, even if, take the subjunctive. Quamvis horologium spectaret, horae non meminerat. Although he looked at the cloc\, he did not remember the time. Ut neminem alium rogasset, non satisfacti fuissent. Even if he had besought no one else, they would not have been satisfied. 3. Licet, although, takes the present or perfect subjunctive. Licet conventio prudens sit, non nobis omnino satisfacit. Although the agreement is a wise one, it does not altogether satisfy us. 4. Etsi, etiam si, even if, follow the general construction of si clauses. Etsi pretium magnum est, non id vetabimus. Although the price is great, we shall not forbid it. SECOND LATIN 95 Etiam si eum sublevarent, semetipsum salvare non niteretur Even if they should aid him, he would ma\e no effort to save himself. 5. Quamquam, although, requires the indicative. Quamquam periculum partiale tantum erat, statim judicem alium statuit. Though the danger was only partial, he immediately appointed another judge. 6. Tametsi, even if, usually takes the indicative. Tametsi obstant, scopos suos attingent. Even if many things stand in the way, they will achieve their aims. EXERCISES 1. Cum pretia serrarum augeat, jus non prohibebit quin vendat eas. 2. Quamvis circumstantiae magis propitiabiles fuissent, pater meus lucrum non adhibuisset ad domum novam construendam. 3. Ut cau- sas scire numquam possimus, quae miseriis pauperum subsint, spem perdere non debemus, sed sperare ut paucum, quod uni damus, in aliquo modo, multiplicetur ad plurium beneficium. 4. Licet comeda- mus ad vitae conservationem, Deus non nobis voluptatem in comes- tione vetat. 5. Etsi periculum praecipuum sit, non nitatur ut id evadat. 6. Etiam si princeps jus diligenter administraret, aliqui essent qui ob- starent quin ageretur. 7. Quamquam nos operibus nostris non suble- vavit tarn studiose quam speraveramus, attamen omnes actus ejus subsequentes firmi ac propitiabiles fuerunt. 8. Cum et prudentiam et provisum in permutatione sua observavissent, fraus ex parte sociorum tandem declarabatur. 9. Quamvis provisiones emptionis atque vendi- tionis fuse exposuerit, non dubium est quin multi non eum intellexe- rint. 10. Ut dominis suis restitutionem lucri facerent, opera alia poeni- tentiae ex eis requirebantur. 11. Licet prudentia et bonitas virtutes praeclarae virgini sint, ista debet etiam actibus positivis amoris cari- tatisque fungi. 12. Etsi error magnus ac haereticus erit, non rejicient eum. 13. Etiam si nee eleemosynas nee munera episcopo suo praestent, non deficiantur in curis et poenis suis. 14. Quamquam omnia media rationalia recoluit ut motivum lucri maximi ex toto deleret, a certis principiis fundamentalibus non deviabit. 15. Cum Deo suo profunda 96 SECOND LATIN reverentia interna inserviat, mundus hujus devotionis forsitan inscius est. 16. Tametsi opus carpentarii non est ad horologia facienda, atqui saepe volui ut omnes viri docerentur ad res plures bene agendas. 17. Quamvis filii consuetudines patrum rejecissent, futuri erant crea- tores capaces legum novarum quae conditiones societatis meliores facerent, in qua vivebant. 18. Ut pro victu suo dependeat de illo con- tractu, fraudem adnexam ad eum administrandum non condonavit. 19. Cum nimis comedere poena propria sit, quanto magis comedimus, tanto major poena est nostra. 20. Etiam si lucra annua pauca sint, nobis domos construere velint. READING 1. Cum theologia moralis hominem doceat viam, qua ad finem suum pervenire possit, imprimis de fine hominis ultimo agit, turn ut cog- noscat finem, in quern suis actibus tendere debet, turn ut fundamen- tum et supremum principium theologiae moralis pateat; a fine enim omnia dependent atque reguntur. Attamen de fine ultimo ita agendum est, ut ea quae in philosophia morali fuse exponuntur, hoc loco paucis recolantur, deinde addantur ea, quae theologiae morali propria sunt. Omne agens rationale propter finem agit. Finis est id, propter quod aliquid fit, seu est id, in quod aliquis tendit. Finis multipliciter dis- tinguitur; sufficiat hie finem operis et finem operands declarasse. Finis operis est illud bonum, in quod res vel actio natura sua tendit : horologium ad indicandum tempus, eleemosyna ad sublevandum pauperem. Finis operantis est illud bonum, quod agens per actionem suam intendit seu obtinere nititur, eleemosyna ad satisfaciendum pro peccatis. Finis operantis est causa, quae operantem ad agendum movet. Finis operantis potest esse idem ac finis cperis et potest a fine operis esse diversus. Si artifex domum construit, finis operis seu domus est, ut ad inhabitandum inserviat; finis operantis potest esse idem, ut habitacula construat, sed potest etiam esse alius: ut lucrum faciat, ut victum sibi comparet. Si haec ad Deum et res ab eo creatas referimus et de fine creatoris (operantis) nee non de fine creationis (operis) SECOND LATIN 97 quaerimus, patet imprimis sermonem esse non posse de causa motiva creationis, cum Deus nullo bono, nee externo nee interno, ad agendum moveri possit, sed solum de ratione, ob quam Deus voluerit, ut ex- sistant creaturae. Deinde certum est, etiam Deum ad extra agentem aliquod bonum intendere, quod per opera sua seu per creaturas ob- tinere nititur. Diflerunt invicem finis et motivum actionis. Motivum enim est illud bonum, quod agentem ad actionem movet; finis dicitur turn illud bonum, ad quod obtinendum actio natura sua ordinata est, turn illud bonum, quod agens sua actione obtinere intendit. Hoc bonum agentem ad actionem ponendam movet. Ideo solum finis hoc altero sensu est motivum actionis, non item finis priore sensu ac- ceptus, nisi agens illo bono ad actionem ponendam moveatur. Sic finis (internus) comestionis est conservatio vitae. In eo, qui comedit propter voluptatem, voluptas est motivum comestionis; in eo, qui comedit ad vitam conservandam, finis simul est motivum comestionis. 2. Can. 726 Res de quibus in hoc libro agitur quaeque totidem media sunt ad Ecclesiae finem consequendum, aliae sunt spirituales, aliae temporales, aliae mixtae. Can. 727 Studiosa voluntas emendi vel vendendi pro pretio temporali rem intrinsece spiritualem, ex. gr., Sacramenta, ecclesiasticam iurisdic- tionem, consecrationem, indulgentias, etc., vel rem temporalem rei spirituali adnexam ita ut res temporalis sine spirituali nullo modo esse possit, ex. gr., beneficium ecclesiasticum, etc., aut res spiritualis sit obiectum, etsi partiale, contractus, ex. gr., consecratio in calicis conse- crati venditione, est simonia iuris divini. Dare vero res temporales spirituali adnexas pro temporalibus spiri- tuali adnexis, vel res spirituales pro spiritualibus, vel etiam temporales pro temporalibus, si id ob periculum irreverentiae erga res spirituales ab Ecclesia prohibeatur, est simonia iuris ecclesiastici. 98 SECOND LATIN Can. 728 Cum de simonia agitur, emptio-venditio, permutatio, etc., late accipiendae sunt pro qualibet conventione, licet ad effectum non de- ducta, etiam tacita, in qua scilicet animus simoniacus expresse non manifestetur, sed ex circumstantiis colligatur. Can. 729 Firmis poenis in simoniacos iure statutis, contractus ipse simoniacus et, si simonia committatur circa beneficia, officia, dignitales, subse- quens provisio omni vi caret, licet simonia a tertia persona commissa fuerit, etiam inscio proviso, dummodo hoc non fiat in fraudem eius- dem provisi aut eo contradicente. Quare: i°. Ante quamlibet iudicis sententiam res simoniace data et accepta, si restitutionis sit capax nee obstet reverentia rei spirituali debita, restitui debet, et beneficium, officium, dignitas dimitti. 2 . Simoniace provisus non facit fructus suos; quod si eos bona fide perceperit, prudentiae iudicis vel Ordinarii permittitur fructus per- ceptos ex toto vel ex parte eidem condonare. Can. 730 Non habetur simonia, cum temporale datur non pro re spirituali, sed eius occasione ex iusto titulo a sacris canonibus vel a legitima consuetudine recognito; item cum datur res temporalis pro re tem- poral, quae tanquam subiectum habeat adnexum aliquid spirituale, ex. gr., calix consecratus, dummodo pretium non augeatur propter adnexam rem spiritualem. Can. 731 Cum omnia Sacramenta Novae Legis, a Christo Domino Nostro instkuta, sint praecipua sanctificationis et salutis media, summa in iis opportune riteque administrandis ac suscipiendis diligentia et reveren- tia adhibenda est. Vetitum est Sacramenta Ecclesiae ministrare haereticis aut schis- SECOND LATIN 99 maticis, etiam bona fide errantibus eaque petentibus, nisi prius, errori- bus reiectis, Ecclesiae reconciliati fuerint. Can. 732 Sacramenta baptismi, confirmationis et crdinis, quae characterem imprimunt, iterari nequeunt. Si vero prudens dubium exsistat num revera vel num valide collata fuerint, sub conditione iterum conferantur. LESSON XXII Vocabulary ablutio, f ., ablution, washing accedere, -cessi, -cessus, to accede, to approve adjicere, -jeci, -jectus, to add appellare, to call assequi (dep.), assecutus, to obtain asservare, to preserve, to guard, to protect c&sus,m.,case chirurgus, m., surgeon clavis, f ., \ey clericus, m., cleric, cler\ coena, f ., supper collatio, f ., conferring comitari (dep.), to attend, to accompany commode, conveniently complures, several concurrere, -curri, -cursus, to concur, to agree conficere, -feci, -fectus, to effect, to produce consentaneus, suited, proper continere (2), -tinui, -tentus, to contain copia, £., quantity, amount, supply eras, tomorrow debitus, due decens, suitable, proper deferre, -tuli, -latus, to submit, to bring, to bear destinare, to destine diaconus, m., deacon ediscere, -didici, to learn SECOND LATIN 101 elicere, -licui, -licitus, to elicit, to call forth et ejusmodi, and the li\e exigere, -egi, -actus, to demand, to require femina, f., woman feria, f ., day of the wee\; — quinta (V), Thursday habitus, m. ? habit incola, m. and £., inhabitant, resident indigere (2), -igui, to need inesse, -fui, to be in or engaged in infusus, instilled instruere, -struxi, -structus, to instruct insuper, besides, in addition isque, and that, too; and that indeed janua, £., entrance, door, gate laicus, m., layman licentia, f ., permission medicus, m. ? physician mora, f ., delay mox, afterwards, at a later period nondum, not yet noscere, novi, notus, to\now obstetrix, f., midwife oleum, n., oil oliva, f ., olive, olive tree ordinarius, m., ordinary, bishop ornare, to adorn parochus, m., parish priest paroecia, /., parish peculiaris, special peregrinus, m., stranger perficere, -feci, -fectus, to perfect periculum, n., danger potissimum, chiefly, above all praeferre, -tuli, -latus, to prefer io2 SECOND LATIN praesertim, particularly praesto, present probe, properly proles, f., offspring, child proportionates, related pudor, m., propriety, modesty quasi, in a certain sense or degree, quasi retinere (2), -tinui, -tentus, to \eep ritus, m., rite saltern, at least secus, otherwise servare, to observe, to save statutum, n., statute, law subdiaconus, m. ? subdeacon suppeditare, to furnish, to supply tutus, safe urgere (2), ursi, to impel, to be urgent Idioms 1. ab hac parte, on this side 2. ad tempus, at the time, on time 3. ad liunc modum, in this way 4. quern ad modum, how, as 5. ad hoc, besides, for this purpose 6. ad diem, on the day 7. salvo praescripto, except as directed Grammar i« Days of the week. The days are designated as follows: dominica, Sunday feria quinta, Thursday feria secunda, Monday feria sexta, Friday feria tertia, Tuesday sabbatum, Saturday feria quanta, Wednesday SECOND LATIN 103 2, Locative case a) This case was used to indicate the place where a thing was lo- cated, but has come to be replaced by the ablative, usually with in, except in the names of towns, small islands, and a few other words. Romae, at Rome militiae, in military service Philippis, at Philippi humi, on the ground Athenis, at Athens domi, at home Rhodi, at Rhodes foris, out of doors Cypri, at Cyprus ruri, in the country Capreis, at Capri terra marique, by land and sea belli, at war A few adverbs of time are locative. heri, yesterday vesperi, in the evening b) In the singular of the first and second declensions the locative has the same form as the genitive. This includes domi, which has forms in both second and fourth declensions. In the plural and in the third declension the locative has the same form as the dative or ablative. c) From the fifth declension have come a few adverbs and expres- sions of time ending in e. hodie, today die quarto, the fourth day perendie, day after tomorrow pridie, the day before mane, in the morning 3. Future perfect tense. This tense is much commoner in Latin than in English. a) The future perfect denotes action as completed in the future. Ut statuta servaveritis, ita pace fruemini. As you keep the laws, so will you enjoy peace, Perendie noverit quid fecerint. By the day after tomorrow he will \now what they have done. io 4 SECOND LATIN b) The future perfect is represented in the subjunctive by the per- fect or pluperfect. Probat si media consentanea adhibita sint, eos jura sua civilia saltern retenturos. He proves that if proper means are employed, they will at least \eep their civil rights. EXERCISES i. Dominica proxima Romae duodecim dies commorati erimus. 2. Ad hunc modum Lucia viderit Athenis omnia templa vetera prae- claraque. 3. Constat, si necessitas urserit, ut turn medicus turn chirur- gus ritos aptos ediscant. 4. Mox praetulerint prolem ad parochum paroeciae propriae adducere. Nondum noverit januas vesperi non apertas esse. 6. Dico, si multi peregrini terra marique venerint, ipsis humi dormire necesse futurum. 7. Velimus ruri habitare, si domum Capreis habeamus. 8. Probabant, si gentes dolosi non fuissent, non bella futura. 9. Heri feria quinta fuit hodie feria sexta est, eras erit sabbatum. 10. Venimus ad tempus ut videremus quern ad modum subdiaconus baptismum administraret. 11. Complures ex clericis mili- tiae Philippis fuerant. 12. Diaconus oleum in ecclesia retinuerit pro usu posteriore. 13. Sciunt, si copiam debitam assecutus sis, non te totam tibimetipsi reservaturum esse. 14. Pudor meritorius potissimum eas tutas servaverit de periculis territorii illius. 15. Viri et feminae operam dederint ad oleum ex olivis exprimendum. 16. Ab hac parte medici negaverint ut bellum mala indolis novae adduxerit. 17. Mane foris clavem quaeram, quoniam januam non aperire possum sine ea. 18. Etiam si feria secunda nobis suppeditaverit omnia quibus indi- geamus, non omnino tuti erimus. 19. Non secus casum Ordinario ad diem praescriptum detulerit. 20. Si nulli adulti praesto erunt, labor noster ministrum appellando vero cassus fuerit. READING 1. Ut homo finem, ad quern destinatus est, assequi possit, Deus ilium aptis mediis atque potentiis instructum voluit, quae quidem duplicis generis sunt, media naturalia et supernaturalia, et turn natu- SECOND LATIN 105 ralia mm supernaturalia sunt alia externa, alia interna. Media naturalia externa sunt : a) res creatae praeter hominem exsistentes, quae ei vitae necessaria suppeditant; b) diversae societatum formae, familia et societas civilis. Media naturalia interna, quibus anima instruitur, sunt potissimum intellectus et voluntas, quibus summum bonum suum cognoscere et amare potest. Media supernaturalia externa, quae Chris- tus Dominus in hunc finem instituit, sunt ecclesia, sacrificium, sacra- menta et ejusmodi. Media supernaturalia interna, quibus anima in- struitur, ut ad finem supernaturalem tendere possit, sunt: a) gratia sanctificans, quae animae substantiae inhaeret hominemque elevat ad naturam et vitam supernaturalem fini supernaturali, ad quern desti- natus est, proportionatam; b) habitus infusi, qui animae potentiis, intellectui scilicet et appetitui, inhaerent hominemque instruunt viri- bus et potentiis, quibus opera fini supernaturali proportionata exer- cere possit; c) gratiae actuales, quibus Deus ad singulas hominis actiones supernaturales concurrit, eo quod eas auxilio suo praevenit, comitatur et perficit. Ut homo actibus suis moralibus in finem ultimum tendere possit, potentiae, quibus actus morales eliciuntur, instructae esse debent dispositionibus et qualitatibus ex se stabilibus, quibus aptae reddantur ad actus fini consentaneos eliciendos; ideo Deus potentiis indidit ha- bitus eosque supernaturales. Porro ut potentiae habitibus instructae supernaturaliter agere possint, insuper indigent gratia actuali, qua ad actus excitentur. Tandem ut earum actus meritorii sint vitae aeternae, anima ornata esse debet gratia sanctificante. His continentur omnia media interna, quae homini necessaria sunt, ut vitam moralem fini ultimo consentaneam agere possit. 2. Can. 733 In Sacramentis conficiendis, administrandis ac suscipiendis accurate serventur ritus et caeremoniae quae in libris ritualibus ab Ecclesia probatis praecipiuntur. Unusquisque autem ritum suum sequatur, salvo praescripto can. 851, § 2, 866. io6 SECOND LATIN Can. 734 Sacra olea quae quibusdam Sacramentis administrandis inserviunt, debent esse ab Episcopo benedicta feria V in Coena Domini proxime superiore; neque adhibeantur Vetera, nisi necessitas urgeat, Mox deficient! oleo benedicto aliud oleum de olivis non benedictum adjiciatur, etiam iterato, minore tamen copia. Can. 735 Parochus olea sacra a suo Ordinario petere debet et in ecclesia in tuta ac decenti custodia sub clavi diligentur asservare; nee ea domi retineat, nisi propter necessitatem aliamve rationabilem causam, acce- dente Ordinarii licentia. Can. 736 Pro administratione Sacramentorum minister nihil quavis de causa vel occasione sive directe sive indirecte exigat aut petat, praeter obla- tiones de quibus in can. 1507, § 1. Can. 737 Baptismus, Sacramentorum janua ac fundamentum, omnibus in re vel saltern in voto necessarius ad salutem, valide non confertur, nisi per ablutionem aquae verae et naturalis cum praescripta verborum forma. Cum ministratur servatis omnibus ritibus et caeremoniis quae in ritual ibus libris praecipiuntur, appellator sollemnis; secus, non sollem- nis seu privatus. Can, 738 Minister ordinarius baptismi sollemnis est sacerdos; sed ejus colla- tio reservatur parocho vel alii sacerdoti de ejusdem parochi vel Or- dinarii loci licentia, quae in casu necessitatis legitime praesumitur. Etiam peregrinus a parocho proprio in sua paroecia sollemniter SECOND LATIN 107 baptizetur, si Id facile ct sine mora fieri potest; secus peregrinum quilibet parochus in suo territorio potest solemniter baptizare. Can. 739 In alieno territorio nemini licet, sine debita licentia, baptismum sollemnem conferre ne sui quidem loci incolis. Can. 740 Ubi paroeciae aut quasi-paroeciae nondum sunt constitutae, statu- torum peculiarium et receptarum consuetudinum ratio habenda est, ut constet cuinam sacerdoti praeter Ordinarium, in universo territorio vel in ejus parte jus insit baptizandi. Can. 741 Extraordinarius baptismi sollemnis minister est diaconus; qui ta- men sua potestate ne utatur sine loci Ordinarii vel parochi licentia, justa de causa concedenda, quae, ubi necessitas urgeat, legitime prae- sumitur. Can. 742 Baptismus non sollemnis, de quo in can. 759, § 1, potest a quovis ministrari, servata debita materia, forma et intentione; quatenus vero fieri potest, adhibeantur duo testes vel saltern unus, quibus baptismi collatio probari possit. Si tamen adsit sacerdos, diacono praeferatur, diaconus subdiacono, clericus laico et vir feminae, nisi pudoris gratia deceat feminam po- tius quam virum baptizare, vel nisi femina noverit melius forrnam et modum baptizandi. Patri aut matri suam prolem baptizare non licet, praeterquam in mortis periculo, quando alius praesto non est, qui baptized Can. 743 Curet parochus ut fideles, praesertim obstetrices, medici et chirurgi, rectum baptizandi modum pro casu necessitatis probe ediscant. 108 SECOND LATIN Can. 744 Adultorum baptismus, ubi commode fieri possit, ad loci Ordinarium deferatur, ut, si voluerit, ab eo vel ab ejus delegato sollemnius con- feratur. LESSON XXIII Vocabulary abortivus, abortive, prematurely born accensere (2), censui, -censitus, to rec\on, to number adeo, even adipisci (dep. 3), adeptus, to reach, to obtain, to achieve admonere (2), -monui, -monitus, to warn, to admonish aetas, f ., age aniens, insane, idiot amittere, -misi, -missus, to lose antea, before antequam, before assentire, to assent augere (2), auxi, auctus, to increase, to augment avia, f., grandmother avus, m., grandfather career, m., jail cautum, n., concern cedere, cessi, cessus, to yield censere (2), censui, census, to reckon, to count, to judge certo, certainly claudere, clausi, clausus, to close coactio, f., compulsion consentire, to consent, to be in agreement constringere, -strinxi, -strictus, to constrain convalescere, -valui, to regain health or strength deesse, -fui, to be lacking delinquere, -liqui, -lictus, to transgress 109 no SECOND LATIN denuo, once more, again discrimen, n., hazard, ris\ dolere (2), dolui, dolitus, to suffer dubie, doubtfully dummodo, as long as, provided that edere, -didi, -ditus, to bring forth, to deliver educatio, f ., training egressus, m., departure clectio, f., election, choice evolvere, -volvi, -volutus, to develop extrahere, -traxi, -tractus, to release, to extract fetus, m., fetus firmare, to strengthen generatim, generally, in general gradatim, gradually illecebra, f., allurement immincre (2), to be imminent, to threaten impugnare, to assail, to attac\ impugnatio, f ., attac\ imputare, to impute includere, -clusi, -clusus, to confine, to imprison infantes expositi et inventi, foundlings infelix, unhappy inferre, -tuli, Hiatus, to infer, to bring, to carry, to wage infidelis, faithless, infidel influxus, m., stream, rush ingenitus, inborn, innate invitus, unwilling jugiter, always mem brum, n., member, limb monstrum, n., monstrosity negotium, n., trouble, difficulty, business nempe, namely, certainly, to be sure nequaquam, by no means SECOND LATIN norma, f ., rule, precept ostentum, n., prodigy parvulus, m„ child peragere, -egi, -actus, to accomplish permanere (2), -mansi, -mansus, to remain, to stand postulare, to demand, to require praeditus, possessed of, provided with praevidere (2), -vidi, -visus, to foresee prolabi (dep. 3) -lapsus, to lapse, to fall away quamvis, although quire (eo), to be able rursus, again status, m., state trahere, traxi, tractus, to drag, to draw, to bring tutor, m., guardian usurpare, to use viator, m., wayfarer Idioms 1. in dies, daily 2. qua tale, of any sort 3. in genere, in general, generally speaking 4. sub conditione, conditionally 5. contra haec, in answer to this 6. haec contra, this in reply 7. contra autem, but on the other hand 8. nullo pacto, in no way Grammar 1. Antequam, priusquam, before. a) These conjunctions are followed by the perfect indicative to state a fact in past time. ii2 SECOND LATIN Priusquam epistolam tuam legit, de tua salute quaesivit. Before he read your letter, he inquired about your health. b) When the action denoted did not actually take place, the im- perfect subjunctive is used. Antequam in carcere clauderetur, libertatem consequebatur. Before he could be confined in jail, he achieved his freedom. c) When referring to the future, the present or future perfect in- dicative is generally used, although the present subjunctive may be used, particularly if the statement is to be taken in a general sense. Priusquam admonuerimus eos, prolabentur. Before we warn them, they will fall away. Baptismus generatim administratur antequam infans usum rationis attingat. Baptism is usually administered before the child reaches the age of reason. 2. In a contrary to fact condition in past time, the pluperfect sub- junctive is used in both clauses. Si adulti parvulis cautum demonstravissent, isti non amissi essent. // the adults had shown concern for the children, the latter would not have been lost. EXERCISES i. Si avus non amens fuisset, non in apostasiam tarn horrendam prolapsus esset. 2. Priusquam philosophiae comprehensionem auge- rent, logicae elementa ediscere debebant. 3. Dicit nihil se postulare sibimetipsi, antequam alii suscipiant quae eis desint. 4. Antequam tutor ad carcerem rursus tractus erit, feminae filii intercedent pro eo. 5. Serio et prudenter scopos suos peregerunt, priusquam statum verum tutamentorum civitatis revelaverunt. 6. Si judices antea de valore legum inquisivissent, gentes in genere non qua tale fraudes postmodum commisissent. 7. Priusquam avia januam claudit, parvuli omnes ex domo egredientur. 8. Dixit, quamvis mater convaluisset satis ut infantes in dies curaret, earn nequaquam paratam esse ad ne- gotia difficiliora suscipienda, antequam medicus licentiam daret. SECOND LATIN 113 9. Si libertate physica praeditus fuisset, non tarn infelix sensisset. 10. Parochus infantes expositos baptizaverat, priusquam normas in libris ritualibus inveniremus. 11. Si obligationem illam jugiter ha- buisses, non negavisses earn. 12. Antequam quidam praevidere possit, quae vel quoties sint necessaria, occasio amissa erit. 13. Si tarn fideles quam infideles rebus caeli fuissent, nunc sancti saltern essent. 14. Con- tra haec respondebo, priusquam adversarii mei occasionem ceperint impugnandi motiva mea. 15. Si pauperibus pretium non auxisset, tantum lucrum non adeptus esset. 16. Priusquam nobis adeo aetatem suam diceret, in militiam accensitus erat. 17. Antequam ulla coactio usurpari posset, reus evasit. 18. Avia sciet id quod parvulis optimum sit, priusquam eis emerit omnia quae ipsi velint. 19. Modis multis infideles fuerunt, contra autem antequam mortui sunt, omnia lucra dederunt infantibus inventis. 20. Quod contra, consideremus quod dixit heri episcopus in epistola sua. READING 1. Cum in dies augeatur numerus eorum, qui libertatem voluntatis non solum theoretice impugnent, sed ex ejus negatione etiam prac- ticas consequentias inferant atque contendant delicta commissa de- linquentibus imputari non posse eosque propterea poena nequaquam dignos esse, necessitas postulat, ut exsistentia libertatis demonstretur atque ab adversariorum impugnationibus vindicetur. Libertas in genere significat immunitatem a vinculo, et cum varia sint vincula, quae nos constringere possunt, vario etiam sensu terminus libertatis usurpatur. a) Libertas a peccato, quae in hac vita est im- munitas a peccato, qua possumus non peccare et vocatur libertas gra- tiae; in altera vita est immunitas a peccato, qua non possumus peccare et vocatur libertas gloriae. In hac vita possibilitas et per gratiam facilitas peragendi bonum morale nobis praesto est, quamvis obstent diversae difficultates; in altera vita cessant difficultates et impedimenta, quae hie electionem boni moralis etiam iis, qui in statu gratiae sunt, quandoque difficilem reddunt. Haec libertas (gratiae), quae quan- doque moralis vocatur, jugiter evolvi ac perfici potest et debet, adeo ut ii4 SECOND LATIN homo jam in hac vita gradatim ad libertatem filiorum Dei perveniat, nee a difficultatibus in eligendo bono amplius impediatur. Quandoque enim jam hie in terris fit, lit voluntas per gratiam Dei firmata nullis tentationibus cedat, sed rejectis illecebris sensuum nullo negotio bo- num virtutis eligat, in quod verba Domini promittunt: Veritas libera- bit vos, ab influxu nempe determinante passionum. b) Libertas ab obligatione (a lege), quae etiam libertas moralis vocatur, est immuni- tas ab obligatione (morali) faciendi id, quod a superiore potestate praecipitur. Patet hominem hac libertate praeditum non esse: physi- cam libertatem agendi contra legem habet, moralem non habet. Libertas moralis vocatur etiam libertas eligendi inter bonum et malum, c) Libertas a coactione seu a necessitate externa est immunitas a vi extrinseca illata contra inclinationem voluntatis. Patet coactionem inferri posse turn agere nolenti, ut cum quis ad carcerem invitus tra- hitur, turn agere volenti, ut cum in career e incluso egressus prohibetur; libertatem a coactione potius esse libertatem agendi quam libertatem volendi; voluntatem a coactione immunem esse, cum actus voluntatis coactus impossibilis sit. d) Libertas a necessitate interna est immunitas a vi interna, quae voluntatem determinet ad agendum vel sic agen- dum. Haec libertas humanae voluntati propria est. Necessitas interna esset ergo determinatio ipsi voluntati ingenita ad volendum vel sic volendum. Ejusmodi determinatio inest voluntati humanae relate ad bonum in genere, quod velle debet, ita ut malum qua tale velle non possit, et relate ad felicitatem, quam unusquisque necessario vult, ita ut non possit velle infelicem esse. 2. Can. 745 Subjectum capax baptismi est omnis et solus homo viator, nondum baptizatus. Cum agitur de baptismo : Parvulorum seu infantium nomine veniunt, ad normam can. 88, § 3, qui nondum rationis usum adepti sunt, eisdemque accensentur amentes ad infantia, in quavis aetate constitute SECOND LATIN 115 Adulti autem censentur, qui rationis usu fruuntur; idque satis est ut suo quisque animi motu baptismum petat et ad ilium admittatur. Can. 746 Nemo in utero matris clausus baptizetur, donee probabilis spes sit ut rite editus baptizari possit. Si infans caput emiserit et periculum mortis immineat, baptizetur in capite; nee postea, si vivus evaserit, est iterum sub conditione bapti- zandus. Si aliud membrum emiserit, in illo, si periculum immineat, baptize- tur sub conditione; at tunc, si natus vixerit, est rursus sub conditione baptizandus. Si mater praegnans mortua fuerit, fetus ab iis ad quos spectat extractus, si certo vivat, baptizetur absolute; si dubie, sub conditione. Fetus, in utero baptizatus, post ortum denuo sub conditione bap- tizari debet. Can. 747 Curandum ut omnes fetus abortivi, quovis tempore editi, si certo vivant, baptizentur absolute; si dubie, sub conditione. Can. 748 Monstra et ostenta semper baptizentur saltern sub conditione; in dubio autem unusne an plures sint homines, unus absolute baptizetur, ceteri sub conditione. Can. 749 Infantes expositi et inventi nisi, re diligenter investigata, de eorum baptismo constet, sub conditione baptizentur. Can. 750 Infans infidelium, etiam invitis parentibus, licite baptizatur, cum n6 SECOND LATIN in eo versatur vitae discrimine, lit prudenter praevideatur moriturus, antequam usum rationis attingat. Extra mortis periculum, dummodo catholicae ejus educationi cau- tum sit, licite baptizatur : i°. Si parentes vel tutores, aut saltern unus eorum, consentiant. 2°. Si parentes, idest pater, mater, avus, avia, vel tutores desint, aut jus in eum amiserint, vel illud exercere nullo pacto queant. Can. 751 Circa baptismum infantium duorum haereticorum aut schismatico- rum, aut duorum catholicorum qui in apostasiam vel haeresim vel schisma prolapsi sint, generatim serventur normae in superiore canone constitutae. Can. 752 Adultus, nisi sciens et volens probeque instructus, ne baptizetur; insuper admonendus ut de peccatis suis doleat. In mortis autem periculo, si nequeat in praecipuis fidei mysteriis diligentius instrui, satis est, ad baptismum conferendum, ut aliquo modo ostendat se eisdem assentire serioque promittat se christianae religionis mandata servaturum. Quod si baptismum ne petere quidem queat, sed vel antea vel in praesenti statu manifestaverit aliquo probabili modo intentionem ilium suscipiendi, baptizandus est sub conditione; si deinde conva- luerit et dubium de valore baptismi collati permaneat, sub conditione baptismus rursus conferatur. LESSON XXIV Vocabulary adjunctum, n., condition, limitation admiscere (2), -miscui, -mixtus, to mix affectus, m., affection aspersio, £., sprinkling assistere, -stiti, to attend assuetudo, f. ? custom, habit compos mentis (or compos animi) sane, sound debilitare, to weaken deficere, -feci, -fectus, to be wanting, to be lacking demeritum, n., deject, demerit desiderium, n., desire dilucidus, lucid, sane diu, long, for a long time efficere, -feci, -fectus, to ma\e, to bring about effluere, -fluxi, to flow out exercitium, n., exercise expedite, readily, promptly expendere, -pendi, -pensus, to weigh, to ponder furiosus, m., mad man hinc, hence imminuere, -minui, -minutus, to lessen, to diminish impendere (2), to threaten, to impend imputabilitas, f., responsibility incommodum, n. ? inconvenience, discomfort inculpabilis, innocent, guiltless inde, thence influxus, m., influence u8 SECOND LATIN infusio, f ., pouring insanire, to be insane invalescere, -valui, to become strong jejunus, fasting languere (2), langui, to faint, to be feeble lethargus, m., lethargy, coma liber, free mancus, defective, imperfect, infirm, maimed minuere, minui, minutus, to lessen, to diminish momentum, n., element, essential point, motion nitidus, clean nutrimentum, n., food obnubilare, to becloud, to dim perscribere, -scripsi, -scriptus, to write down phrensis, f., delirium plene, fully praeter, beyond, besides praetermittere, -misi, -missus, to neglect, to omit progenies, L, lineage, family proponere, -posui, -positus, to propose, to expose, to display quamprimum, as soon as possible quivis, any whatever quominus (introduces clauses after verbs of hindering), jo as not, from repetere, -petivi, -petitus, to repeat reprimere, -pressi, -pressus, to chec\, to repress respuere, to reject sanus, in good health semita, f ., path sin, but if, if however statim, immediately subito, suddenly sufficere, -feci, -fectus, to suffice supplere (2), -plevi, -pletus, to supply temperies, f ., temperature, climate SECOND LATIN 119 tenuis, slight transigere, -egi, -actus, to pass, to spend uterque, either one, either of two, both vehemens, strong, violent vicissim, on the contrary, on the other hand, in turn vigilare, to watch vitiosus, vicious Idioms 1. plus minus ve, more or less 2. eo . . . quo, the . . . the 3. tarn . . . quam, both . . . and; as well as 4. alter . . . alter, one . . . the other 5. multis de causis, for many reasons 6. qua de causa, therefore j. de industria, on purpose, by labor Grammar 1. Alius and alter. a) Alius means other or another of an indefinite number, whereas alter means the other of two. Dixerunt se aliam rationem nullam habere. They said they had no other reason. Ex his libris duobus retinebo unum; tibi dabo alterum. Of these two boo\s I shall \eep one; I shall give the other to you. b) Alter . . . alter and alius . . . alius may be used in pairs to denote either division of a group or reciprocal action. Alterae semitam quaerunt, alterae ingemiscentes juxta viam sedent. One group see\s the path, the others sit moaning by the roadside. Alii activitatem diligunt, alii apparent energia carere. Some love ac- tivity, others seem to lac\ energy. Pater alterum puerum alteri auxilio esse admonuerat. The father had admonished the boys to help each other. Alius alium spectamus. We loo\ at each other. 120 SECOND LATIN c) Alius and alter are often used to express one as well as another of the objects referred to. Alter consulum mortuus est, alter adhuc Londinium habitat. One of the consuls has died, the other still lives in London. Aliud est sententias exprimere, aliud probare eas. // is one thing to express opinions, another to prove them. d) Alius repeated in a different case may express a double state- ment in a brief form. Alius aliud respuit. One man rejects one thing, another another. Alii in alia parte dies transigunt. Some spend the days in one part, others in another. 2. Conjunctions governing the indicative. a) Such are: quamquam, although ut semel, as soon as ut, as, when ut primum, as soon as quod, because simul, as soon as quia, because simul atque, as soon as quoniam, because simul ac. as soon as postquam, after ubi, when, where posteaquam, after quando, when b) It must be remembered, however, that all subordinate clauses in indirect discourse require the subjunctive. EXERCISES i. Quamquam alii semper insaniunt, alii plus minus ve dilucidi sunt. 2. Postquam impedimentum inventum et curatum erat, avi activitas magnopere augebat. 3. Ubi vidit quod energiae eorum de- bilitarentur, statuit ut multo plus exercitii eis imponeretur. 4. Ut semel alter fratrum desiderium exprimebat, alter casum expendebat quo- modo illi serviret. 5. Ut sacerdos aquam et vinum admiscuit, id suscipit. 6. Alteri in baptisterium introierunt qui infantis baptismi testes essent, alteri prope januam stabant munera in manibus trahentes. 7. Quia SECOND LATIN 121 aflfectus ejus pro illecebris hujus mundi tam vehementes erant, multis de causis dubium erat an semitam virtutis diu quaereret. 8. Medicus plene convaluit a phrenesi qua laborabat, quia amicus fidelis multos dies transigebat seipsum tradendo ad ej us curam. 9. Alii aliis resistunt. 10. Posteaquam illi nationi suppleveramus omnia quae proposuerat, vidimus nos res nostras turn sociales turn politicas praetermisisse. 11. Urget ut alter alterum constringat. 12. Quando cognovit periculum mortis impendere, virum statim baptizavit. 13. Quoniam avus diu jejunus fuit, nunc in statu lethargi est. 14. Ubi malae assuetudines inveteratae fiunt, voluntas languet. 15. Simul atque avia manca facta erat, domi permanebat libros liturgicos legens. 16. Alius aliud elegit. 17. De peccatis nosmetipsos retinemus, quod noscimus ea sensum mo- ralem obnubilare. 18. Ut primum habitus imprudentes et irrationales rejiciunt, vita moralis invalescit, qua de causa e multis incommo- dis, difficultatibus, impedimentis erroribusque prioribus vindicantur. 19. Scio alios aliis nutrimentum supplevisse ubi deficeret. 20. Nobis dixerunt, simul multam aquam veram et naturalem biberent, inter- valla poenae nimis minuere. READING 1. Liberam activitatem moralem hie consideramus, qua voluntas eligit inter bonum et malum. Exercitium libertatis perfectum est, si voluntas plene ex se sine alio influxu praeter eum, quern natura volun- tatis exigit, ad actum se determinat; quod turn accidit, cum intellectus objectum adaequate cognoscit, et voluntas secundum normam ra- tionis expedite ad illud volendum vel respuendum se movet. lam vero multa sunt sive in ipso homine sive extra hominem, quae in ejus liberam activitatem seu in ejus electionem influxum exercent eamque plus minusve determinant. Et haec quidem voluntatis libertatem actionisque imputabilitatem minuunt, earn tamen non auferunt. Intellectus rem appetendam ita exhibere debet, ut turn ejus merita (perfectionem, bonitatem, utilitatem) turn ejus demerita, (imperfec- tionem, detrimentum, incommodum), quae pro nobis habet, cog- noscamus. Haec cognitio eo perfectior est, quo accuratius utriusque 122 SECOND LATIN partis momenta apprehenduntur. His suppeditantur rationes et mo- tiva, quae in electione facienda nos dirigant. Hinc quo magis adae- quate rei merita atque demerita exhibentur, eo facilius electio institui potest, quae sit secundum rationem. Quodsi rei propositae magis merita quam demerita aut vicissim magis demerita quam merita cognoscuntur, electio quidem libera erit, at minus secundum rationem. Impossibilis fit electio, si unum tantum motivum cognoscitur. Ex his intelligitur in liberas hominis electiones omnia ea determinantem influxum exercere, quae impediunt, quominus rerum appetendarum, praesertim moralium, merita atque demerita adaequate cognoscantur. Quamvis libertatem(physicam) electionis ipsa non auferant, attamen efficiunt, ut electiones imprudentes, irrationales, moraliter malae sint. Ejusmodi momenta sunt praesertim educatio et adjuncta socialia et politica temporum, quae vivimus. Cum in multis hominibus manca atque inadaequata cognitio rerum et actionum propter haec adjuncta plus minusve sit involuntaria et inculpabilis, etiam actiones moraliter malae, quae ex ea procedunt, non poterunt eis secundum totam earum malitiam imputari. Objecto sufficienter proposito in voluntate necessario oritur propen- sio (aversio), quae quandoque tenuis, quandoque autem vehementior est. Propensiones istae, quamvis inveteratae et vehementes necessita- tem non inducunt, sed voluntas potestatem retinet eis resistendi; id quod experientia omnium illorum docet, qui post vitam diu in pecca- tis transactam ad semitam virtutis redierunt. Attamen voluntatem tra- hunt, ut libera determinatione velit id, ad quod vehementer jam in- clinatur, ideoque electionem moraliter bonam difficilem reddunt, eoque difficiliorem, quo intensior est propensio opposita. Affectus vi- tiosi liberam electionem turn solum impossibilem reddunt, si in casu particulari subito orti mentem adeo obnubilant vel impediunt, ut contraria motiva expendere amplius non possit. Ex his intelligitur in electiones morales omne id influxum exercere, quod efficit, ut hinc quidem propensiones malae et vitia in appetitu oriantur atque in- valescant, inde vero energia voluntatis in reprimendis malis propen- sionibus langueat et debilitetur. SECOND LATIN 123 2. Can. 753 Tarn sacerdotem qui adultos baptizaturus est, quam ipsos adultos qui sani sint, decet esse jejunos. Nisi graves urgentesque causae obsint, adultus baptizatus statim Missae sacrificio assistat et sacram communionem percipiat. Can. 754 Amentes et furiosi ne baptizentur, nisi tales a nativitate vel ante adeptum rationis usum fuerint; et tunc baptizandi sunt ut infantes. Si autem dilucida habeant intervalla, dum mentis compotes sunt, baptizentur, si velint. Baptizentur quoque, imminente periculo mortis, si, antequam in- sanirent, suscipiendi baptismi desiderium ostenderint. Qui lethargo aut phrenesi laborat, vigilans tantum et volens bapti- zetur; at si periculum mortis impendeat, servetur praescriptum § 3. Can. 755 Baptismus sollemniter conferatur, salvo praescripto can. 759. Loci Ordinarius potest gravi et rationabili de causa indulgere ut caeremoniae praescriptae pro baptismo infantium adhibeantur in baptismo adultorum. Can. 756 Proles ritu parentum baptizari debet. Si alter parentum pertineat ad ritum latinum, alter ad orientalem, proles ritu patris baptizetur, nisi aliud jure speciali cautum sit. Si unus tantum sit catholicus, proles hujus ritu baptizanda est. Can. 757 In baptismo sollemni adhibenda est aqua ad hoc benedicta. Si aqua benedicta in baptisterio adeo sit imminuta, ut minus vi- deatur sufficere, alia non benedicta admisceatur, etiam iterato, minore tamen copia. 124 SECOND LATIN Si vero corrupta fuerit, aut effluxerit, aut quovis modo defecerit, parochus in fontem, bene mundatum ac nitidum, recentem aquam infundat ac proprio ritu in suis liturgicis libris praescripto benedicat. Can. 758 Licet baptismus conferri valide possit aut per infusionem, aut per immersionem, aut per aspersionem, primus tamen vel secundus mo- dus, aut mixtus ex utroque, qui magis sit in usu, retineatur, secundum probatos diversarum Ecclesiarum rituales libros. Can. 759 In mortis periculo baptismum privatim conferre licet; et, si con- feratur a ministro qui nee sacerdos sit nee diaconus, ea tantum po- nantur, quae sunt ad baptismi validitatem necessaria; si a sacerdote vel diacono, serventur quoque, si tempus adsit, caeremoniae quae baptismum sequuntur. Extra mortis periculum baptismum privatum loci Ordinarius per- mittere nequit, nisi agatur de haereticis qui in adulta aetate sub con- ditione baptizentur. Caeremoniae autem quae in baptismi collatione praetermissae qua- vis ratione fuerint, quamprimum in ecclesia suppleantur, nisi in casu de quo in § 2. Can. 760 Cum baptismus sub conditione iteratur, caeremoniae, si quidem in priore baptismo omissae fuerunt, suppleantur, salvo praescripto can. 759? § 31 sm autem in priore baptismo adhibitae sunt, repeti in altero aut omitti possunt. Can. 761 Curent parochi ut ei qui baptizatur, christianum imponatur nomen; quod si id consequi non poterunt, nomini a parentibus imposito ad- dant nomen alicujus Sancti et in libro baptizatorum utrumque nomen perscribant. LESSON XXV Vocabulary alias, otherwise citare, to quote, to cite clericus, m., cleric, clergyman cognatio, £., relationship conditionatus, conditional conducere, -duxi, -ductus, to lead conjux, m. and £., husband, wife, spouse connaturaliter, in a natural way consulere, -ui, -tus, to consult contrahere, -traxi, -tractus, to contract criminosus, criminal degradatus, deprived of office or dignity depositus, divested dimanare, to emanate, to flow from factum, n., deed, fact forte, perchance infamis, infamous, disreputable inserere, -semi, -sertus, to implant, to embody, to insert interdictus, interdicted interesse, -fui, to ta\e part in, to be present juvare, to aid levare, to lift mos, m. custom novitius, m. novice patrinus, m., sponsor perire (eo), -ii or -ivi, -itus, to perish praebere (2), -bui, -bitus, to show, to exhibit 125 126 SECOND LATIN praevius, previous procurator, m., proxy promanare, to emanate, to derive from quapropter, wherefore, on which account recuperare, to recover spondere (2), spopondi, sponsus, to pledge, to sponsor suppetere, -petivi, -petitus, to be sufficient susceptio, f., reception tangere, tetigi, tactus, to touch tridentinus, of Trent vetustissimus, very ancient Idioms 1. ad summum, at the most 2. necne, or not 3. ex aequo, justly, on a par 4. eximproviso, unexpectedly 5. magna ex parte, in a great degree 6. ex usu, expedient 7. in perpetuum, forever 8. hunc in modum, in this way 9. est ei in animo, he has in mind, he intends Grammar 1. Numerals. These may be grouped in four classes. a) Cardinal numerals answering the question, "how many?" unus, one; duo, two, b) Ordinal numerals answering the question, "Which in order?" primus, first; secundus, second. c) Distributive numerals answering the question, "How many at a time?" singuli, one at a time; bini, in twos. d) Numeral adverbs answering the question, "how often?" semel, once; bis, twice. SECOND LATIN 127 Cardinals Ordinals Distributives Adverbs unus,una,unum primus singuli semel duo, duae, duo secundus bini bis tres, tria tertius terni ter quattuor quartus quaterni quater quinque quintus quini quinquies sex sextus seni sexies septem septimus septeni septies octo octavus octoni octies novem nonus noveni novies decern (ten) decimus deni decies undecim undecimus undeni undecies duodecim duodecimus duodeni duodecies tredecim decimus tertius terni deni terdecies quattuordecim decimus quartus ; quaterni deni quaterdecies quindecim decimus quintus quini deni quindecies sedccim decimus sextus seni deni sedecies septendecim decimus Septi- mus septeni deni septiesdecies duodeviginti duodevigesimus duodeviceni duodevicies undeviginti undevigesimus undeviceni undevicies viginti (twenty) vigesimus viceni vicies viginti unus vigesimus primus viceni singuli semel vicies triginta (thirty) tricesimus triceni tricies quadraginta quadragesimus quadrageni quadragies quinquaginta quinquagesimus quinquageni quinquagies sexaginta sexagesimus sexageni sexagies septuaginta septuagesimus septuageni septuagies octoginta octogesimus octogeni octogies nonaginta nonagesimus nonageni nonagies centum centesimus centeni centies (hundred) ducenti ducentesimus duceni ducenties 128 SECOND LATIN Cardinal* Ordinals Distributives Adverbs trecenti quadringemi trecentesimus quadringentesi- mus treceni quadringeni trecenties quadringenties quingenti sexcenti quingentesimus sexcentesimus quingeni sexceni quingenties sexcenties septingenti septingentesi- mus septingeni septingenties octingenti nongenti mille (thou- sand) octingentesimus nongentesimus millesimus octingeni nongeni milleni octingenties nongenties millies Note. Duo and tres have duobus, duabus, and tribus in the dative and ablative plurals; mille is an indeclinable adjective, whereas its plural, millia, is a noun and is followed by the genitive. De mille libris, concerning a thousand boo\s. Quattuor millia hominum, jour thousand men. EXERCISES i. Nos mille wi in tribus sacramentis, baptismo scilicet, confirma- tione et ordine, non imprimi characterem in anima, hoc est signum quoddam spirituale et indelebile, unde ea iterari non possunt: ana- thema sit. Si quis dixerit, Christianos omnes in verbo et omnibus sacramentis administrandis habere potestatem: anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, in ministris, dum sacramenta conficiunt et con- ferunt, non requiri intentionem, saltern faciendi quod facit ecclesia: anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, ministrum in peccato mortali exsistentem, modo omnia essentialia, quae ad sacramentum conficiendum aut conferen- dum pertinent, servaverit, non conficere aut conferre sacramentum: anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, receptos et approbates ecclesiae catholicae ritus in solemni sacramentorum administratione adhiberi consuetos aut con- 196 SECOND LATIN temni, aut sine peccato a ministris pro libito omitti, aut in novos alios per quemcumque ecclesiarum pastorem mutari posse: anathema sit. 2. Tandem trinitas personarum manifeste apparet in forma Bap- tismi a Christo tradita: "Euntes ergo docete omnes gentes baptizantes eos in nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti"; nam in textu graeco turn conjunctio turn articulus repetuntur ante nomen cujuslibet per- sonae; quod quidem ridiculum esset si unica tantum esset in Deo persona, triplici virtute praedita; repetitio enim articuli tarn em- phatica non potest explicari sine reali distinctione personarum; insuper Pater certo est alius a Filio, et si ita est, tertius terminus, seu Spiritus S., debet esse persona a duabus aliis distincta. Ex iisdem verbis deducitur etiam naturae unitas; nam agitur hie de ritu baptismali, per quern con- fertur gratia sanctificans: jam vero gratia non potest dari nisi in nomine, seu virtute, seu auctoritate Dei; ergo tres personae, in quarum nomine datur gratia, sunt realiter Deus, ac proinde unius divinae naturae aequaliter particeps. Constat enim Apostolos, statim post Pentecosten, divinitatem Christi praedicavisse ex professo, et divinita- tem Spiritus Sancti data opportunitate, ac proinde tres personas in Deo agnovisse. Ita v.g. S. Petrus, in prima praedicatione, quam ad Judaeos habuit, aperte declarat Christum esse ilium quern David Dominum (i.e. Deum) vocat; in secunda praedicatione Christum vo- cat "Auctorem vitae"; alibi eum vocat "Dominum omnium"; porro haec omnia soli Deo conveniunt; ergo. S. Paulus non minus diserte divinitatem Christi docet, de eo scribens : "Qui est super omnia Deus benedictus in saecula"; "Omnia per ipsum, et in ipso creata sunt." Aliunde iidem Apostoli divinitatem Spiritus S. non obscure praedica- verunt. Imo non desunt textus, in quibus tres divinae personae simul connumerantur : "Justificati estis in nomine Domini nostri /. Christi, et in Spiritu Dei nostri. . . . Qui autem confirmat nos vobiscum in Christo, et qui unxit nos Deus, qui et signavit nos et dedit pignus Spiritus in cordibus nostris." Ex his omnibus colligitur tres esse in Deo personas realiter distinctas, et simul aequales. LESSON XXXV Vocabulary adolescentia, f ., adolescence adolescere -levi, to grow up arcere (2), -cui, to prevent, to exclude articulus, m., point, moment attenuare, to weaken, to diminish caput, n., chapter catechesis, f., oral instruction classicus, classic computare, to number conservator, m., preserver creatrix, creative desumere, -sumpsi, to choose, to select detorquere (2), -torsi, -tortus, to twist detrahere, -traxi, -tractus, to detract emollire, to soften, to render mild injurius, unjust, insulting inspicere, -spexi, -spectus, to examine irritus, void, null lapidare, to throw stones at multifariam, in many places otiosus, idle, useless, empty polliceri (dep. 2), -licitus, to promise rebaptizare, to rebaptize recordatio, f., remembrance resipiscere, -ivi, to repent sequens, following sinus, m., bosom W 198 SECOND LATIN Idioms i. ratum habere, to ratify, to approve 2. nihil est quod, there is no reason why 3. unus solusque, the sole and only 4. quod sciam, so far as I \now 5. hoc est, that is 6. nescio quis, some sort of, certain 7. a fortiori, with the greater force, the more so 8. slcutct, just as Grammar 1. Verbs of admonishing, warning, persuading, and the like are followed by an ut clause (negative ne) with the subjunctive. Admonebit ut eos recordet. He will admonish him to remember them. Suasit ne regnum destruerent. He persuaded them not to destroy the kingdom. 2, Verbs of asking, requesting, beseeching, and the like take an ut clause with the subjunctive (negative ne). Rogo ut me juvetis. / beg you to help me. Petierant ne eum contemneremus. They had as\ed us not to despise him. EXERCISES 1. Suadent ut ipse non modo diem festum ratum habeat, sed etiam annuam ejus observantiam. 2. Monebimus ne sermones ejus ad meta- phoras otiosas detorqueant. 3. Nonne persuasisti ut magistra servos suos doctrinam christianam doceret eorum durante adolescentia ? 4. Quando denique admonebitis ut omnes obices positos in viam suam superent? 5. Petivi ut semetipsum ab actibus omnibus arceret qui furorem apud indulti auctorem excitarent. 6. Rogabamini ut as- sumeretis nescio quae onera levia dum pastor Romae esset. 7. Christus SECOND LATIN 199 obsccravit ut peccator unusquisque resipisceret. 8. Quis poposcit ut catcchesis pueris daretur priusquam adolescerent? 9. Quod sciam, non monebunt ne ilia vinum nee aquam cum oleo misceat. 10. Dixit eum medicum unum solumque esse quern tu in civitate ista invenias. 11. Nihil est quod non fiat; quaerent igitur ut nomina sua in libris paroechialibus inscribantur. 12. Poscit ut artifex capax normis ac materiis novis fiat, antequam eas exponere carpentariis nitatur. 13. Postulabisne ut quasdam res polliceantur, quas non servare pos- sint? 14. Suadebo ut ante meridiem veniant, ne aviam contristemus, quae jam dudum nos expectat. 15. Petebat ne emptionem et vendi- tionem colerent eo quod nullum tempus haberent ad ultimum hominis finem contemplandum. READING 1. Si quis dixcrit, baptismum Joannis habuisse eamdem vim cum baptismo Christi : anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, aquam veram et naturalem non esse de necessitate baptismi, atque ideo verba ilia Domini nostri Jesu Christi : Nisi quis renatus fuerit ex aqua et Spiritu Sancto ad metaphoram aliquam detor- serit: anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, in ecclesia Romana, quae omnium ecclesiarum mater est et magistra, non esse veram de baptismi sacramento doctrinam : anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, baptismum, qui etiam datur ab haereticis in nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sanctis cum intentione faciendi quod facit ecclesia, non esse verum baptismum : anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, baptismum liberum esse, hoc est, non necessarium ad salutem : anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, baptizatum non posse, etiamsi velit, gratiam amittere, quantumcumque peccet, nisi nolit credere: anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, baptizatos per baptismum ipsurn solius tantum fidei debitores fieri, non autem universae legis Christi servandae: anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, baptizatos liberos esse ab omnibus sanctae ecclesiac 200 SECOND LATIN praeceptis, quae vel scripta vel tradita sunt, ita ut ea observare non teneantur, nisi se sua sponte illis submittere voluerint: anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, ita revocandos esse homines ad baptismi suscepti memoriam, ut vota omnia, quae post baptismum fiunt, vi promissionis in baptismo ipso jam factae irrita esse intelligant, quasi per ea et fidei, quam professi sunt, detrahatur, et ipsi baptismo: anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, peccata omnia, quae post baptismum fiunt, sola recordatione et fide suscepti baptismi vel dimitti vel venialia fieri: anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, verum et rite collatum baptismum iterandum esse illi, qui apud infideles fidem Christi negaverit, cum ad poenitentiam convertitur: anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, neminem esse baptizandum nisi ea aetate qua Chris- tus baptizatus est, vel in ipso mortis articulo: anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, parvulos eo quod actum credendi non habent, sus- cepto baptismo inter fideles computandos non esse, ac propterea, cum ad annos discretion is pervenerint, esse rebaptizandos, aut praestare omitti eorum baptisma, quam eos non actu proprio credentes baptizari in sola fide ecclesiae : anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, hujusmodi parvulos baptizatos, cum adoleverint, interrogandos esse, an ratum habere velint, quod patrini eorum no- mine, dum baptizarentur, polliciti sunt, et ubi se nolle responderint, suo esse arbitrio relinquendos nee alia interim poena ad Christianam vitam cogendos, nisi ut ab Eucharistiae aliorumque sacramentorum perceptione arceantur, donee resipiscant: anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, confirmationem baptizatorum otiosam caeremoniam esse et non potius verum et proprium sacramentum, aut olim nihil aliud fuisse quam catechesim quamdam, qua adolescentiae proximi fidei suae rationem coram ecclesia exponebant: anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, injurios esse Spiritui Sancto eos, qui sacro confirma- tionis chrismati virtutem aliquam tribunt: anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, sanctae confirmationis ordinarium ministrum non esse solum episcopum, sed quern vis simplicem sacerdotem : anathema sit. SECOND LATIN 201 2. Alius locus vere classicus ille est ubi Christus ipse suam divinita- tem aperte declarat; cum enim Judaei ab eo inquirerent quis esset, utrum Messias vel non, respondit : "Ego et Pater unum sumus." Jam- vero ilia verba intelligenda sunt de unitate naturae, non autem de unitate morali tantum; nam ita intellecta sunt a Judaeis ipsis, qui sustulerunt lapides ut Christum lapidarent "quia tu, homo cum sis, facis teipsum Deum." Nee dicatur postea Christum sua verba emolli- visse, citando textum Scripturae, in quo etiam homines dicuntur dii; hoc enim, inspecto contextu, est argumentum a minori ad majus, quasi diceret: si homines, quibus Deus locutus est, possunt aliquo sensu vocari filii Dei, nonne a fortiori vocari possum Filius Dei, et quidem in sensu proprio? Nam, addit: "si non facio opera Patris mei, nolite credere mihi; si autem facio, operibus credite, ut cognoscatis et cre- datis, quia Pater in me est et ego in Patre"; quae quidem verba im- portant Christum vere Filium Dei esse, aequalem Patri, cum faciat ipsa opera Patris, et in Patre, i.e. in sinu Patris habitet, ex dictis supra; argumentum enim Christi ad hoc reduci potest: Quorum eadem sunt opera, ii idem unumque sunt; atqui mea et Patris mei opera eadem sunt; ergo ego et Pater meus unum sumus. Quod Judaei ipsi intel- lexerunt; nam "quaerebant ergo eum apprehendere, et exivit de mani- bus eorum." Objiciunt quidem Unitarii vocem "unum" interpretari posse de unitate morali, nam Christus ipse in ultima coena dixit: "Sint unum sicut et nos unum sumus." Respondetur autem hoc ultimo loco vim nativam vocis "unum" attenuari per particulam sicut, eodem fere modo ac in sequent! phrasi Scripturae: "Estote igitur perfecti sicut et Pater vester coelestis perfectus est"; sed quando vox "unum" non corrigitur per aliud vocabulum, unitatem naturae significat: aliunde contextus id postulat; vult enim Dominus probare in hoc loco neminem posse de manu sua oves eripere, quia, ipse ait, "Ego et Pater unum sumus," i.e. ejusdem potcntiae, ac proinde ejusdem naturae. Nee minus validum est argumentum ex epistola ad Hebraeos de- sumptum: "Multifariam multisque modis olim Deus loquens patribus in prophetis, novissime diebus istis locutus est nobis in Filio quern con- 202 SECOND LATIN stituit haeredem universorum, per quern fecit et saecula . . ." hie cnim S. Paulus loquitur de Verbo Incarnato et ejus divinitatem probat as- serendo: (a) ipsum esse "haeredem universorum" i.e, ea omnia pos- sidere quae Deus ipse habet, nee simplicem esse prophetam, sed Filium Dei; (b) eumdem habere vim creatricem "per quern fecit et saecula"; (c) eum esse perfectam et substantialem imaginem Patris "qui cum sit splendor gloriae, et figura substantiae ejus"; (d) eumdem esse con- servator em omnium "portansque omnia verbo virtutis suae"; (c) ip- sum esse Angelis superiorem, quia est Filius Dei, dum Angeli sunt tantum ministri ejus, etc; hinc Angeli eum adorare jubentur: "et adorent eum omnes Angeli Dei." Atqui haec omnia veram divinita- tem important et perfectam cum Patre aequalitatem; ergo. LESSON XXXVI Vocabulary afferre, attuli, allatus, to bring, to apply alioqui, in other respects, otherwise almus, august, benign aperte, openly apertissime, most openly assidere (2), -sedi, -sessus, to sit brachium, n., arm circumincessio, f ., coexistence columna, f ., pillar commentum, n., falsehood conjungere, -junxi, -junctus, to join together constantissime, most firmly convellere, -velli, -vulsus, to pluc\, to tear up cultus, m., worship cupire, to wish defluere, -fluxi, -fluxus, to flow from desiderare, to desire digitus, m., finger disertus, fluent, clear divus, m. ? saint ductus, m. ? leadership eruditus, informed, instructed exagitare, to harass, to disturb excogitare, to devise, to invent flagitium, n., shameful thing gubernatio, f., government interdicere, -dixi, -dictus, to forbid 203 2o 4 SECOND LATIN majores, m., forefathers, elders misere, wretchedly nuncius, m., nuncio perspicuus, clear, definite praesidere (2), -sedi, -sessus, to preside praestantissimus, most excellent processio, f., source, origin, procession profiteri (2), to profess quoad, up to, as far as, as many as, as to Salvator, m., Savior sane, truly, indeed, very scindere, scidi, scissus, to split, to rend similiter, similarly stirpitus, utterly, by the roots suggerere, -gessi, -gestus, to suggest, to bring to mind superseminare, to sow, to oversow symbolum, n., symbol, creed testari (dep.) 5 to testify tropus, m., trope, figure of speech zizania, n. pi., cockle, weeds Idioms 1. absit, far from it, God forbid 2. mirum quam, marvelously 3. minim quantum, tremendously 4. immane quantum, monstrously 5. sane quam, enormously 6. valde quam, immensely 7. ad extra, external, outward, outwardly Grammar 1. Verbs of wishing may take either the infinitive or the subjunc- tive. When the subject of the infinitive is not the same as that of the main verb, the subjunctive is preferable. Velle, nolle, and malle often SECOND LATIN 205 take the subjunctive without ut. Other verbs frequently omitting ut are licet, oportet, and the imperatives die and fac. Desiderat ut adsimus. He desires us to be present, Vult eas. He wishes you to go. Licet praesideat. It is lawful for him to preside. Die assideat Tell him to be seated. 2. Names of the months in Latin are : Januarius Ma jus September Februarius Junius October Martius Julius November Aprilis Augustus December All are masculines of the second declension except Aprilis and the last four, which are of the third declension. Those ending in -ber have the genitive in -bris. 3. Names of the seasons are: ver, n., spring aestas, f., summer autumnus, m., fall hiems, f., winter EXERCISES i. Matres sane quam cupiebant ut filii domum Decembri venirent. 2. Volo ut hac aestate proxima non calores sint. 3. Optabimus ut Mar- tius ct Aprilis non frigidi sint. 4. Pastor almus mavult ut paroechiae mulieres media suggerant ad coenam praestantissimam episcopo comparandam. 5. Nonne vultis nepotes nos visitent autumno potius quam hieme? 6. Si valde quam volent cantem, sic faciam. 7. Fac januam claudas, ne aer frigidus introeat. 8. Si malint aperte de flagitiis testari, judex eras eos audiat. 9. Si majores nostri hodie viverent, res multas ab homine moderno immane quantum excogitatas detestaren- tur. 10. Si cupiisses ut columnam ex aurichalco honoris divi causa erigerent, citius conclusisscnt. 11. Opto vero ne tarn promptus sit, ut 206 SECOND LATIN veritates meas ad commenta mirum quam detorqueat. 12. Desidera- bitne ut pericula fictitia ac imaginaria praesentemus potius quam vera? 13. Visne sic agat, ut omnes libertates et privilegia ei inter- dicantur? 14. Non optaverant ut ore fidem profiteretur cui non corde crederet. 15. Nolebasne zizania stirpitus convellerent? 16. Cupiebamus ut mirum quantum pugnarent, ut impedirent quominus viri pravi nostram gubernationem serenam exagitarent. READING 1. Sacrosancta oecumenica et generalis Tridentina sy nodus, in Spiritu Sancto legitime congregata, praesidentibus in ea eisdem sanc- tae Sedis Apostolicae legato et nunciis, etsi in eum finem non absque peculiari Spiritus Sancti ductu et gubernatione convenerit, ut veram et antiquam de fide et sacramentis doctrinam exponeret, et ut haeresi- bus omnibus et aliis gravissimis incommodis, quibus Dei ecclesia misere nunc exagitatur et in multas ac varias partes scinditur, reme- dium afferret, hoc pracsertim jam hide a principio in votis habuit, ut stirpitus convelleret zizania exsecrabilium errorum et schismatum, quae inimicus homo his nostris calamitosis temporibus in doctrina fidei, usu et cultu sacrosanctae Eucharistiae superseminavit, quam alioqui Salvator noster in ecclesia sua tamquam symbolum reliquit ejus unitatis et caritatis, qua Christianos omnes inter se conjunctos et copulatos esse voluit. Itaque cadem sacrosancta synodus, sanam et sinceram illam de venerabili hoc et divino Eucharistiae sacramento doctrinam tradens, quam semper catholica ecclesia ab ipso Jesu Christo Domino nostro et ejus apostolis erudita, atque a Spiritu Sancto illi omnem veritatem in dies suggerente edocta retinuit et ad finem usque saeculi conservabit, omnibus Christi fidelibus interdicit, ne posthac de sanctissima Eucharistia aliter credere, docere aut praedicare audeant, ■ quam ut est hoc praesenti decreto explicatum atque definitum. Principio docet sancta synodus et aperte ac simpliciter profitetur, in almo sanctae Eucharistiae sacramento post panis et vini consecra- tionem Dominum nostrum Jesum Christum verum Deum atque hominem vere, realiter ac substantialiter sub specie illarum rerum SECOND LATIN 207 sensibilium contineri. Neque enim haec inter se pugnant, ut ipse Sal- vator noster semper ad dexteram Patris in coelis assideat juxta modum exsistendi naturalem, et ut multis nihilominus aliis in locis sacramen- taliter praesens sua substantia nobis adsit, ea exsistendi ratione, quam etsi verbis exprimere vix possumus, possibilem tamen esse Deo, cogi- tatione per fidem illustrata assequi possumus et constant]' ssime credere debemus. Ita enim majores nostri omnes, quotquot in vera Christi ecclesia fuerunt, qui de sanctissimo hoc sacramento disseruerunt, aper- tissime professi sunt, hoc tarn admirabile sacramentum in ultima coena Redemptorem nostrum instituisse, cum post panis vinique benedictionem se suum ipsius corpus illi praebere ac suum sanguinem disertis ac perspicuis verbis testatus est; quae verba a Sanctis evan- gelistis commemorata et a divo Paulo postea repetita, cum propriam illam et apertissimam significationem prae se ferant, secundum quam a patribus intellecta sunt, indignissimum sane flagitium est ea a quibusdam contentiosis et pravis hominibus ad fictitios et imaginarios tropos, quibus Veritas carnis et sanguinis Christi negatur, contra uni- versum ecclesiae sensum detorqueri, quae, tamquam columna et flr- mamentum veritatis, haec ab impiis hominibus excogitata commenta velut satanica detestata est, grato semper et memore animo praestan- tissimum hoc Christi beneficium agnoscens. 2. Admittenda est divinarum personarum circumincessio. Circum- incessio est mutua divinarum personarum in invicem coexistentia et cohabitatio, ita ut Pater sit in Filio, Filius in Patre, et uterque in Spiritu S., pariterque Spiritus in Patre et Filio. Haec mutua cohabita- tio defluit ex dictis; nam si eadem numerice natura est in Patre, Filio et Spiritu S., necesse est ut Pater sit in Filio et vice versa: et idem dicendum de Spiritu Sancto. Insuper illud directe asseritur in Scrip- tura pro Patre et Filio : "Non creditis quia ego in Patre et Pater in me est?" Idem implicite docet Paulus quoad Spiritum S., dum tradit Eum in Deo esse, sicut spiritus hominis in homine est. Res declaratur alibi quoad tres personas: "Propter hanc unitatem Pater est totus in Filio, totus in Spiritu S.: Filius totus est in Patre, totus in Spiritu S.: Spiritus totus est in Patre, totus in Filio." Quod sic optime declarat S. Thomas; 208 SECOND LATIN "In Patre et Filio tria est considerare, scilicet, essentiam, relationem et originem; et secundum quodlibet illorum Filius est in Patre, et e con- verso. i°. Secundum essentiam enim, Pater est in Filio et Filius in Patre, quia Pater est sua essentia, et communicat earn Filio, non per ali- quam suam transmutationem. Unde sequitur quod, cum essentia Patris sit in Filio, in Filio sit Pater. Et similiter, cum Filius sit sua essentia, sequitur quod sit in Patre, in quo est ejus essentia. 2°. Secun- dum etiam relationes manifestum est quod unum oppositorum rela- tive est in altero, secundum intellectum. 3 . Secundum originem etiam manifestum est quod processio Verbi intelligibilis non est ali- quid extra, sed manet in dicente. Id etiam quod verbo dicitur, in verbo continetur. Et eadem ratio est de Spiritu S. In Deo una eademque est operatio ad extra, quae tribus personis communis est. Etenim opera- tiones ad extra producuntur ab omnipotentia, ac proinde a natura, in qua omnipotentia residet; atqui ex dictis, est una natura in Deo; ergo est una operatio ad extra. Ilia autem unica operatio ad extra, tribus divinis personis, sicut natura ipsa, communis est. In sacris Litteris eadem opera nunc Patri, nunc Filio, nunc Spiri- tui S. ascribuntur; ita v.g. creatio Patri et Filio tribuitur; hinc Chris- tus ait : "Vater meus usquemodo operatur, et ego operor" ; i.e. eadem opera ac Pater operor; par iter prophetiae seorsum tribuuntur Patri: "Multifariam multisque modis olim Deus loquens Patribus in pro- phetis"; simulque Spiritui S.: "Spiritu S. inspirati locuti sunt sancti Dei homines. , ' Hanc veritatem Patres variis illustrant compara- tionibus: "Ut lux omnia splendore illuminat, nihilque sine splen- dore potest illuminari : ita et Pater veluti per manum omnia in Verbo efficit nihilque sine illo facit." Alii vocant Filium brachium seu manum Patris, et Spiritum Filii digitum, ut sic melius significent Patrem per Filium in Spiritu S. omnia operari. Hinc in Symbolo Athanas. legitur: "Omnipotens Pater, omnipotens Filius, omnipotens Spiritus S.: et tamen non tres omnipotentes, sed unus omnipotens!' LESSON XXXVII Vocabulary admodum, very, exceedingly, quite adstringere, -strinxi, -strictus, to bind aestus, m., heat alere, alui, alitus, to nourish arctissimus, closest, very tight cibus, m., food circumferre, -tuli, -latus, to carry around conari (dep.), to try confortare, to strengthen divitiae, f. pi., riches fateri (dep. 2), fassus, to avow, to confess Gallia, f ., France Gallus, m., Frenchman Germanus, m., German Hispanus, m., Spaniard honorifice, honorably, with honor hypostaticus, hypostatic, essential, substantial invasor, m., invader, usurper latria, f., worship (the highest kind of worship or that paid to God only) libenter, freely, willingly licet, although locutio, f., phrase, expression Lugdunensis, of Lyons Nicaenus, Nicene persuasum, n., conviction, firm belief pignus, n., pledge praecelsus, sublime 209 210 SECOND LATIN praefatus, aforesaid praeservare, to preserve quapropter, wherefore reperire, reperi, repertus, to find sancire, sanxi, sanctus, to ratify, to sanction spiratio, f ., spiration, breath sumptio, f., reception, participation tantumdem, as much, just as much Idioms i. nisi vero, unless indeed 2. nisi forte, unless to be sure 3. nuper admodum, very recently 4. nihil admodum, nothing at all 5. nullus admodum, none at all 6. annos admodum octo, fully eight years 7. operam dare, to ta\e pains 8. successu temporis, in the course of time Grammar 1. Verbs of determining, decreeing, resolving, and bargaining may take either the subjunctive or an infinitive. Pactum fecerunt ut illo loco eodem singulis annis convenirent. They made an agreement to meet in that same place each and every year. Rex lucra ad caritatem afferre statuit. The \ing resolved to apply the profits to charity. 2. Verbs of caution and effort take the subjunctive with ut or uti. However, the verb conari, to try, is usually followed by the infinitive. Providit uti nihil eis desit. He has seen to it that they lac\ nothing. Conabimur venire. We shall try to come. EXERCISES i. Majores censuerunt ut omnes adolescentes plus quam duodevige- ei*Tni i*-v» nnniim o nr£*r\t-£*c inc^fiKi /-i*»J-»A»n r»t- •** Tip SECOND LATIN 211 doctrinam christianam docerentur, nisi vero amentes vel stulti admo- dum erant. 3. Statuo, ait rex, subditi universi mei pignore hoc arctis- sime adstringantur. 4. Deus constituet uti angeli ad ipsius sanctos ministrent. 5. Pactum faciunt ut alter alterius persuasum aestimet. 6. Curabo ut nulla admodum zizania in triticum superseminem. 7. Impellisne ut nihil admodum revelet, nisi forte culpae magnae apud se conscius est? 8. Date operam ut infantes cibo alantur et mu- lieres verbis gaudii confortentur. 9. Processio statuta est ut triumphus praecelsus nostri exercitus fortis honorifice celebretur. 10. Per annos admodum decern patris tumulum reperire conabantur. 11. Nonne pugnabitis ut nihil admodum nuncium exagitet, dum in civitate ista commoretur? 12. Nuper admodum providerunt ut luces extingueren- tur ante mediam noctem. 13. Patroni nisi sunt ut alii incolae alios juvarent, nisi vero penitus ab inimicis deleri malunt. 14. Cura, mi fili, ut teipsum a mendaciis arceas. 15. Quis providebit ut chirurgus accipiat mane medicinas quas heri praescripsit? READING 1. Ergo Salvator noster, discessurus ex hoc mundo ad Patrem, sacra- mentum hoc instituit, in quo divitias divini sui erga homines amoris velut effudit, memoriam faciens mirabilium suorum, et in illius sump- tione colere nos sui memoriam praecepit, suamque annuntiare mortem donee ipse ad judicandum mundum veniat. Sumi autem voluit sacra- mentum hoc tamquam spiritualem animarum cibum, quo alantur et confortentur viventes vita illius, qui dixit: Qui manducat me et ipse vivet propter me, et tamquam antidotum, quo liber emur a culpis quotidianis, et a peccatis mortalibus praeservemur. Pignus praeterea id esse voluit futurae nostrae gloriae et perpetuae felicitatis, adeoque symbolum unius illius corporis, cujus ipse caput exsistit, cuique nos, tamquam membra, arctissima fidei, spei et caritatis connexione adstrictos esse voluit, ut id ipsum omnes diceremus, nee essent in nobis schism at a. Commune hoc quidem est sanctissimae Eucharistiae cum ceteris sacramentis, symbolum esse rei sacrae et invisibilis gratiae formam 212 SECOND LATIN visibilem; verum illud in ea excellens et singulare reperitur, quod reliqua sacramenta tunc primum sanctificandi vim habent, cum quis illis utitur, at in Eucharistia ipse sanctitatis auctor ante usum est. Nondum enim Eucharistiam de manu Domini apostoli susceperant, cum vere tamen ipse affirmaret corpus suum esse quod praebebat; et semper haec fides in ecclesia Dei fuit, statim post consecrationem ve- rum Domini nostri corpus verumque ejus sanguinem sub panis et vini specie una cum ipsius anima et divinitate exsistere; sed corpus quidem sub specie panis et sanguinem sub vini specie ex vi verborum, ipsum autem corpus sub specie vini et sanguinem sub specie panis, animam- que sub utraque, vi naturalis illius connexionis et concomitantiae, qua partes Christi Domini, qui jam ex mortuis resurrexit non amplius moriturus, inter se copulantur, divinitatem porro, propter admira- bilem illam ejus cum corpore et anima hypostaticam unionem. Qua- propter verissimum est, tantumdem sub alterutra specie atque sub utraque contineri. Totus enim et integer Christus sub panis specie et sub quavis ipsius speciei parte, totus item sub vini specie et sub ejus partibus exsistit. Quoniam autem Christus Redemptor noster corpus suum id, quod sub specie panis offerebat, vere esse dixit, ideo persuasum semper in ecclesia Dei fuit, idque nunc denuo sancta haec synodus de- clarat, per consecrationem panis et vini conversionem fieri totius substantiae panis in substantiam corporis Christi Domini nostri, et totius substantiae vini in substantiam sanguinis ejus. Quae con- versio convenienter et proprie a sancta catholica ecclesia transsub- stantiatio est appellata. Nullus itaque dubitandi locus relinquitur, quin omnes Christi fideles pro more in catholica ecclesia semper recepto latriae cultum, qui vero Deo debetur, huic sanctissimo Sacra- mento in veneratione exhibeant. Neque enim ideo minus est adoran- dum, quod fuerit a Christo Domino, ut sumatur, institutum. Nam ilium eumdem Deum praesentem in eo adesse credimus, quern Pater aeternus introducens in orbem terrarum dicit : Et adorent eum omnes angeli Dei, quern magi procidentes adoraverunt, quern deniquc in Galilaea ab apostolis adoratum fuisse scriptura testatur. SECOND LATIN 213 Declarat sancta synodus, pie et religiose admodum in Dei ecciesiam inductum fuisse hunc morem, ut singulis annis peculiari quodam et festo die praecelsum hoc et venerabile sacramentum singulari venera- tione ac solemnitate celebraretur, utque in processionibus reverenter et honorifice illud per vias et loca publica circumferretur. Aequissi- mum est enim sacros aliquos statutos esse dies, cum Christiani omnes singulari ac rara quadam significatione gratos et memores testentur animos erga communem Dominum et Redemptorem pro tarn inefla- bili et plane divino beneficio, quo mortis ejus victoria et triumphus repraesentatur. Ac sic quidem oportuit victricem veritatem de menda- cio et haeresi triumphum agere, ut ejus adversarii in conspectu tanti splendoris, et in tanta universae ecclesiae laetida positi vel debilitati et fracti tabescant, vel pudore effecti et confusi aliquando resipis- cant. 2. Doctrina Catholica est Spiritum procedere turn a Patre turn a Filio. Jamvero olim Eunomiani et Macedoniani, negaverunt Spiritum S. a Patre procedere; sed quum contrarium expressis verbis in Scrip- tura doceatur, "mittens vobis a Patre Spiritum veritatis, qui a Patre procedit, statim ille error damnatus est. Postea Theodoretus et post eum Monothelitae processionem Spiritus S. a Filio impugnarunt, quin tamen res ex professo disputata fuerit: tunc enim temporis totus controversiae aestus circa unionis hypostaticae quaestionem ferebatur. Ille tamen error ob Iconoclastis renovatus fuit, et in quibusdam con- ciliis in Gallia habitis, quaestio ventilata fuit inter Graecos et Ro- manos utrum Spiritus S. sicut procedit a Patre, ita procedat a Filio. Unde factum est ut apud Hispanos, Gallos et Germanos particula Filioque Symbolo Nicaeno addita fuerit, ut expresse declararetur Spiritum turn a Patre turn a Filio procedere. Quam quidem addi- tionem Leo III primum sancire noluit, licet explicite fidem suam de processione Spiritus S. ab utroque professus fuerit, ne Ecclesiae particu- lars in recitatione Symboli ab Ecclesia Romana different; successu tamen temporis Romani Pontifices earn receperunt et approbarunt. Eodem saeculo Photius, iniquus Sedis Constantinop. invasor, et a Nicolao I juste damnatus, a Latina Ecclesia sese sejunxit, inter alios 2i 4 SECOND LATIN errores docens Spiritum S. a Filio non procedere; post ejus mortem, unio inter utramque Ecclesiam restituta est, sed iterum fracta Michae- lis Coerularii pessima ambitione; et licet praefatus error in Cone. CEcumenicis Lugdunensi et Florentino quibus Graeci aderant, dam- natus fuerit, adhuc in Orientali Ecclesia hodie retinetur. De fide est : "Fatemur quod Spiritus Sanctus aeternaliter ex Patre et Filio, non tanquam ex duobus principiis, sed tanquam ex uno principio, non duabus spirationibus, sed unica spiratione procedit." Spiritum S. a Patre procedere disertis verbis exprimitur, (in Scriptura) et insuper ex iis textibus infertur quibus declaratur Spiritus Patris: "Non enim vos estis qui loquimini, sed Spiritus Patris vestri qui loqui- tur in vobis." Quod a Graecis libenter conceditur; remanet igitur probandum Spiritum S. etiam a Filio procedere; triplici utemur ar- gumento. a) In pluribus Scripturae locis, Spiritus vocatur Spiritus Filii, vel Spiritus Christi Jesu: "Misit Deus Spiritum Filii sui . . ." "Non permisit eos Spiritus Jesu" ; atqui illae expressiones Spiritum S. a Patre procedere important, nam fatentibus ipsis Graecis, idem Spiri- tus vocatur Spiritus Patris quia procedit a Patre; ergo a pari Spiritus dicitur Spiritus Filii quia procedit a Filio; quod confirmatur ex loco parallelo; ubi S. Paulus, postquam Spiritum S. vocavit Spiritum Dei, addit: "Spiritum, qui ex Deo est," quasi illae duae locutiones syno- nymae essent. LESSON XXXVIII Vocabulary adorator, m., adorer aptissime, most aptly ascribere, -scripsi, -scriptus, to ascribe, to apply, to attribute asserere, -serai, -sertus, to assert cedere, cessi, cessus, to grant, to yield, to allow celebritas, f., solemnity circumgestare, to carry around clarificare, to glorify festivus, festive, feast gravare, to burden, to oppress idololatra, m., idolater imperare, to command indigne, unworthily influxus, m., a flowing in, inpouring laudabilis, laudable mandate, to order manere (2), mansi, mansurus, to remain particula, £., particle, small part or bit, phrase pertinaciter, obstinately proponere, -posui, -positus, to set before, to propose quantumcumque, however much realiter, really sacramentaliter, sacramentally sacrarium, n., sacred place, sacrarium superesse, -fui, to remain, to be left over tantummodo, only 216 SECOND LATIN Idioms i. una cum, together with, conjointly with 2. in usu, at the moment of usage, in the act of using 3. eo ipso, because of this very thing 4. quam diu, as long as 5. numquam non, always 6. nostrum omnes, all of us 7. unusquisquc vestrum, each one of you Grammar 1. Verbs of permitting take either the subjunctive or the infinitive. Patior regularly takes the infinitive with subject accusative. The im- personal licet may take the subjunctive with or without ut, or the in- finitive with subject accusative, or the infinitive with dative as in English. Permittit ut maneamus. He permits us to remain. Praeparationes fieri non patiuntur. They do not allow preparations to be made. Licet ut loquatur. Licet loquatur. Licet eum loqui. Licet ei loqui. 2. Verbs of commanding take the subjunctive with or without ut. The negative is ne. Jubere and vetare take the infinitive with subject accusative. Ordinavit ne discedant. He has ordered them not to depart. Vetasne me id asserere? Do you forbid me to assert this? EXERCISES 1. Mandatum est ut scopos deponeret, quantumcumque illos lau- dabiles existimet. 2. Quam diu licet in terra ista nobis manere, societate hujus populi boni gaudere volumus. 3. Quare imperavit ut isti viri He is allowed to spea\. SECOND LATIN 217 inculpabiles numquam non in carcere obscuro ac frigido inclusi ex- sisterent? 4. Exiget ut ad susceptionem afTeramus rem unam solam- que, videlicet, fiduciam nostram. 5. Vetabant peregrinos accedere ad sacrarium positum in summo monte. 6. Nonne indulsisti ut filiae ad celebritatem una cum filiis adstarent? 7. Quis jubet tabernaculum per noctes diesque vigilari, nisi parochus sit? 8. Nonne jussi clavem relin- qui ubi nostrum omnes earn inveniamus? 9. Donabitis vero ut pau- peres totum panem recipiant, cum nihil aliud exspectare possint. 10. Passi sunt majorum divitias labi de manibus suis. 11. Tribue, Deus Domine, ut animae nostrae in vitam aeternam custodiantur. 12. Con- cesserunt uti idololatrae in patria manerent, dummodo omnes con- suetudines pravas dejicerent. 13. Episcopus imperat ut hostia sacra per vias publicas circumgestetur, ut incolae procidentes earn adorent. 14. Reges qui permittant ut onera inutilia subditos ipsorum gravent, tantundem mali sunt quam filii qui parentes veteres neglegi patiantur. 15. Non assentiemus ut unusquisque vestrum Julio discedat, quia hie quopiam indigemus, ut ornamenta ac vestes vigilet. READING 1. Si quis negaverit, in sanctissimae Eucharistiae sacramento con- tineri vere, realiter et substantialiter corpus et sanguinem una cum anima et divinitate Domini nostri Jesu Christi, ac proinde totum Christum; sed dixerit, tantummodo esse in eo, ut in signo, vel figura aut virtute : anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, in sacrosancto Eucharistiae sacramento remanere substantiam panis et vini una cum corpore et sanguine Domini nostri Jesu Christi, negaveritque mirabilem illam et singularem conver- sionem totius substantiae panis in corpus, et totius substantiae vini in sanguinem, manentibus dumtaxat speciebus panis et vini, quam quidem conversionem catholica ecclesia aptissime transsubstantia- tionem appellat : anathema sit. Si quis negaverit, in venerabili sacramento Eucharistiae sub unaqua- que specie, et sub singulis cuj usque speciei partibus, separatione facta, totum Christum contineri : anathema sit. 218 SECOND LATIN Si quis dixerit, peracta consecratione in admirabili Eucharistiae sacramento non esse corpus et sanguinem Domini nostri Jesu Christi, sed tantum in usu, dum sumitur, non autem ante vel post, et in hostiis seu particulis consecratis, quae post communionem reservantur vel supersunt, non remanere verum corpus Domini : anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, vel praecipuum fructum sanctissimae Eucharistiae esse remissionem peccatorum, vel ex ea non alios effectus provenire: anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, in sancto Eucharistiae sacramento Christum uni- genitum Dei Filium non esse cultu latriae etiam externo adorandum, atque ideo nee festiva peculiari celebritate venerandum, neque in processionibus secundum laudabilem et universalem ecclesiae sanctae ritum et consuetudinem solemniter circumgestandum, vel non publice, ut adoretur, populo proponendum, et ejus adoratores esse idololatras: anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, non licere sacram Eucharistiam in sacrario reservari, sed statim post consecrationem adstantibus necessario distribuendam; aut non licere, ut ilia ad infirmos honorifice deferatur: anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, Christum in Eucharistia exhibitum spiritualiter tantum manducari, et non etiam sacramentaliter ac realiter : anathema sit. Si quis negaverit, omnes et singulos Christi fideles utriusque sexus, cum ad annos discretionis pervenerint, teneri singulis annis saltern in Paschate ad communicandum juxta praeceptum sanctae matris ec- clesiae: anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, non licere sacerdoti celebranti se ipsum communi- care : anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, solam fidem esse sufficientem praeparationem ad sumendum sanctissimae Eucharistiae sacramentum: anathema sit. Et, ne tantum sacramentum indigne atque ideo in mortem et con- demnationem sumatur, statuit atque declarat ipsa sancta synodus, illis, quos conscientia peccati mortalis gravat, quantumcumque etiam se contritos existiment, habita copia conf essoris, necessario praemitten- dam esse confessionem sacramentalem. Si quis autem contrarium SECOND LATIN 219 docere, praedicare vel pertinaciter asserere, seu etiam publice dispu- tando defendere praesumpserit, eo ipso excommunicatus exsistat. 2. Iterum Spiritus dicitur missus a Filio sicut a Patre: "Si abiero, inquit Christus, mittam eum ad vos. . . ." "Cum venerit Paracletus, quern ego mittam vobis a Patre"; atqui missio in divinis importat processionem personae missae a mittente; nam missio supponit quem- dam influxum mittentis in missum: jamvero in Deo nullus alius est influxus unius personae in aliam nisi ille qui venit ex origine seu processione: nam, praeter relationes originis, omnia sunt tribus per- sonis communia, ex supra dictis. Hinc ait S. Augustinus: "Pater non dicitur missus; non enim habet de quo procedat," sic diserte declarans missionem sine processione fieri non posse. Leguntur verba Christi de Spiritu S. loquentis: "Ille me clarifica- bit, quia de meo accipiet et annuntiabit vobis. Omnia quaecumque habet Pater rnea sunt; propterea dixi: quia de meo accipiet, et annun- tiabit vobis." Unde sic; hie clare asseritur Spiritum S. aliquid a Filio accipere; atqui in divinis persona ab altera aliquid accipere nequit, nisi ab ipsa procedat, quum, praeter relationem originis, omnia sint tribus personis communia. Nee dicatur hie agi tantum de communica- tione scientiae futurorum, "et annuntiabit vobis' ; nam Spiritus nequit a Filio accipere scientiam illam, nisi simul ab eo accipiat divinam naturam, quae in Deo cum scientia identificatur. Confirmatur ex verbis sequentibus: "omnia quaecumque habet Pater, mea sunt etc," quorum hie est sensus: hucusque ex V. Test, edocti fuerant discipuli futurorum scientiam soli Jehovae tribuere; dicendo autem: "omnia quaecumque habet Pater . . . ," Christus sibi hanc scientiam ascribit; et addendo: "propterea dixi: de meo accipiet, et annuntiabit vobis," reddit rationem cur Spiritus S., qui de Verbo accipit, eamdem divinam scientiam, proindeque eamdem naturam participet. Haec est Patrum interpretatio; Didymus ait : "non enim loquetur ex semetipso; qui non ex se est, sed ex Patre et ex me; hoc enim ipsum quod subsistit et loqui- tur, a Patre et a me illi est." LESSON XXXIX Vocabulary affectatus, voluntary, choice, select annumerare, to number anteponere, -posui, -positus, to place before, to prefer apertius, more openly, more plainly coelibatus, m., celibacy connubium, n., marriage crudelis, cruel damnare, to condemn decernere, -crevi, -cretus, to decree diffundere, -fudi, -fusus, to spread dirimere, -emi, -emptus, to dissolve dispar, unli\e, different ethnicus, m., heathen exterminare, to destroy firmitas, f., firmness flatus, m., blowing, breath gradus, m., degree innuere, -nui, -nutus, to intimate insignior, principal, more outstanding intellectio, f., intellect, understanding jactura, f., loss, harm merito, justly, with good reason molestus, ir\some nuptiae, f . pi., marriage perfector, m., perfecter pernitiosus, pernicious perperam, falsely praecognitus, \nown beforehand SECOND LATIN 221 praedictus, aforesaid proficisci (dep. 3), -fectus, to set out, to arise spirans, that which breathes spirare, to breathe, to exhale spirativus, breathing subjungere, -junxi, -junctus, to add temeritas, £., boldness trahere, traxi, tractus, to draw, to attract uxor, £., wife vereri (dep. 2), veritus, to fear volitus, wished, wanted Idioms 1. nullusdum, none as yet 2. nullus unus, no one 3. nullus alter, no other 4. num quid, anything further, anything else 5. res gestae, deeds 6. aliter atque, otherwise than 7. alia de causa, for another reason Grammar 1. Verbs and other expressions of emotion (except fear) take the infinitive with subjective accusative or a quod or quia clause with the verb in the indicative. Eis molestum est se horologium non videre. They are annoyed that they cannot see the cloc\. Guademus quia venit. We are glad that he is coming. 2. Verbs of fearing take the subjunctive with ne affirmative and ne non or ut negative. Verebar ne servus domino crudeli venderetur. I feared that the slave would be sold to a cruel master. Timent ut judex eligatur. They fear that the judge will not be elected. 222 SECOND LATIN EXERCISES i. Timesne merito ut jacturam molestam quam fecerunt expient? 2. Gavisi sumus quod nullusdum est institutor qui plures normas matrimonii sacramento subjunxerit. 3. Avia tristis est nepotes non inter pueros insignes annumerari. 4. Laetabuntur, quia homines perni- tiosi qui perperam locuti sint, damnantur. 5. Vereor ne non connubium Martio celebretur, cum conjux juvenis terram banc nondum attigerit, et non ante Aprilem veniat. 6. Filii delectabantur, quia eorum pater praetextum excogitaverat ad adducendos eos ut animalia enormia atque peregrina viderent, qui recenter ab Africa tracta erant. 7. Sacer- dotes dolent, quod solummodo pauci valent ut vitam catholicam du- cant. 8. Verebamini ne temeritas eorum apertior fieret, etiam si rex leges graves adversus illos decrevisset. 9. Quomodo procedemus ut non timeamus ne inimici obstacula insuperabilia trans semitam nos~ tram jaciant? 10. Contristaverunt se quia haeresis contagio per totam Europam diffudit. 11. Mater humilis irascitur filias suas aliter atque reverenter coram avo vetusto egisse. 12. Si nunc timeat ne numquam scopum suum attingat, quid postea sperare possit? 13. Incolae exsul- tant quia episcopo in animo est visitare parvulam eorum ecclesiam. 14. Timuitne ut ideas ejus anteponerent super omnes alias? 15. Gau- deamus multa onera praevia non jam gravare nos. READING i. Matrimonii perpetuum indissolubilemque nexum primus hu- mani generis parens divini Spiritus instinctu pronunciavit, cum dixit: Hoc nunc os ex ossibus meis, et caro de came mea. Quamobrem relinquet homo pair em suum et matrem, et adhaerebit uxori suae et erunt duo in came una. Hoc autem vinculo duos tantummodo copulari et conjungi, Christus Dominus apertius docuit, cum postrema ilia verba tamquam a Deo prolata referens dixit : Itaque jam non sunt duo, sed una caro, statimque ejusdem nexus firmitatem ab Adamo tanto ante pronunciatam his verbis conflrmavit: Quod ergo Deus conjunxit, homo non separet. Gratiam vero, quae naturalem ilium amorem per- SECOND LATIN 223 ficeret, et indissolubilem unitatem confirmaret conjugesquc sanctifi- caret, ipse Christus venerabilium sacramentorum institutor atque per- fector sua nobis passione promeruit, quod Paulus Apostolus innuit dicens: Viri, diligite uxores vestras, sicut Christus dilexit ecclesiam, et se ipsum tradidit pro ea, mox subjungens: Sacramentum hoc mag- num est, ego autem dico in Christo, et in ecclesia. Cum igitur matri- monium in lege evangelica veteribus connubiis per Christum gratia praestet, merito inter novae legis sacramenta annumerandum sancti patres nostri, concilia et universalis ecclesiae traditio semper docuerunt, adversus quam impii homines hujus saeculi insanientes non solum perperam de hoc venerabili sacramento senserunt, sed de more suo praetextu evangelii libertatem carnis introducentes, multa ab ecclesiae catholicae sensu et ab apostolorum temporibus probata consuetudine aliena, scripto et verbo asseruerunt non sine magna Christi fidelium jactura; quorum temeritati sancta et universalis synodus cupiens oc- currere, insigniores praedictorum schismaticorum hacreses et errores, ne plures ad se trahat perniciosa eorum contagio, exterminandos duxit, hos in ipsos haereticos eorumque errores decernens anathematismos. Si quis dixerit, matrimonium non esse vere et proprie unum ex septem legis evangelicae sacramentis a Christo Domino institutum, sed ab hominibus in ecclesia inventum, neque gratiam conferre: ana- thema sit. Si quis dixerit, licere Christianis plures simul habere uxores, et hoc nulla lege divina esse prohibitum: anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, eos tantum consanguinitatis et affinitatis gradus, qui Levitico exprimuntur, posse impedire matrimonium contrahen- dum et dirimere contractum, nee posse ecclesiam in nonnullis illorum dispensare, aut constituere, ut plures impediant et dirimant: anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, ecclesiam non potuisse constituere impedimenta matrimonium dirimentia, vel in iis constituendis errasse: anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, propter haeresim, aut molestam cohabitationem, aut afifectatam absentiam a conjuge dissolvi posse matrimonii vinculum: anathema sit. 224 SECOND LATIN Si quis dixerit, matrimonium ratum non consummatum per solem- nem religionis professionem alterius conjugum non dirimi: anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, statum conjugalem anteponendum esse statui virgini- tatis vel coelibatus, et non esse melius ac beatius manere in virginitate aut coelibatu, quam jungi matrimonio: anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, prohibitionem solemnitatis nuptiarum certis anni temporibus superstitionem esse tyrannicam ab ethnicorum supersti- tione profectam; aut benedictiones et alias caeremonias, quibus ecclesia in illis utitur, damnaverit: anathema sit. Si quis dixerit, causas matrimoniales non spectare ad judices eccle- siasticos: anathema sit. 2. Si Spiritus S. a Filio non procederet, nullomodo posset ab eo distingui. Etenim personae in divinis non distinguuntur realiter ab invicem nisi per relationes oppositas: quidquid enim in Deo absolute dicitur ad unitatem essentiae pertinet; aliunde relationes dispares, sed non oppositae, non sufficiunt ad multiplicandas personas; ita v. g. generatio activa et spiratio activa, quae sunt relationes dispares, non constituunt duas personas, sed unam tantum. Atqui relationes opposi- tae non dantur in divinis nisi relationes originis, quatenus una persona ab alia procedit; ergo Spiritus S. non realiter a Filio distinguitur, nisi ab eo procedat. "Quod ex hoc patet, ait S. Thomas, quia Pater habet duas relationes quarum una refertur ad Filium et alia ad Spiritum S.: quae tamen quia non sunt oppositae, non constituunt duas personas, sed ad unam tantum personam pertinent. Si autem in Filio et Spiritu S. non esset invenire nisi duas relationes, quibus uterque refertur ad Patrem, illae relationes non essent ad invicem oppositae, sicut neque duae relationes, quibus Pater refertur ad illos. Unde sicut persona Patris est una, ita sequeretur quod persona Filii et Spiritus S. esset una, habens duas relationes oppositas duabus relationibus Patris. Hoc autem est haereticum, cum tollat fidem Trinitatis." Ex dictis in thesi generali, Spiritus S. procedit per modum volitionis seu amoris; atqui amor, etiam in homine, procedit non solum a voluntate sed etiam a cognitione objecti amati, juxta illud: "nil volitum quin praecogni- SECOND LATIN 225 turn." Ergo in Deo Spiritus S. debet procedere non solum a Patre; sed etiam a divina intellectione, seu a Verbo. Spiritus S. procedit a Patre et Filio tanquam ab unico principio et unica spiratione, licet sint duo spirantes. De fide est, ex definitione Cone. Florentini jam citata. Sensus hujus corollarii est, non esse in Patre et Filio duplicem vim spirativam, sed unam tantum, quae utrique communis est; etenim in Deo omnia communia sunt, ubi non obstat relationis oppositio; atqui in producendo Spiritum S., Pater et Filius non sibi mutuo op- ponuntur; ergo producunt Spiritum S. per modum unius principii. Ex quo sequitur eos producere Spiritum unica spiratione; quum enim unica sit vis spirandi, utrique communis, exerceri nequit nisi ab utroque simul agente. Ille autem actus vocatur spiratio, quia fit per modum volitionis seu amor is; amor enim est motus voluntatis ad rem amatam tendentis, qui imitatur flatum seu motum spirantis. Animadvertit S. Thomas dici posse Spiritum S. a Patre procedere per Filium, non quidem eo sensu quod Filius sit instrumentum, aut mi- nister Patrem adjuvans in processione Spiritus, sed quia Filius est ori- gine medius inter Patrem et Spiritum, et a Patre habet quod possit spirare Spiritum. LESSON XL Vocabulary animadvertere, -verti, -versus, to notice, to recognize annullare, to annul arbor, f ., tree attentare, to attempt clam, secretly clandestinus, clandestine cohabitare, to live together consiliare, to advise consiliarius, m., counselor consilium, n., advice corruptela, f ., corruption denunciatio, f., prohibition, publication efficax, efficacious egressio, f ., egress, departure flos, m., flower hortari (dep.), to exhort immemorabilis, immemorial imperium, m., command impulsio, f ., force, impulsion inhabilis, incapable inobedientia, f., disobedience malitie, maliciously mansio, f., home, house minoratio, f., lessening, diminishing missio, f ., act of sending, emission palam, openly, publicly perpendere, -pendi, -pensus, to weigh, to consider 2,2.6 SECOND LATIN 227 punire, -ivi, -itus, to punish radius, m ., ray robur, n., strength, effect, force sponsus, m., betrothed suspendere, -pendi, -pensus, to suspend vestigium, n., footstep Idioms 1. in posterum, in the future 2. non obstante, notwithstanding 3. tamdiu . . . quamdiu, //// such time as, until 4. robur habere, to ta\e effect 5. ex illo, since then 6. illud quidem . . . sed autem, to be sure . . . but still 7. pridie quam, the day before Grammar i. A clause in the subjunctive with or without ut follows quam after a comparative. Hi viri veteriores sunt quam ut ad munus eligantur. These men are too old to be elected to office. Injur las patiebatur potius quam clam ageret. He endured persecu- tion rather than act secretly. 2. Tantum abest, it is so far from (being the case), takes two clauses in the subjunctive, each introduced by ut; one is the real subject of abest, the other depends on tantum. Tantum abest ut superbus sit ut semetipsum defendere nolit. He is so far from being proud that he is unwilling to defend himself. 3. Pridie quam, the day before, governs the subjunctive. Pridie quam errorem animadverterent, denunciatio jam facta erat. The day before they noticed their mistake, the publication had already been made. 228 SECOND LATIN EXERCISES i. Amici nostri meliores fuerint quam ut aetate vetusta negligantur. 2. Tantum abest ut scopum suum attingant, ut eis vanum sit ulterius procedere. 3. Ex illo existimavimus periculum majus esse quam ut militia in territorio hoc retineatur. 4. Tantum abest ut tamdiu ex- spectet quamdiu lucrum justum facere possit, ut oleum ex olivis statim vendere velit. 5. Tantum abest ut clerici tuti sint in ilia terra im- pudica, ut omnes in dies mortem infamem exspectent. 6. Sacerdos nomina sponsorum descripserat, pridie quam parochus novus ad- veniret. 7. Tantum abest ut rei malitiose puniti sint, ut aeque atque benigne a custodibus acti sint, 8. Tantum abest ut tacitus sit, ut per triginta annos falsis eorum tutoribus carcerem minetur. 9. Me quidem aliquod pauperibus dederat, pridie quam episcopus adveniret, sed autem multo magis sibi servaverat. 10. Mud quidem pactum peculiare erat, sed autem perficere posset id quod polliceretur, si vehementius niteretur. 11. Legibus tyrannicis se subjecerunt potius quam domos suas perderent. 12. Pridie quam chirurgus baptizaretur, uxor sua quoque convertebatur. 13. Tantum abest ut virgines istae stultae sint, ut sapientiam praestantem exhibuerint. 14. Tantum abest ut liberi simus, ut omnes nostrum servi ex nativitate usque ad mortem simus. 15. Ex illo, pueri imprudentiores sunt quam ut magistra eis fidat. READING I. Tametsi dubitandum non est, clandestina matrimonia, libero contrahentium consensu facta, rata et vera esse matrimonia, quamdiu ecclesia ea irrita non fecit, et proinde jure damnandi sunt illi, ut eos sancta synodus anathemate damnat, qui ea vera ac rata esse negant, quique falso affirmant, matrimonia a filiis familias sine consensu pa- rentum contracta irrita esse, et parentes ea rata vel irrita facere posse : nihilominus sancta Dei ecclesia ex justissimis causis ilia semper de- testata est atque prohibuit. Verum, cum sancta synodus animadvertat, prohibitiones illas propter hominum inobedientiam jam non prodesse, et gravia peccata perpendat, quae ex eisdem clandestinis conjugiis SECOND LATIN 229 ortum habent, praesertim vero eorum, qui in statu damnationis per- manent, dum priore uxore, cum qua clam contraxerant, relicta cum alia palam contrahunt, et cum ea in perpetuo adulterio vivunt; cui malo cum ab ecclesia, quae de occultis non judicat, succurri non possit, nisi efficacius aliquod remedium adhibeatur, idcirco sacri Lateranensis concilii sub Innocentio III celebrati vestigiis inhaerendo praecipit, ut in posterum, antequam matrimonium contrahatur, ter a proprio con- trahentium parocho tribus continuis diebus festivis in ecclesia inter missarum solemnia publice denuncietur, inter quos matrimonium sit contrahendum; quibus denunciationibus factis, si nullum legitimum opponatur impedimentum, ad celebrationem matrimonii in facie ecclesiae procedatur, ubi parochus, viro et muliere interrogans, et eorum mutuo consensu intellecto, vel dicat: Ego vos in matrimonium conjungo in nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti, vel aliis utatur verbis, juxta receptum uniuscuj usque provinciae ritum. Quod si probabilis fuerit suspicio, matrimonium malitiose impediri posse, si tot praecesserint denunciationes, tunc vel una tantum de- nunciatio fiat, vel saltern parocho et duobus vel tribus testibus praesen- tibus matrimonium celebretur. Deinde ante illius consummationem denunciationes in ecclesia fiant, ut, si aliqua subsunt impedimenta, facilius detegantur, nisi ordinarius ipse expedire judicaverit, ut prae- dictae denunciationes remittantur, quod illius prudentiae et judicio sancta synodus relinquit. Qui aliter, quarn praesente parocho vel alio sacerdote, de ipsius parochi seu ordinarii licentia, et duobus vel tribus testibus matrimonium contrahere attentabunt, eos sancta synodus ad sic contrahendum omnino inhabiles reddit, et hujusmodi contractus irritos et nullos esse decernit, prout eos praesenti decreto irritos facit et annullat. Insuper parochum vel alium sacerdotem, qui cum minore testium numero, et testes, qui sine parocho vel sacerdote hujusmodi contractui interfuerint, necnon ipsos contrahentes graviter arbitrio ordinarii puniri praecipit. Praeterea eadem sancta synodus hortatur, ut conjuges ante benedictionem sacerdotalem, in templo suscipiendam, in eadem domo non cohabitent, statuitque benedictionem a proprio parocho fieri, neque a quoquam, nisi ab ipso parocho vel ab ordinario 2 3 o SECOND LATIN licentiam ad praedictam benedictionem faciendam alii sacerdoti con- cedi posse, quacumque consuetudine, etiam immemorabili, quae potius corruptela dicenda est, vel privilegio non obstante. Quod si quis parochus vel alius sacerdos, sive regularis sive saecularis sit, etiamsi id sibi ex privilegio vel immemorabili consuetudine licere contendat, alterius parochiae sponsos sine illorum parochi licentia matrimonio conjungere aut benedicere ausus fuerit, ipso jure tamdiu suspensus maneat, quamdiu ab ordinario ejus parochi, qui matrimonio interesse debebat seu a quo benedictio suscipienda erat, absolvatur. Habeat parochus librum, in quo conjugum et testium nomina, diem- que et locum contracti matrimonii describat, quern diligenter apud se custodiat. Postremo sancta synodus conjuges hortatur, ut antequam contra- hant, vel saltern triduo ante matrimonii consummationem, sua pec- cata diligenter confiteantur, et ad sanctissimum Eucharistiae sacra- men turn pie accedant. Si quae provinciae aliis ultra praedictas laudabilibus consuetudinibus et caeremoniis hac in re utuntur, eas omnino retineri sancta synodus vehementer optat. Ne vero haec tarn salubria praecepta quemquam lateant, ordinariis omnibus praecipit, ut, quam primum potuerint, curent hoc decretum populo publicari ac explicari in singulis suarum dioecesum parochialibus ecclesiis, idque in primo anno quam saepissime fiat, deinde vero quoties expe- dire viderint. Decernit insuper^ ut hujusmodi decretum in unaquaque parochia suum robur post triginta dies habere incipiat, a die primae publicationis in eadem parochia factae numerandos. 2. Quum duae sint missionum species in Deo, scilicet missio in- visibilis, et missio visibilis, dicemus: a) de missionibus in genere, b) de missione invisibili, c) de missione visibili. Missio in genere est motio vel egressio alicujus entis ab alio cum destinatione ad aliquem ter- minum. Triplex distinguitur: a) physica quae fit per physicam impulsionem, v. g. lapis missus a brachio; b) moralis, quae fit per impulsionem moralem sive per imperium, sive per consilium; sic v. g. servus mittitur a domino per imperium; rex mittitur a consiliariis per consilium; c) substantialis, quae fit per quamdam originem, seu SECOND LATIN 231 emanationem ex ipsa substantia mittentis, sic flos emittitur ab arbore, radius a sole. Missiones divinae sunt missiones substantiates, sine defec- tibus tamen quae in creaturis inveniuntur; in humanis "missio im- portat minorationem in eo qui mittitur, secundum quod importat processionem a principio mittente aut secundum imperium aut secun- dum consilium, quia imperans est major, et consilians est sapientior. In divinis non importat nisi processionem originis, quae est secun- dum aequalitatem." Missio in divinis est processio unius personae ab alia, cum destinatione ad aliquem temporalem eflectum, seu cum novo existendi modo. Dicitur a) processio unius personae ab alia, vel a duabus aliis, nam missio importat influxum realem personae mittentis in personam missam; atqui, in Deo, nullus est influxus unius personae in alteram nisi per processionem; ergo missio supponit processionem. b) Cum destinatione etc.; missio enim supponit desti- nationem ad aliquem terminum, seu ad aliquid novum faciendum, et quum in Deo nihil novi sit faciendum, destinatio ilia est ad aliquem temporalem effectum. c) Cum novo existendi modo; temporalis ille effectus non potest consistere in mutat J one loci, quum divinae personae jam sint ubique, neque in productione alicujus substantiae, nam talis productio communis est tribus personis et opus naturae divinae; consistit igitur in eo quod persona missa novo modo existat in crea- turis, vel per manifestationem praesentiae, vel per specialem con- junctionem cum creatura; sic v. g. missio Filii per Incarnationem consistit in eo quod Verbum Divinum, quod jam antea erat super terram, novo modo incoepit esse in aliqua parte terrae, sese hypostatice uniendo humanae naturae. Pater mitti nequit. Non enim legitur in Scriptura quod mittatur, sed solum quod veniat ad nos: "Ad eum veniemus et mansionem apud eum faciemus." Jamvero magnum discrimen est inter venire et mitti: Pater ad nos venire potest, aliquem eflectum graciae producendo; at mitti non intelligitur ex dictis nisi ea persona quae ab altera procedit. Hinc S. Augustinus ait: "Solus Pater legitur non missus: quia solus non habet auctorem, de quo sit genitus, vel a quo procedat." Cujus rationem sic reddit S. Thomas: "In omni missione oportet quod ponatur aliqua auctoritas alicujus ad 232 SECOND LATIN ipsum missum. In divinis autem personis non est auctoritas nisi secundum originem. Et ideo nulli personae divinae convenit mitti nisi ei quae est (i.e. procedit) ab alio, respectu cujus potest in alio designari auctoritas, et ideo Spiritus S. et Filius dicuntur mitti, et non Pater vel Trinitas ipsa." VOCABULARY a, ab, from, by; ab hac parte, on this side abbas, tn., abbot abesse, -fui, to be absent; absit, far from it, God forbid abjicere, -jeci, -jectus, to degrade, to debase abluere, -lui, -lutus, to wash, to cleanse ablutio, /., ablution, washing, pouring on abortivus, abortive, prematurely born abrogare, to revoke, to abrogate absens, absent absentia, /., absence absolute, absolutely, fully, completely absolutio, /., absolution absolutus, absolute, complete absolvere, -solvi, -solutus, to absolve absorbere (2), -ui, to absorb absque, without, except abstergere (2), -tersi, -tersus, to wipe away abstinere (2), -tinui, -tentus, to ab- stain, to refrain abstractio, /., detachment, removal ac, and; aeque — , as well as; baud minus — , just as accedere, -cessi, -cessus, to accede, to approve accendere, -cendi, -census, to kindle accensere (2), -censui, -censitus, to reckon, to number acceptabilis, acceptable acceptus, agreeable, welcome, worthy accessus, m„ access accidens, n., accident accidentalis, accidental accidere, -cidi, to happen, to take place accipere,